The Greens - The Green Alternative
| The Greens - The Green Alternative | |
|
|
| Federal spokesman | Werner Kogler |
|
|
| vice-chairman |
Nina Tomaselli , Stefan Kaineder |
| Club hostess | Sigrid Maurer |
| Federal Managing Director | Angela Stoytchev |
| founding | 1986 |
| Place of foundation | Vienna |
| Headquarters | Würtzlerstrasse 3/3, 1030 Vienna |
| Youth organization | Green youth - green alternative youth |
| National Council mandates |
26/183 |
| Federal Council mandates |
5/61 |
| Seats in state parliaments |
47/440 |
| Government grants | 14.2 million euros (2018) |
| Number of members | 7000 according to own information (2017) |
| Alignment | Green politics |
| International connections | Global Greens |
| Mandates in the European Parliament |
3/19 |
| European party | EGP |
| EP club | Greens / EFA |
| colour | green |
| Website | gruene.at |
The Greens - The Green Alternative (GREEN) is a political party in Austria . Since January 7, 2020 she has been a coalition partner of the ÖVP in the Federal Government Short II .
From 1986 to 2017, the party was an uninterrupted opposition party in the National Council , of which it has been a member since the 2019 National Council election . Werner Kogler has been the federal spokesman since October 17, 2017 .
The Greens are a member of the European Green Party and the Global Greens . They are represented in four state governments , in Tyrol and Vorarlberg together with the ÖVP ( black-green coalition ), in Salzburg also with NEOS ( dirndl coalition ). In Upper Austria, due to the proportional representation system there, the Greens also have a regional council, but there is a black and blue agreement in the government .
Principles
In addition to ecology , the Greens also advocate the rights of minorities and an eco-social tax reform. Its basic values according to the basic program of 2001 are: " grassroots democracy , non-violent , ecological , solidarity , feminist , self-determined ". The party is a member of the European Green Party . Within the EU, one advocates a nuclear and GMO-free Europe.
Analyzes show that The Greens primarily appeal to younger, female and urban audiences. In the 2006 National Council elections, the Greens achieved a 16% share of the vote among urban voters, 19% among young voters and 12% among women (8% among men).
story
The campaign against the commissioning of the Zwentendorf nuclear power plant (1978) is often regarded as the "hour of birth" of the Austrian green movement, followed in 1984 by the successful resistance against the Hainburg Danube power plant (see: Occupation of the Hainburger Au ) as a further milestone in development. The participation of some later Green activists in the peace demonstrations and rallies from 1981 to 1984 is also part of this understanding. However, objections are also raised against a description of the history of the emergence of the Greens as a direct outgrowth out of these citizens' movements, including one of the founders of the Greens, Freda Meissner-Blau :
“It is a fairy tale that the Greens came into being in Zwentendorf. It is a fairy tale that the Greens came into being in Hainburg. It is also a fairy tale that they came together through Chernobyl. At the big demonstration in Zwentendorf, none of today's Greens was there, they were green-moving leftists, but they weren't the Greens. "
In 1986 the conservative United Greens Austria (VGÖ) , founded in 1982, merged with the more progressive Alternative List of Austria (ALÖ, founded 1982) as the Green Alternative (GA). Since 1993 the official name is Die Grünen - Die Grüne Alternative (Greens).
| NR choice | percent | Mandates |
|---|---|---|
| 1983 1 | 3.29% | 0 |
| 1986 | 4.82% | 8th |
| 1990 | 4.78% | 10 |
| 1994 | 7.31% | 13 |
| 1995 | 4.81% | 9 |
| 1999 | 7.40% | 14th |
| 2002 | 9.47% | 17th |
| 2006 | 11.05% | 21st |
| 2008 | 10.43% | 20th |
| 2013 | 12.42% | 24 |
| 2017 | 3.80% | 0 |
| 2019 | 13.90% | 26th |
| 1 Joint result of the ALÖ and VGÖ | ||
Federal level
National Council
After the National Council election in 1986 , the Greens entered the Austrian National Council for the first time with 4.82% of the vote and eight seats with the Green Parliamentary Club . When they first entered the National Council, the Greens initially refused to adapt their behavior to that of the other parties. For example, they did not name a club chairman. Instead, a straw doll was used for it. In 1987, Green MP Andreas Wabl raised the swastika flag on the lectern of the National Council to protest against the then Federal President Kurt Waldheim .
In the early National Council election in 2002 , the Greens gained 9.47% of the votes and 17 seats nationwide. The coalition negotiations that followed with the ÖVP failed in 2003 due to differences in content. In addition, the Viennese regional organization and the green alternative youth criticized the coalition negotiations with the ÖVP.
In the 2006 National Council election , the Greens achieved third place for the first time, ahead of the FPÖ, with 11.05% of the vote . While the Greens were still in fourth place according to the preliminary final result, after counting the voting cards they achieved a lead of 532 votes or 0.01 percent over the fourth-placed FPÖ. As a result, the Greens achieved their best result so far at the federal level and, depending on the causes, were entitled to the offices of the 3rd President of the National Council and an Ombudsman . From 2006 to 2008 Eva Glawischnig was a member of the NR Presidium, from 2007 to 2013 Terezija Stoisits was an Ombudsman.
In the National Council election in 2008 , the Greens only achieved fifth place with 10.43% or 20 seats and were behind the FPÖ and BZÖ . From October 2012, the party had the fourth largest parliamentary group, because five members of the BZÖ switched to the newly founded Stronach team and formed a sixth parliamentary club.
In the 2013 National Council election , the Greens achieved their best result to date in National Council elections with 582,657 votes (12.42%) and 24 seats. Analyzes of the election (carried out by the SORA Institute ) show that the Greens had the highest support of all parties among people with a high level of education (university degree) with 30%, just ahead of the ÖVP.
On May 18, 2017, Eva Glawischnig announced her resignation from politics and from her functions as federal spokeswoman and club chairwoman for the Greens. Albert Steinhauser succeeded her as club chairman, and Barbara Neuroth took over her seat on the National Council . At the extraordinary federal congress in Linz on June 25, 2017, Ingrid Felipe was elected national spokeswoman for the Greens and Ulrike Lunacek was elected the top candidate for the 2017 National Council election. Peter Pilz lost the list election to Julian Schmid and subsequently founded the Peter Pilz list in July 2017 . On July 28, 2017, the change of the two green MPs Wolfgang Zinggl and Bruno Rossmann to the Peter Pilz list was announced. In 2017, the Greens left the Austrian Parliament, while the List Peter Pilz was able to move into the National Council as a new party.
After the National Council elections in September 2019, the Greens will return to the National Council on 23 October with 26 seats after two years of non-representation.
National Council election 2017
In the National Council election on October 15, 2017, the Greens lost around two thirds of their electorate from the previous election. In 2017, the Greens only got 192,638 votes or 3.80% and thus failed to pass the four percent hurdle . The voter flow analysis by the SORA institute revealed the following breakdown of the losses:
- 161,000 votes to the SPÖ
- 84,000 votes to the ÖVP
- 67,000 votes for the Pilz list
- 57,000 votes to NEOS
- 30,000 votes to non-voters
- 24,000 votes to the FPÖ
- 11,000 votes to other parties.
The political scientist Peter Filzmaier stated after the National Council election in 2017 that the Greens never had a regular electorate, they had "let themselves be fooled over the years by the good retention rate they had among the voters." In an armed statement from October 17, 2017 analyzed the original Green Johannes Voggenhuber , Federal Managing Director from 1988 to 1991, Member of the National Council from 1990 to 1996 and MEP from 1995 to 2009, the causes of failure. He, who was booted out by Ulrike Lunacek when the list was being drawn up for the European elections in 2009 and subsequently not included in the list for the EU election by the federal executive committee, wrote on Facebook: “You did not let yourself be deterred from making promises, principles and ideals of the Throwing the founding days overboard in cynical arrogance. "
The federal spokesman Werner Kogler gave the following statement: "It is the strange merit of the federal party that we failed at a historic moment - totally failed, in principle". In Voggenhuber and other analyzes, the following reasons were given for the failure of the Greens:
- The dispute with the Young Greens in winter 2016 and spring 2017, which led to their exclusion by the federal party.
- The implementation of the controversial high-rise project on Vienna's Heumarkt by Maria Vassilakou against the resistance of the base, which had spoken out against the project in a binding vote. As a result, UNESCO put the city of Vienna on the Red List of World Heritage in Danger to revoke its World Heritage status .
- The non-election of Peter Pilz to the desired place on the list and the resulting spin-off with the establishment of the Pilz list .
- The poster motif “We don't do black and blue” mobilized many voters to vote for the SPÖ instead of the Greens.
- The low popularity ratings of the dual leadership composed of Ingrid Felipe and Ulrike Lunacek .
On February 16, 2018 it was announced that the Burgenland state spokeswoman Regina Petrik was appointed Deputy Federal Spokesperson. Angela Stoytchev, the state manager of the Wiener Grünen, was appointed as the new federal manager.
After the electoral defeat in the National Council elections, the Greens only continued with difficulty. In Lower Austria , Tyrol and Salzburg there were losses, in Carinthia the Greens had to leave the state parliament. In Tyrol, however, the Greens were able to maintain their participation in the government (in a coalition with the ÖVP), in Salzburg the Greens entered into coalition negotiations with the ÖVP and NEOS (the so-called Dirndl coalition). Against this downward trend, the Greens were also able to become the strongest party on April 22, 2018 in the municipal council and mayoral elections in Innsbruck 2018 . The long-standing Green mandate Georg Willi was also able to prevail in the mayor's runoff election on May 6th and became Austria's first green mayor.
In terms of federal politics, however, the importance of the Greens continued to decline, as they lost two of their four Federal Council mandates and can no longer ask questions of their own accord in the Federal Council. In addition, they lost their club status and no longer receive club funding.
On May 5, 2018, a convention called "#gruenezukunft" took place, which should serve as a new beginning for the Greens. In November 2018 Werner Kogler was elected Federal Spokesman for the Greens at the Federal Congress in Vienna. He announced that he would hold the position for two years and then hand it over to a successor. In the European elections in Austria in 2019, he wants to run as the top candidate of the Austrian Greens. In addition, a new federal board was elected, consisting of Federal Councilor Ewa Dziedzic , the members of the state parliament Lara Köck (Styria), Nina Tomaselli (Vorarlberg) and Stefan Kaineder (Upper Austria) as well as the Salzburg regional manager Rudi Hemetsberger.
European elections 2019
The U-turn came with the European elections in May 2019 , which took place shortly after the Ibiza affair became known , which led to the breakup of the black-blue government. Here the Greens in Austria achieved 14.08%. As a result, it was almost possible to match the 2014 election result (14.52%) and to win back many voters who had been lost in the National Council election. The Greens received two mandates: for Werner Kogler and Sarah Wiener . However, Kogler did not take up his mandate in order to lead the Greens as the top candidate in the 2019 National Council election.
National Council election 2019
In the National Council elections on September 29, 2019, the Greens won the National Council with 13.9% of the vote with 26 MPs.
Federal Council
As early as 2001, the result of the Viennese state elections made it possible for the first Federal Council of the Greens to be appointed. As a result of the successful state elections in 2003 in Upper Austria, Lower Austria and Tyrol, three more green members joined the Federal Council in addition to the Viennese delegate Stefan Schennach . In 2003, the Green Federal Councilors were able to found their own parliamentary group in the Federal Council for the first time, with Stefan Schennach assuming the chairmanship. After losing a mandate in the course of the Tyrolean state election in 2008, however, they lost this status again. In 2010 Schennach switched to the SPÖ , which he still represents in the Federal Council.
In 2013, there was an intra-party conflict between Federal Councilor Efgani Dönmez and the rest of the party after Dönmez called for the deportation of Turkish immigrants who support the authoritarian Islamic ruling party AKP during the 2013 protests in Turkey . Dönmez was voted out of office in 2015, ran in 2017 at number 5 on the federal list of Sebastian Kurz - the new people's party and moved into the National Council.
The Greens were only represented in the Federal Council from the 2017 National Council elections until they returned to the Austrian Parliament in the 2019 National Council elections: since the Salzburg state election in 2018, on the one hand with the Viennese Federal Councilor Ewa Dziedzic , on the other hand with David Stögmüller , Federal Councilor from Upper Austria.
After the state elections in Styria in 2019 , Andreas Lackner, the first Green from Styria, was sent to the Federal Council. With Adi Gross (Vorarlberg), who moved into the Federal Council after the state elections in Vorarlberg in 2019 , Claudia Hauschildt-Buschberger (Upper Austria, replacement for David Stögmüller, who moved to the National Council after the National Council election in 2019 ), Lackner (Styria) and Marco Schreuder ( Vienna, successor to Ewa Ernst-Dziedzic, who also moved to the National Council), the Greens have four members in the Federal Council. There is only automatic parliamentary group status with five members. A motion by the Greens to form a parliamentary group was unanimously adopted by the Federal Council on December 19, 2019. This means that the Greens are again represented in all committees of the regional chamber.
Party leader since 1986
At the founding congress of the Green Party on 13./14. February 1987 in Klagenfurt, the party gave itself a federal structure and installed two federal managing directors instead of a party chairman. Werner Haslauer and Manfred Stadlmann took over this function on February 15, 1987 . However, due to the cut in party funding, Stadlmann resigned from his position a short time later for financial reasons. Werner Haslauer held his position until May 15, 1988, on the same day he was replaced by Johannes Voggenhuber and Pius Strobl . They were followed on December 9, 1990 by Franz Floss and Franz Renkin .
In autumn 1992 the party reformed its structures and introduced the office of federal spokesman as the highest function. Since then, he has been responsible for representing the party interests externally as well as implementing the political decisions of the federal executive committee and the party program. In addition, the federal spokesman supports the national organizations and coordinates public relations. Since the principle of incompatibility between political mandate and party function fell with the party reform, Peter Pilz was elected the first federal spokesman for the Greens on November 11, 1992. After Madeleine Petrovic had entered the National Council election in 1994 as the top candidate , she replaced Pilz as federal spokeswoman on November 20, 1994. However, Petrovic had to retire from the party leadership after the defeat in the early National Council elections in 1995 and was replaced by Christoph Chorherr on March 31, 1996 . Due to the internal split of the party that had already begun in 1995, Chorherr declared his resignation from his position in October 1997. On December 13, 1997, the deputy club chairman of the Greens in the National Council, Alexander Van der Bellen (since 2017 Federal President of Austria), was elected as the new federal spokesman . He succeeded in the unification of the party and continuous gains in the National Council elections in 1999 , 2002 and 2006 . After slight losses in the 2008 National Council election , Van der Bellen announced his retirement from the party leadership after eleven years. The extended federal executive committee subsequently commissioned Eva Glawischnig with the continuation of the business until the new function was elected, which took place on January 17, 2009.
After Eva Glawischnig resigned in May 2017, Tyrolean Deputy Governor Ingrid Felipe took over the role of Federal Spokesperson; Ulrike Lunacek was elected as the top candidate for the National Council election. While the Greens had achieved a record result of 12% in 2013, they are now losing and, with just under 3.8%, have been thrown out of the National Council after 31 years. Then Ulrike Lunacek withdrew from all offices, Ingrid Felipe from her position as federal spokeswoman. The previous deputy federal spokesman Werner Kogler was then appointed interim spokesman for the federal government.
State level
Vorarlberg
| year | percent | Mandates | Others |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1984 1 | 13.00% | 4th | |
| 1989 | 5.18% | 2 | |
| 1994 | 7.76% | 3 | |
| 1999 | 6.03% | 2 | |
| 2004 | 10.17% | 4th | |
| 2009 | 10.58% | 4th | |
| 2014 | 17.14% | 6th | 2 regional councils |
| 2019 | 18.89% | 7th | 2 regional councils, 1 federal council |
| 1 Joint result of the ALÖ and VGÖ | |||
Vorarlberg was the first federal state in which a Green Party entered the state parliament. An electoral alliance made up of the Alternative List and the United Greens won 13 percent of the votes in the Vorarlberg state elections on October 21, 1984. The Bregenzerwald farmer Kaspanaze Simma , who headed the list of candidates, played a major role in this success . As a result, the Greens were able to establish themselves permanently in the larger Vorarlberg communities and at the state level. The arrival of a new party in the Vorarlberg state parliament also brought problems because the new country house, which was only completed in 1981, was only intended for three state parliament clubs. In the second half of the 1980s there were internal clashes between the two parties that formed the electoral alliance. These conflicts led to the fact that two Green groups took part in the 1989 state elections, of which the VGÖ-affiliated company narrowly missed the move, while the Green Alternative Vorarlberg with 5.2% almost jumped the 5% hurdle and won two seats. In 1994 the Greens regained the strength of the club, only to lose it again in 1999. This was followed by internal party tensions and a change in campaign strategy. From 2004 the Greens were represented in the Vorarlberg state parliament with four members. The last state election in September 2019 brought them 18.9% of the valid votes. This makes the Vorarlberg Greens the second strongest party, ahead of the FPÖ and the SPÖ. Since 2014, the Vorarlberg Greens have also been part of the Vorarlberg state government as a coalition partner of a black-green coalition government . Johannes Rauch has been the Green Board Spokesman since 1997 .
Vienna
The state parliament members (and local councilors ) of the Vienna Greens in the 2005-2010 legislative period of the Greens were Maria Vassilakou (club chairwoman), Waltraut Antonov, Heidemarie Cammerlander , Christoph Chorherr , Sabine Gretner , Susanne Jerusalem , Eva Lachkovics , Rüdiger Maresch , Martin Margulies , Sigrid Pilz , Ingrid Puller , Marie Ringler , Marco Schreuder , Claudia Sommer-Smolik. Non-executive city councilors until 2010 were David Ellensohn and Monika Vana .
Since 2010 the Greens have been in a coalition with the SPÖ at state level. Maria Vassilakou was the deputy mayor until June 26, 2019 , and Birgit Hebein has been since then .
| year | percent | Mandates | Others |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1983 1 | 2.50% | 0 | |
| 1987 | 4.40% | 0 | |
| 1991 | 9.08% | 7th | 1 city council |
| 1996 | 7.94% | 7th | 1 councilor |
| 2001 | 12.45% | 11 | 1 city councilor, 1 federal councilor |
| 2005 | 14.63% | 14th | 2 city councils, 1 federal councilor |
| 2010 | 12.64% | 11 | 1 city councilor, 1 federal councilor |
| 2015 | 11.84% | 10 | 1 city councilor, 1 federal councilor |
| 2020 | 14.80% | 16 | 2 city councils, 2 federal councilors |
| 1 Started as Alternative List Vienna (ALW) | |||
In the 2001 municipal council and state parliament elections, the Greens received 12.45% of the vote and thus 11 seats in the state parliament. In addition, they succeeded in becoming the strongest party in the district council elections in the Neubau district with 32.55% of the vote and thus to provide the district head. As a result of the election result, the Vienna Greens, Stefan Schennach, were the first to nominate a Green Federal Council in 2001. Despite strong gains, however, it was not possible to achieve participation in the government, as the SPÖ has again held an absolute majority of mandates in the state parliament since 2001. In the 2001 legislative period, cooperation with the ruling SPÖ began as part of the Red-Green projects. This was continued in 2005.
In the 2004 European elections, the Greens in Vienna achieved their best result to date. With 22.2% they overtook the ÖVP (19.0%) and are therefore in second place behind the SPÖ (37.7%). In the 7th district ( new building ) the Greens received 41%. Also in first place are the Greens in the 4th ( Wieden ), 6th ( Mariahilf ), 8th ( Josefstadt ) and 9th district ( Alsergrund ).
In the state and municipal council elections in Vienna in 2005 , the Greens won the majority of votes, but could not achieve the desired second place. They landed in votes just behind the FPÖ in fourth place. Due to the regionally different distribution of votes, they still have one more mandate than the FPÖ with 14 seats. They also provide a second non-executive city councilor.
In the district council elections , the leadership in new buildings was significantly expanded, with Josefstadt , a second district chose mostly green. There are now two Green District Heads in Vienna. The second place and thus one deputy district chairman was achieved by the Greens in the 2nd ( Leopoldstadt ), 5th ( Margareten ), 6th (Mariahilf), 9th (Alsergrund) and 15th district ( Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus ).
The European elections in 2009 brought the Greens a loss of 5.37% of the vote (17.01%), they fell behind the ÖVP (18.22%) and the SPÖ (28.57%) in third place.
In 2009 an initiative of internet-savvy Green voters sparked heated discussions and conflicts within the Greens. The initiative called Green Primaries called on party sympathizers to use an existing provision in the statutes to obtain voting rights when filling candidate lists.
Lower Austria
| year | percent | Mandates | Others |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1983 1 | 1.46% | 0 | thereof 0.87% ALÖ and 0.59% VGÖ |
| 1988 | 2.45% | 0 | |
| 1993 | 3.17% | 0 | |
| 1998 | 4.49% | 2 | |
| 2003 | 7.22% | 4th | |
| 2008 | 6.91% | 4th | |
| 2013 | 8.04% | 4th | |
| 2018 | 6.43% | 3 | |
| 1 Joint result of the ALÖ and VGÖ | |||
The Greens have been represented in the Lower Austrian state parliament with two mandates (Brigid Weinzinger, Martin Fasan) since 1998 , and in 2003 they achieved club status with 7.22% and thus four mandates. Weinzinger moved to the National Council in 2002 and with Madeleine Petrovic the Lower Austrian Greens now have a former federal spokeswoman and animal rights activist as the club chairwoman. In 2005, the Lower Austrian Green Party made it into 100 municipal parliaments and has provided seven vice mayors since then. In the 2008 state elections, the Greens' share of the vote decreased slightly, and the number of seats was maintained. In the local council elections in 2010, the Greens again slightly lost their stake and where possible formed coalitions with the ÖVP (e.g. in Neunkirchen or Baden). In the state elections on March 3, 2013, the Greens achieved their best Lower Austria result since they first ran in the state elections in 1983 with 8.04%.
After the state elections in Lower Austria in 2018 , the Greens lost a mandate and with it their club status and thus their club funding. As a result, the Greens founded an association called the “Green Club”. The association was approved by the association authority in a letter dated April 4, 2018. At the intervention of the Landtag director , a review of the association was carried out and, in December 2018, the establishment of the association was not permitted due to misleading and risk of confusion.
Upper Austria
| year | percent | Mandates | Others |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1985 1 | 3.9% | 0 | thereof 2.2% VGÖ and 1.7% GAL |
| 1991 1 | 5.7% | 0 | thereof 2.6% VGÖ and 3.1% GAL |
| 1997 | 5.8% | 3 | |
| 2003 | 9.1% | 5 | 1 regional council, 1 federal council |
| 2009 | 9.2% | 5 | 1 regional council, 1 federal council |
| 2015 | 10.32% | 6th | 1 regional council, 1 federal council |
| 1 Joint result of GAL and VGÖ | |||
In 1997 the Greens entered the Upper Austrian state parliament for the first time . The election campaign for the state elections in 2003 was designed for a Green government participation. After the Greens were able to record gains, controversies arose within the party as to whether and under what conditions a joint state government should be agreed with the party with the strongest vote, the ÖVP. The faction around Rudi Anschober , which is considered to be more bourgeois , prevailed, he became a state councilor in the state government led by Josef Pühringer (ÖVP). The Linz Greens around city councilor Jürgen Himmelbauer were the strongest against the black-green government agreement. For the first time, the Greens in Upper Austria were able to nominate a Federal Councilor and sent Ruperta Lichtenecker to the Federal Council. In the 2006 National Council elections, the Greens Upper Austria won a third mandate, which Ruperta Lichtenecker took over (the other two mandates remained with Gabriela Moser and Wolfgang Pirklhuber ). Franz Breiner moved up to the Federal Council. At the beginning of April 2008, Efgani Dönmez took over the mandate from Franz Breiter. David Stögmüller from Braunau am Inn has been a member of the Federal Council since the last state elections in 2015 . Dönmez left the party in 2016 and ran for the ÖVP in the 2017 National Council election.
Burgenland
| year | percent | Mandates | Others |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1987 | 2.20% | 0 | |
| 1991 | 3.35% | 0 | |
| 1996 | 2.49% | 0 | |
| 2000 | 5.49% | 2 | |
| 2005 | 5.21% | 2 | |
| 2010 | 4.15% | 1 | |
| 2015 | 6.43% | 2 | |
| 2020 | 6.72% | 2 |
On October 11, 1986, the first regional assembly of the Greens and Alternatives took place in Burgenland. Miriam Wiegele (now ORF-Burgenland) Pius Strobl and Helmut Knipp were elected by the delegates as state managers. The first Green municipal councils moved into the municipal council in Kittsee and Breitenbrunn in 1992. The Greens made it into the Burgenland Landtag for the first time in 2000 with 5.49% and 2 mandates. Grete Krojer became the club chairwoman. The Burgenland Croat and singer of the Krowodnrock band Bruji , Joško Vlasich , occupied the second mandate. In 2005 the two seats were confirmed with 5.21%, since the 2010 election Michel Reimon held the only mandate in the state parliament. In January 2014, Michel Reimon, who moved to the European Parliament, was replaced by Wolfgang Spitzmüller, local councilor in Oberschützen, in the Burgenland state parliament. In the 2015 state elections , the Greens won 6.43 percent and two seats held by Regina Petrik and Wolfgang Spitzmüller.
In 21 of the 170 Burgenland municipalities, the Greens have a total of 27 municipal councils (as of the end of 2017). Anita Malli is the country manager of the Greens in Burgenland.
Carinthia
| year | percent | Mandates | Others |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1984 | 1.8% | 0 | VGÖ : 1.1%, Greens: 0.7%, |
| 1989 | 3.3% | 0 | GAL: 1.7%, VGÖ: 1.6%, |
| 1994 | 2.0% | 0 | Greens: 1.6%, VGÖ: 0.4%, |
| 1999 | 3.9% | 0 | Democracy 99: Greens, LIF and EL |
| 2004 | 6.7% | 2 | |
| 2009 | 5.1% | 2 | |
| 2013 | 12.1% | 5 | 1 Provincial Council |
| 2018 | 3.1% | 0 |
In Carinthia , various green parties initially competed ( KEL / AL 1984, Anderes Kärnten 1989 and 1994, and Demokratie 99 1999), but did not make it into the state parliament, since Carinthia's electoral law required a basic mandate to be obtained in one of the four constituencies for entry in the Carinthian state parliament . About 10% of the votes in the constituency are required for this basic mandate. In 2004, the Greens entered the state parliament for the first time. Since the 2009 election, the basic mandate hurdle has been replaced by a 5% hurdle, which the party was able to just exceed with 5.1%. The Greens have been represented in the state parliament by Rolf Holub and Barbara Lesjak since 2004 .
At the regional level, for example in Klagenfurt , the Greens in Carinthia had long played a political role. The Greens are represented by five members of the Klagenfurt municipal council. Since the local elections in 2003, Die Grünen Klagenfurt have appointed a member of the nine-member city government for the first time: Andrea Wulz is the executive city councilor with the agendas of women, family, research and the environment.
In the 2006 National Council election, the Greens overtook the FPÖ by 874 votes for the first time with 7.51 percent of the vote at the regional level in Carinthia. State top candidate Matthias Köchl missed the parliamentary mandate by a few hundred votes despite high gains at state level.
After the Greens were only barely able to secure their stay in the state parliament with 5.1% in the state elections in 2009, they gained around 7% in the early state elections in 2013 and got 12.1% of the votes. They achieved 5 mandates and for the first time a seat of government in the Carinthian provincial government formed by the proportional representation system .
In 2017, disputes arose within the Carinthian Greens over the participation of delegates who, according to the former spokeswoman Marion Mitsche, were neither able to speak German nor English, but were instructed in the voting. Provincial councilor Rolf Holub and Matthias Köchl rejected the allegations and announced a legal step. In August 2017 Mitsche announced together with the former Klagenfurt club boss Thomas Winter-Holzinger and Althofen's city councilor Wolfgang Leitner to found a new movement called FAIR , with which she would compete in the state elections in 2018 . Party color should be yellow-purple instead of green. Before that, Mitsche was placed on a hopeless list for the state election at the state assembly on July 1, 2017.
In the state election in 2018, the Greens did not get the necessary votes for a move.
Salzburg
| year | percent | Mandates | Others |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1979 | 1.84% | 0 | as BL |
| 1984 | 4.26% | 0 | as BL |
| 1989 1 | 7.91% | 2 | of which: BL : 6.15%, VGÖ : 1.76%, |
| 1994 | 7.27% | 3 | |
| 1999 | 5.39% | 2 | |
| 2004 | 7.99% | 2 | |
| 2009 | 7.36% | 2 | |
| 2013 | 20.18% | 7th | 3 regional councils, 1 federal council |
| 2018 | 9.31% | 3 | |
| 1 Joint result of BL and VGÖ | |||
After the elections in 1989 the Greens had two mandataries in Salzburg , three in 1994 and two again in 1999. Under Cyriak Schwaighofer , the Greens fell short of their expectations in the 2004 state elections and could not achieve the desired club status of three mandates.
The citizen list is the community group of the Greens in the city of Salzburg. Like many other autonomous community groups, it has its own name.
After the state elections in Salzburg in 2018 , the Greens lost three mandates in the state parliament and one mandate in the Federal Council and thus the right to inquire with the federal government.
Styria
| year | percent | Mandates | Others |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1986 1 | 4.22% | 2 | of which: VGÖ - AL : 3.73%; 2 mandates, GSL: 0.20%, GÖL: 0.15%, GH: 0.14% |
| 1991 2 | 4.79% | 0 | of which: GAL: 2.88%, GREEN: 1.73%, GÖL: 0.18% |
| 1995 | 4.31% | 2 | |
| 2000 | 5.61% | 3 | |
| 2005 | 4.73% | 3 | |
| 2010 | 5.55% | 3 | |
| 2015 | 6.68% | 3 | |
| 2019 | 12.08% | 6th | 1 Federal Council |
|
1 Joint result of VGÖ - AL , Green - Styrian List (GSL), Green Oil - Kernel Oil List (GÖL) and Healthy Homeland
2 Joint result of The Green Alternative - Greens in Parliament (GAL), Green and White - Survive Law - Preserve Nature (GREEN) and List Green Oil - Kernel Oil (GÖL) |
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After the 2015 state elections , the Greens sent three members to the Styrian state parliament : club chairman Lambert Schönleitner and the two members of parliament Sandra Krautwaschl and Sabine Jungwirth . There are two independent Green parties: on the one hand the state party, on the other hand there is an independent party for the state capital Graz under the name Die Grünen - Alternative List Graz .
In the municipal council election on January 20, 2008, the Greens - ALG achieved 14.56%. This meant an increase of more than 6%. This was the first time that the Grazer Greens entered the city senate. The top candidate Lisa Rücker was Graz's deputy mayor from March 2008 until the 2013 municipal council election and was responsible for the environment and transport departments.
In the early state elections in 2019 , the Greens won three seats, at the beginning of the XVIII. In addition to the previous three MPs Lambert Schönleitner, Sandra Krautwaschl and Lara Köck , who replaced Sabine Jungwirth in 2017, Georg Schwarzl , Veronika Nitsche and Alexander Pinter also entered the state parliament.
Tyrol
| year | percent | Mandates | Mandataries |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1984 | 2.92% | 0 | (as a "list for another Tyrol" ) |
| 1989 | 8.26% | 3 | Eva Lichtenberger , Jutta Seethaler , Franz Klug |
| 1994 | 10.68% | 4th |
Regional Councilor: Eva Lichtenberger Deputy: Bernhard Ernst , Franz Klug , Max Schneider , Georg Willi (club chairman) |
| 1999 | 8.02% | 3 | Maria Scheiber , Elisabeth Wiesmüller , Georg Willi (club chairman) |
| 2003 | 15.59% | 5 | Josef Brugger , Maria Scheiber, Elisabeth Wiesmüller, Uschi Schwarzl / Angelika Hörmann *, Georg Willi (club chairman) |
| 2008 | 10.73% | 4th | Christine Baur , Gebi Mair , Maria Scheiber, Georg Willi (club chairman) |
| 2013 | 12.59% | 5 | Andreas Angerer / Barbara Schramm-Skoficz , Ahmet Demir , Gabriele Fischer , Gebi Mair (club chairman ), Hermann Weratschnig |
| 2018 | 10.67% | 4th | Stephanie Jicha , Georg Kaltschmid , Gebi Mair (club chairman ), Michael Mingler |
In Tyrol , the Greens (Die Grünen - die Grüne Alternative Tirol) set up Eva Lichtenberger, the first Green Provincial Councilor in Austria in 1994 , entrusted with environmental agendas.
The share of 15.59% in the 2003 state elections was for the Austrian Greens the best result ever achieved by a state organization. In Innsbruck the Greens received almost 27% of the vote. The election result also meant that the Tyrolean Greens were now able to nominate a member of the Federal Council for the first time in their history. Eva Konrad , former chairwoman of the Austrian Student Union at the University of Innsbruck , has been a member of the Federal Council since 2003 .
The municipal council elections in 2004 resulted in a doubling of the mandates for the Greens - The Green Alternative Tyrol , the Chamber of Labor elections for the Greens in the AK .
In the state elections in 2008 , the Tyrolean Greens received only 10.7% of the votes after their extremely good result in 2003 and lost their Federal Council mandate to the Fritz Dinkhauser list .
In the 2009 elections to the European Parliament , the Greens received 12.3% of the vote. With Eva Lichtenberger, the Tyrolean Greens have been a member of the European Parliament since 2004 .
In addition to social issues, the main topics of the Tyrolean Greens in recent years have been transport . The topic is of particular importance in Tyrol because the country is characterized by transit traffic between Germany and Italy over the Brenner Pass . The Greens accused not only the state government of failing, but also the federal government in particular, which did not see to it that a successor arrangement was created for the transit agreement negotiated with the EU in 1994. In addition to the Greens, various citizens' initiatives have become active in the anti-transit area in recent years, through which other parties also try to claim the environmental issue for themselves.
In 2013, the Tyrolean Greens were able to achieve a vote increase of 1.86% in the state election in April and came to 12.6%. They then formed a government with the ÖVP . In Innsbruck they managed to win first place in the state elections from the ÖVP.
After the state elections in Tyrol in 2018 , the Greens lost a Federal Council mandate and thus their club status and club funding in parliament, but are still represented in the state government .
In the municipal council and mayor elections in Innsbruck in 2018 , the party managed to become the strongest voting force, and the green candidate Georg Willi was able to prevail in the mayoral election against the incumbent mayor and thus became the first green mayor in Austria.
organization
In 2004, the Greens had around 3,000 members nationwide, although there are no nationwide uniform regulations for memberships. In October 2008 the number of members was estimated at 4600.
The originally very extensive basic democracy with a rotation principle was restricted over time. Remnants of the rotation principle consist of higher quorums that long-serving mandataries have to achieve for re-election. As one of the last grassroots democratic elements, the strike vote was preserved, which could be initiated nationwide with the signature of 100 members. Until 2003, however, no nationwide ballot had taken place. In 2005, the mode for initiating a ballot was changed due to the increased number of members, so that a ballot now has to be called by three state congresses. Furthermore, ambiguities in the statute about how and when to hold the strike vote have been eliminated. For this purpose, state congresses should be able to be called by a certain number of members. This solution was chosen because one cannot simply increase the number of members required for initiation due to the aforementioned inconsistent membership regulations in the national organizations.
The highest body is the Federal Congress, which is convened at least once a year. All national organizations send delegates, even the migrant organization as the “tenth federal state” can send delegates. The Federal Congress prepares the lists for national elections or elections to the European Parliament. He also appoints the federal spokesman. The federal congress decides on the party program and provides the major guidelines.
In recent years, the federal executive board has developed into the actual decision-making center. It meets at least once a week, mostly on Tuesdays, and determines the lines of daily politics. He is also responsible for making decisions about party finances.
The extended federal board consists of the federal board and delegates from the federal states (two per federal state) and usually meets at least once a month. He ensures that the guidelines are drawn up as specified by the Federal Congress. He also elects the deputy of the federal spokesman.
The national organizations are mostly organized in a similar way: there are national assemblies, which are sometimes set up as general assemblies, sometimes as delegate assemblies. The extended federal executive committee mostly corresponds to extended state executive boards or state committees, whose delegates are delegated by the regional groups. The federal executive usually corresponds to a state executive which elects a state spokesperson in some federal states. The federal statute also provides that all state organizations must have the option of ballot.
The National Council Club exists independently in the National Council and can determine its own guidelines. In recent years, however, there has been an increasing merging of the work of the party and the club. Such was Michaela Sburny from June 2004 to 2009 as the successor to Franz Floss national director of the Green Party, at the same time she kept until the election in 2008 but its mandate as a Member of Parliament. In 2009 she was succeeded by Stefan Wallner as Federal Managing Director. In December 2016, Robert Luschnik was elected as the party's federal manager to succeed Stefan Wallner.
Within and especially in the environment of the Greens, various organizations are active today that see themselves as green or close to green. These include, among others
- The Greens the other way around : The gay , lesbian and transgender organizations are organized differently in each federal state. In Vienna it is a sub-organization of the party. The other way round is green in all federal states with the exception of Burgenland.
- The generation plus (formerly the Green seniors): contact their policies for older people and their rights, and want to live an active, fulfilling and independent life even in this life.
- Green Migrants Initiative (IGM): As the “tenth federal state”, they have special political rights in the Green Party, such as their own delegates at the federal congress.
- Green & Alternative Students (GRAS): The GRAS is its own party and is a candidate for the elections for the Austrian Student Union . It is one of the largest parliamentary groups there and has been part of the federal executive of the Austrian student body since 2003.
- Young Greens (Austria) : The Young Greens were the official youth organization of the Greens from 2011 to 2017. Founded from parts of the GAJ in 2010, it is mainly active in the federal states of Lower Austria, Burgenland, Styria, Vienna, Tyrol and Vorarlberg. At the end of March 2017, the federal party separated from its youth organization after internal disputes. The Young Greens are members of the Federation of Young European Greens (FYEG) and Global Young Greens (GYG).
- Green alternative youth (GAJ): The GAJ has existed since 1993 and has been regularly active for years in several federal states (including Vienna, Vorarlberg, Upper Austria, Carinthia). However, their federal organization dissolved in 2001 due to political differences. Since 2003 it has been in a reorganization process in which it is again active nationwide. The GAJ is a member of the Federation of Young European Greens (FYEG). She considers herself part of the radical left. In 2011 her status as the official youth organization of the Federal Greens was revoked. However, GAJ Vienna is still the official youth organization of the Vienna Greens, which, unlike the federal party, have not recognized the Young Greens as a youth organization.
- Currently the Green Youth - Green Alternative Youth is the party's youth organization.
- Green women's organization : It does not exist in all federal states.
- ECO Students : Green student council , only exists in Styria.
- Green economy : Green business and entrepreneur association, represented as a green parliamentary group in all chambers of commerce.
- Alternative and Independent Trade Unionists (AUGE / UG): The trade union faction of the Greens and independent groups.
- The Green Farmers are active as an organization of green farmers in all federal states with the exception of Vienna.
- The Green Doctors form the green parliamentary group in the Medical Association.
- The Green Educational Workshop (counterpart to the political academies) deals with the educational work of the Greens .
Prominent members
The best-known founding members and mentors include the university professor Alexander Tollmann , the actor Herbert Fux , the Steyregg mayor Josef Buchner (Austria's first Green Mayor - was excluded from the green parliamentary club in 1987), Freda Meissner-Blau , Günther Nenning and the painter Friedensreich Hundertwasser , who supported the occupation of the Hainburger Au . Johannes Voggenhuber worked for many years in prominent positions - as Salzburg city councilor, federal manager, national councilor and member of the European Parliament . The long-time social spokesman Karl Öllinger made a name for himself by documenting activities and statements of the right-wing radical scene in Austria.
Two of the best-known former members are the former federal spokesman and incumbent Federal President Alexander Van der Bellen as well as the founding member Peter Pilz , the initiator of the Pilz list .
See also
- Well-known members of the Greens
- List of Green Members of the Austrian National Council
- List of Green Members of the Landtag in Austria
literature
- Othmar Pruckner: A Brief History of the Greens . Überreuter, Vienna 2005, ISBN 3-8000-7124-X .
- Franz Schandl, Gerhard Schattauer: The Greens in Austria. Development and consolidation of a political force. Promedia, Vienna 1996, ISBN 3-85371-103-0 .
- Robert Kriechbaumer: Just an interlude (?) - The history of the Greens in Austria from the beginning until 2017 . Böhlau-Verlag, Vienna 2018, ISBN 978-3-205-20805-1 .
- Karin Strobl: The Green Crash - The Attempt at Recapitulation . In: Thomas Hofer , Barbara Tóth (Eds.): Wahl 2017. Loser, Leaks & Leadership . ÄrzteVerlag, Vienna 2017, ISBN 978-3-9503276-4-9 , p. 118-129 .
- Rudi Anschober : Green rules. a political diary about the first year of Green government participation. Czernin-Verlag, Vienna 2005. ISBN 3-7076-0201-X .
Web links
Wikinews: The Greens - The Green Alternative - in the news- www.gruene.at The Greens website
- europa.gruene.at The Greens in the European Parliament
Individual evidence
- ↑ Parties funded this year with 200 million. In: ORF .at. May 21, 2018, accessed May 21, 2018 .
- ↑ Between benefits and ideal ORF website. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
- ↑ Werner Kogler. Retrieved December 18, 2017 .
- ↑ Basic program 2001 ( Memento of January 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 304 kB)
- ↑ Der Standard , October 2, 2006 (p. 8)
- ↑ Freda Meissner-Blau: "The Greens weren't in Zwentendorf" , Der Standard , March 12, 2011, accessed on June 24, 2015:
- ↑ Federal Ministry of the Interior : election results
- ^ Federal Ministry of the Interior : The 2006 National Council election
- ^ Mag. Terezija Stoisits website of the Austrian Parliament. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
- ↑ http://www.sora.at/fileadmin/downloads/wahlen/2013_NRW_Wahlanalyse.pdf
- ↑ Eva Glawischnig resigns: "Time to give up the leadership" - derstandard.at/2000057846796/EvaGlawischnig-tritt-zurueckZeitpunkt-die-Fuehrung-abgabe. May 18, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017 .
- ^ Kurier: Green duo against shift to the right in NR election . Article dated June 25, 2017, accessed July 25, 2017.
- ^ Kurier: Green Federal Congress in Linz: Pilz fails in list election . Article dated June 25, 2017, accessed July 25, 2017.
- ↑ Zinggl, Rossmann and Holzinger switch to Pilz List , Der Standard on July 28, 2017.
- ↑ ORF / SORA: Streams of voters 2013–2017 , accessed on October 17, 2017
- ↑ ORF : Die Un-Realos , October 18, 2017
- ↑ a b ORF : Can the Greens still be saved? , October 17, 2017
- ↑ All good things come from us. In: sueddeutsche.de. May 17, 2010, accessed March 9, 2018 .
- ↑ Der Standard (Vienna): Voggenhuber on the mushroom retreat: "Finally they are all to themselves" , June 26, 2017
- ↑ Voggenhuber brutally settles accounts with the Greens . In: www.kleinezeitung.at . ( kleinezeitung.at [accessed on October 20, 2017]).
- ↑ Der Standard (Vienna): Cleaning up after the total green failure , October 18, 2017
- ↑ a b Kurier : The green register of sins: What led to the crash, October 18, 2017
- ↑ Peter Huemer : Greens are coming back - Austria needs them! , in: Die Presse (Vienna), October 18, 2017
- ^ Defeat for Vassilakou: Viennese Greens reject the Heumarkt project . In: The press . April 21, 2017 ( online [accessed October 19, 2017]).
- ↑ Heumarkt project decided in the local council - wien.ORF.at. June 1, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2017 .
- ↑ Julia Schrenk, Annamaria Bauer: World cultural heritage: UNESCO puts Vienna on the red list because of the Heumarkt decision . In: Courier . October 19, 2017 ( online [accessed October 19, 2017]).
- ↑ Karin Strobl: The Green Crash - The Attempt at Recapitulation . In: Thomas Hofer , Barbara Tóth (Eds.): Wahl 2017. Loser, Leaks & Leadership . ÄrzteVerlag, Vienna 2017, ISBN 978-3-9503276-4-9 , p. 126 : "[...] as the voter flow analysis after the election shows. An ÖVP member sarcastically commented after the election: 'You did a great job for the Reds.' "
- ↑ The Greens: Sharp left with a candidate in the middle?
- ^ Regional media Austria: Regina Petrik is deputy federal spokeswoman for the Greens . In: mein district.at . ( mein district.at [accessed on February 16, 2018]).
- ^ STANDARD Verlagsgesellschaft mbH: Greens: Regina Petrik is the new Kogler deputy . In: derStandard.at . ( derstandard.at [accessed on February 16, 2018]).
- ^ Tiroler Tageszeitung Online: Willi on the birthday of Austria's first green mayor | Tiroler Tageszeitung online - news from now! In: Tiroler Tageszeitung Online . ( tt.com [accessed March 12, 2020]).
- ↑ orf.at: Kogler elected federal spokesman for the Greens . Article dated November 17, 2018, accessed November 17, 2018.
- ↑ European elections 2019 - news.ORF.at. Retrieved September 21, 2019 .
- ↑ European elections 2019 - news.ORF.at. Retrieved September 21, 2019 .
- ↑ European elections 2019. Accessed on September 20, 2019 .
- ↑ “He went too far,” Der Standard, June 18, 2013
- ↑ Greens lose another Federal Council mandate . In: news.ORF.at . April 23, 2018 ( orf.at [accessed July 5, 2018]).
- ↑ The new state government is in office. In: ORF.at . December 17, 2019, accessed December 17, 2019 .
- ^ Greens again with parliamentary group status in the Federal Council. In: ORF.at . December 19, 2019, accessed December 19, 2019 .
- ↑ Die Grünen Vorarlberg , accessed on October 20, 2009.
- ↑ Neubacher, Tobias: Green energy for the country: the professionalization of state election campaigns of small parties using the example of the state election campaigns of the party “The Greens” in Vorarlberg in 1999 and 2004 , Salzburg 2010
- ↑ Hebein elected city councilor. Retrieved June 26, 2019 .
- ↑ Salzburger Nachrichten about the Green Area Codes ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ "Aren't you a bowling club" - article in the 'Standard' print edition, (posted) around / before June 12, 2009
- ^ "Green primaries" are a headache for the Viennese Greens Die Presse. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
- ↑ orf.at: Greens want “club status” again through association . Article dated April 18, 2018, accessed April 18, 2018.
- ^ Kurier: Authority dissolves Green Club in Lower Austria's Landtag . Article dated December 13, 2018, accessed December 14, 2018.
- ↑ Burgenland . In: Herbert Dachs, Roland Widder, Ernst Hanisch , Robert Kriechbaumer (eds.): History of the Austrian federal states since 1945 . tape 5 .. Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2000, ISBN 978-3-205-98786-4 , p. 488 .
- ↑ 2017 municipal council elections. Accessed March 6, 2018 .
- ↑ "Dissatisfied blow everything up": The Carinthian Greens dispute escalates . In: The press . July 12, 2017 ( [1] [accessed October 19, 2017]).
- ↑ Der Standard : Ex-boss of the Carinthian Greens: "Since the election of Van der Bellen it only crumbles" , 10 July 2017
- ^ Carinthian Greens: Asylum seekers "called to vote in English". In: DiePresse.com. July 5, 2017, accessed December 31, 2017 .
- ↑ Green dispute in Carinthia escalates. In: derStandard.at. July 12, 2017. Retrieved December 3, 2017 .
- ↑ Kleine Zeitung: Yellow-purple instead of green: Carinthian ex-Greens found a new party . Article dated August 15, 2017, accessed September 5, 2017.
- ↑ thomas.trescher: Analysis: The green failure continues in Carinthia . ( kurier.at [accessed on March 7, 2018]).
- ^ Kurier: To Salzburg: Greens lose the right to inquire at the federal level . Article dated April 23, 2018, accessed April 23, 2018.
- ^ Salzburg state election: ÖVP again more federal councilors than SPÖ . Parliamentary Correspondence No. 452 of April 23, 2018, accessed on April 23, 2018.
- ↑ orf.at: ÖVP is growing strongly, SPÖ and Greens are losing . Article dated April 22, 2018, accessed April 23, 2018.
- ^ Kurier: Tyrol election: Greens lose Federal Council seat . Article dated February 25, 2018, accessed February 25, 2018.
- ↑ diepresse.com: Greens must fear for the parliamentary club . Article dated February 26, 2018, accessed February 26, 2018.
- ↑ orf.at: Greens lose faction status in parliament . Article dated April 3, 2018, accessed April 3, 2018.
- ↑ How many members do the Austrian parties have? , The standard on October 31, 2008.
- ^ Stefan Wallner: Greens are pioneering dialogue parties . APA notification dated December 4, 2009, accessed July 6, 2015.
- ^ Salzburger Nachrichten: Luschnik unanimously new Green Federal Managing Director . Article dated December 16, 2016, accessed May 28, 2017.
- ↑ Katharina Mittelstaedt: Greens separate from young Greens. Der Standard, March 30, 2017, accessed the following day.
- ^ Die Zeit / Florian Gasser: Review
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