List of heads of state 1281

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Africa

Egypt ( Bahri Dynasty )
- Sultan : Qalawun (1279-1290)

Algeria ( Abdalwadiden )
- Sultan : Abu Yahya ibn Zayyan (1236-1282)

Ethiopia
- Emperor (Negus Negest) : Yekuno Amlak (1270–1285)

Ifriqiya (East Algeria, Tunisia) ( Hafsiden )
- Caliph : Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I (1279–1283)

Kingdom of Mali
- King : Abu Bakr (1275–1285)

Morocco ( Merinids )
- Sultan : Abu Yusuf Yaqub (1259-1286)

Empire Kanem
- King : Kashim Biri (1270-1290)

America

Inca Empire
- Sinchi : Lloque Yupanqui (approx. 1260 – approx. 1290)

Asia

Bagan
- King : Narathihapate (1254–1287)

Champa
- King : Jaya Indravarman VI. (1257-1285)

China and Mongolia ( Yuan Dynasty )
- Emperor : Kublai Khan (1260–1294)

Georgia
- King : Dimitri II the self-sacrifice (1270–1289)

Empire of the Golden Horde
- Khan : Tuda Möngke (1280-1287)

India
- Ahom (Assam)
  - King : Sutephaa (1268–1281)
  - King: Subinphaa (1281-1293)
- Delhi
  - Sultan : Ghiyas ud din Balban (1266–1286)
- Hoysala (in today's Karnataka)
  - King : Narasimha III. (1254-1291)
- Pandya (in South India)
  - King : Maaravaramban Kulasekara Pandyan I (1268–1308)

Japan
- Emperor : Go-Uda (1274–1287)
- Shogun ( Kamakura ): Koreyasu (1266-1289)

Kambuja ( Khmer )
- King : Jayavarman VIII (1243-1295)

Lesser Armenia
- King : Leon III. (1270-1289)

Korea ( Goryeo Dynasty )
- King : Chungnyeol Wang (1274–1308)

Crusader States
- Kingdom of Jerusalem
  - King : Hugo I (1268–1284)
- Tripoli county
  - Count : Bohemond IV. (1275–1287)

Persia
- Ilchan : Abaqa Khan (1265-1282)

Ryūkyū Islands
- King: Eiso (1260–1299)

Seljuks
- Rum Seljuks
  - Sultan : Kai Chosrau III. (1265-1282)

Siam
- Lan Na
  - King : Mangrai (1259-1317)
- Sukhothai
  - King : Ramkhamhaeng (1279-1298)

Trebizond
- Emperor : John II Comnenus (1280–1284) (1285–1297)

Vietnam (Tran Dynasty)
- Emperor : Trần Khâm (1278–1293)

Europe

Achaia
- Prince : Charles I of Naples (1278–1285)

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - Count of Foix : Roger Bernard III. (1278-1302)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Pere d'Urtx (1278–1293)

Archipelagos
- Duke : Marco II (1262-1303)

Athens
- Duke : Wilhelm I de la Roche (1280–1287)

Bulgaria
- Tsar : George I (1280–1292)

Byzantine Empire
- Emperor : Michael VIII (1259–1282)

Denmark
- King : Erik V. Klipping (1259–1286)
- Schleswig
  - Duke : Waldemar IV. (1272-1312)

Teutonic Order State
- Hochmeister : Hartmann von Heldrungen (1273–1282)

England
- King : Edward I (1272-1307)

Epirus
- Despot : Nikephorus I Angelos (1267 / 68–1297)

France
- King : Philip III. (1270-1285)
- Alencon
  - Count : Peter I (1269–1284)
- Armagnac
  - Count : Géraud VI. (1256-1285)
- Artois
  - Count : Robert II (1250–1302)
- Astarac
  - Count : Bernard III. (1249-1291)
- Aumale
  - Count : Johann I (1269–1302)
- Auvergne (county)
  - Count : Robert VI. (1279-1314)
- Auvergne (Dauphiné)
  - Dauphin : Robert III. (1262-1282)
- Auxerre
  - Countess : Alix (1273-1290)
- bar
  - Count : Theobald II. (1239–1291)
- Blois
  - Countess : Johanna (1279–1292)
- Brittany
  - Duke : Johann I (1221–1286)
- Burgundy (Duchy)
  - Duke : Robert II (1272–1305)
- Burgundy (Free County)
  - Count Palatine : Otto IV. (1279–1303)
- Champagne
  - Countess : Johanna I (1274–1305)
- Chartres
  - Countess : Johanna von Châtillon (1279–1286)
- Comminges
  - Count : Bernard VI. (1241–1295 (?))
- Dauphiné
  - Count : Johann I (1269–1281)
  - Countess: Anna (1281–1298)
- Dreux
  - Count : Robert IV (1249–1282)
- Eu
  - Count : Johann II. (1270–1294)
- Foix
  - Count : Roger-Bernard III. (1265-1302)
- Guyenne
  - Duke : Edward I of England (1272–1306)
- Marche
  - Count : Hugo XIII. of Lusignan (1270–1303)
- Narbonne
  - Vice Count : Aimery IV. (1270-1298)
- Nevers
  - Count : Ludwig I. (1280-1322)
- orange
  - Prince : Raimund I (1219–1282)
- Penthièvre
  - Count : Johann I (1272–1286)
- Périgord
  - Count : Archambaud III. (1251-1294)
- Provence
  - Count : Charles I (1267–1285)
- Rethel
  - Count : Hugo IV. (1272–1285)
- Rodez
  - Count : Heinrich II. (1274–1304)
- Sancerre
  - Count : Stephan II. (1280–1306)
- Tonnerre
  - Countess : Margarete (1273–1309)
- Vendôme
  - Count : Johann V (1271-1315)

Holy Roman Empire
- King : Rudolf I of Habsburg (1273–1291)
- Electorates
  - Archbishopric of Cologne
    - Archbishop : Siegfried von Westerburg (1275–1297)
  - Archbishopric Mainz
    - Archbishop : Werner von Eppstein (1259–1284)
  - Archbishopric Trier
    - Archbishop : Heinrich II. Von Finstingen (1260–1286)
  - Bohemia
    - King : Wenceslaus II (1278–1305)
  - Brandenburg
    - Margrave : Otto IV. (1267–1308)
  - Electoral Palatinate
    - Count Palatine : Ludwig II. The Strict (1253–1294)
  - Saxony
    - Duke : Albrecht II (1260–1298)
    - Duke : Johann I (1260–1282)
- spiritual principalities
  - Hochstift Augsburg
    - Bishop : Hartmann von Dillingen (1248–1286)
  - Bamberg Monastery
    - Bishop : Berthold von Leiningen (1257–1285)
  - Hochstift Basel
    - Bishop : Henry IV. (1275–1286)
  - Besançon Archbishopric
    - Archbishop : Odo de Rougemont (1269–1301)
  - Brandenburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Gebhard (1278–1287)
  - Archbishopric Bremen-Hamburg
    - Archbishop : Giselbert von Brunkhorst (1273–1306)
  - Brixen monastery
    - Bishop : Bruno von Kirchberg (1250–1288)
  - Cambrai Monastery
    - Bishop : Enguerrand II. De Créaui (1274–1292)
  - Hochstift Cammin
    - Bishop : Hermann von Gleichen (1252–1288)
  - Chiemsee Abbey
    - Bishop : Konrad von Hintberg (1279–1292)
  - Chur Monastery
    - Bishop : Conrad III. of Belmont (1273–1282)
  - Eichstätt Monastery
    - Bishop : Reinboto von Meilenhart (1279–1297)
  - Hochstift Freising
    - Bishop : Friedrich von Montalban (1279–1282)
  - Geneva Monastery
    - Bishop : Robert of Geneva (1276–1287)
  - Halberstadt Monastery
    - Bishop : Volrad von Kranichfeld (1254–1295)
  - Hochstift Havelberg
    - Bishop : Heinrich II. (1271 / 72–1290)
  - Hildesheim Monastery
    - Bishop : Siegfried II of Querfurt (1279–1310)
  - Constance monastery
    - Bishop : Rudolf I of Habsburg-Laufenburg (1274–1293)
  - Lausanne bishopric
    - Bishop : Guillaume II. De Champvent (1274–1302)
  - Lübeck bishopric
    - Bishop : Burkhard von Serkem (1276-1317)
  - Liège Monastery
    - Bishop : Johann III. von Enghien (1274–1281)
  - Archbishopric Magdeburg
    - Archbishop : Bernhard, Count of Wölpe (1279–1282)
  - Meissen Abbey
    - Bishop : Withego I of Furra (1266–1293)
  - Merseburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Friedrich I. von Torgau (1265–1283)
  - Metz bishopric
    - Bishop : John II of Flanders (1280–1282) (1282–1292 Bishop of Liège)
  - Hochstift Minden
    - Bishop : Volkwin V. von Schwalenberg (1275–1293)
  - Monastery of Münster
    - Bishop : Everhard von Diest (1275–1301)
  - Naumburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Ludolf von Schlotheim-Mila (1280–1285)
  - Osnabrück Monastery
    - Bishop : Conrad II of Rietberg (1270–1297)
  - Paderborn Monastery
    - Bishop : Otto von Rietberg (1277–1307)
  - Passau bishopric
    - Bishop : Wichard von Pohlheim (1280–1282)
  - Ratzeburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Ulrich von Blücher (1257–1284)
  - Regensburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Heinrich II. Von Rotteneck (1277–1296)
  - Archbishopric Salzburg
    - Archbishop : Friedrich II. Von Walchen (1270–1284)
  - Schwerin Monastery
    - Bishop : Hermann I. von Schladen (1261–1293)
  - Hochstift Sitten
    - Bishop : Pierre d'Oron (1274–1287)
  - Speyer Monastery
    - Bishop : Friedrich von Bolanden (1272–1302)
  - Strasbourg Monastery
    - Bishop : Conrad III. von Lichtenberg (1273–1299)
  - Toul Monastery
    - Bishop : Konrad II of Tübinghen (1272–1296)
  - Hochstift Trento
    - Bishop : Heinrich II. (1273–1289)
  - Utrecht Monastery
    - Bishop : John I of Nassau (1267–1290)
  - Verden Monastery
    - Bishop : Conrad I of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (1269-1300)
  - Verdun Monastery
    - Bishop : Heinrich III. by Granson (1278–1286)
  - Hochstift Worms
    - Bishop : Friedrich I, Count of the Rhine von Baumburg (1277–1283)
  - Würzburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Berthold II. Von Sternberg (1274–1287)
- secular principalities
  - Stop
    - Anhalt-Aschersleben
      - Prince : Otto I (1266–1304)
    - Principality of Anhalt-Bernburg
      - Prince : Bernhard I (1252–1287)
    - Anhalt-Zerbst
      - Prince : Siegfried I (1252–1298)
  - to bathe
    - Margrave : Rudolf I (1243–1288)
  - Bavaria
    - Lower Bavaria
      - Duke : Henry XIII. (1253-1290)
    - Upper Bavaria
      - Duke : Ludwig II. The Strict (1253–1294)
  - mountain
    - Count : Adolf V. (1259–1296)
  - Brabant and Lower Lorraine
    - Duke : Johann I (1267–1294)
  - Duchy of Brunswick
    - Altes Haus Braunschweig (common rule until 1291: division into Göttingen, Grubenhagen and Wolfenbüttel)
      - Duke : Wilhelm I (1279–1291)
      - Duke: Albrecht II the Fat (1279–1291)
      - Duke: Heinrich I (1279–1291)
    - Braunschweig-Lüneburg
      - Duke : Otto II the Strict (1277-1330)
  - Flanders
    - Count : Guido I. (1278–1305)
  - Funds
    - Count : Rainald I (1271-1318)
  - Hanau
    - Lord : Reinhard I. (around 1243–1281)
    - Lord: Ulrich I. (1281–1305 / 06)
  - Hainaut
    - Count : Johann (1280–1304)
  - Hesse
    - Landgrave : Heinrich I (1247–1308)
  - Hohenzollern
    - Count : Friedrich V. (1251 / 55–1289)
  - Holland
    - Count : Florens V. (1256–1296)
  - Holstein
    - Holstein-Itzehoe
      - Count: Gerhard I. (1261-1290)
    - Holstein-Kiel
      - Count : Johann II. (1263-1316)
    - Holstein-Segeberg
      - Count : Adolf V. (1273–1308)
  - Jülich
    - Count : Walram (1278–1297)
  - Carinthia
    - Duke : Rudolf I (1276–1286)
  - Kleve
    - Count : Dietrich VI./VIII. (1275-1305)
  - Limburg
    - Duke : Rainald I (1280–1288)
  - lip
    - Lord : Simon I. (1273-1344)
  - Lorraine
    - Duke : Friedrich III. (1251-1303)
  - Luxembourg
    - Count : Heinrich V (1247–1281)
    - Count: Heinrich VI. (1281-1288)
  - mark
    - Count : Eberhard II. (1277–1308)
  - Mecklenburg
    - Prince : Heinrich I (1264–1302)
  - Margraviate of Meissen
    - Margrave : Heinrich III. (1221-1288)
  - Namur
    - Count : Guido I. (1263–1297)
  - Nassau
    - walramic line
      - Count : Adolf (1277-1298)
    - Ottonian line
      - Count : Otto I. (1255-1290)
  - Nuremberg
    - Burgrave : Friedrich III. (1261-1297)
  - Oldenburg
    - Old Bruchhausen
      - Count : Hildebold I (1278-1310)
    - Neu-Bruchhausen
      - Count : Gerhard I. (1278-1310)
    - Delmenhorst
      - Count : Otto II. (1270–1304)
    - Oldenburg
      - Count : Christian III. (1270-1285)
  - Ortenberg
    - Count : Rapoto IV. (1275-1296)
  - Austria
    - Duke : Interregnum (1278–1282)
  - Pomerania
    - Duke : Barnim II. (1278-1295)
    - Duke : Otto I (1278-1295)
    - Duke : Bogislaw IV. (1278-1295)
  - Ravensberg
    - Count : Otto III. (1249–1306)
  - Saarbrücken
    - Count: Simon IV (1271–1308)
  - Schwerin
    - Schwerin
      - Count : Helmhold III. (1274-1295)
    - Wittenburg
      - Count : Nicholas I (1274–1323)
  - Styria
    - Interregnum (1278-1282)
  - Tecklenburg
    - Count: Otto III. (1279-1285)
  - Tyrol
    - Count : Meinhard II. (1258–1295)
  - Veldenz
    - Count : Heinrich I. von Hohengeroldseck (1277–1298)
  - Waldeck
    - Count : Otto I (1271–1305)
  - Weimar-Orlamünde
    - Count : Otto III. (1247-1285)
  - Württemberg
    - Count : Eberhard I. (1279-1325)
  - Zweibrücken
    - Count : Heinrich II. (1237–1282)

Italy
- Ferrara
  - Lord : Obizzo II. D'Este (1264–1293)
- Papal States
  - Pope : Martin IV (1281–1285)
- Milan
  - Archbishop : Ottone Visconti (1262 / 77–1287)
- Mantua
  - Rector: Pinamonte Bonacolsi (1272–1291)
- Montferrat
  - Margrave : Wilhelm VII. (1253 / 55–1290)
- Saluzzo
  - Margrave : Thomas I (1244–1296)
- Savoy
  - Count : Philip I (1268–1285)
- Sicily
  - King : Charles I (1266–1282)
- Venice
  - Doge : Giovanni Dandolo (1280–1289)
- Verona
  - Podestà : Alberto I (1277–1301)

Lithuania
- Grand Duke : Traidenis (1270–1281)
- Grand Duke: Daumantas (1281–1285)

Livonia
- Landmeister : Konrad von Feuchtwangen (1280–1281)
- Landmeister: Mangold von Sternberg (1281–1282)

Norway
- King : Erik II. Magnusson (1280–1299)

Poland
- Senior Duke : Leszek II. (1279–1288)

Portugal
- King : Dionysius (1279-1325)

Russia
- Vladimir
  - Grand Duke : Dimitrij I (1277–1294)

Scotland
- King : Alexander III. (1249-1286)

Sweden
- King : Magnus I. Ladulås (1275–1290)

Serbia
- King : Stefan Dragutin (1276–1282)

Spain
- Aragon
  - King : Peter III. (1276-1285)
- Cerdanya
  - Count : Jacob II (1276-1311)
- Granada ( Nasrid )
  - Emir : Muhammad II. Al-Faqih (1273-1302)
- Castile and Leon
  - King : Alfonso X the Wise (1252–1284)
- Mallorca
  - King : Jacob II (1276-1311)
- Navarre
  - Queen : Joan I (1274–1305)
- Urgell
  - Count : Ermengol X. (1268-1314)

Hungary
- King : Ladislaus IV. (1272–1290)

Wallachia
- Prince : Bărbat (1273–1285)

Wales
- Deheubarth (1234–1286 under the suzerainty of Gwynned)
  - Prince : Rhys ap Maredudd (1271–1283)
- Gwynedd
  - King : Llywelyn ap Gruffydd (1246–1282)
- Powys
  - Powys Wenwynwyn (South Powys)
    - Prince : Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn (1240–1286)

Cyprus
- King : Hugo III. (1267-1284)