List of Heads of State 1978

Overview
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Africa

• Egypt
  • Head of State: President Anwar as-Sadat (1970–1981) (1973–1974, 1980–1981 Prime Minister)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Mamduh Muhammad Salim (1975–2 October 1978)
    • Prime Minister Mustafa Chalil (October 2, 1978–1980)

• Algeria
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Houari Boumedienne (1965-27 December 1978) (until 1976 President of the Revolutionary Council)
    • President of the National Assembly Rabah Bitat (December 27, 1978–1979) (acting)

• Angola
  • Head of State: President Agostinho Neto (1975–1979)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Lopo do Nascimento (1975–9 December 1978)

• Equatorial Guinea
  • Head of State and Government: President Francisco Macías Nguema (1968–1979)

• Ethiopia
  • Head of State and Government: Chairman of the Provisional Military Administrative Council Mengistu Haile Mariam ( 1974 , 1977–1991) (President from 1987)

• Benin
  • Head of State and Government: President Mathieu Kérékou (1972–1991, 1996–2006 )

• Botswana
  • Head of State and Government: President Seretse Khama (1966–1980)

• Burundi
  • Head of State: President Jean-Baptiste Bagaza (1976–1987)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Édouard Nzambimana (1976–13 October 1978) (office abolished)

• Djibouti
  • Head of State: President Hassan Gouled Aptidon (1977–1999) (1977 Prime Minister)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Ahmed Dini Ahmed (1977–5 February 1978)
    • Prime Minister Abdallah Mohamed Kamil (February 5, 1978– October 2, 1978)
    • Prime Minister Barkat Gourad Hamadou (October 2, 1978-2001)

• Ivory Coast
  • Head of State and Government: President Félix Houphouët-Boigny (1960–1993)

• Gabon
  • Head of State: President Omar Bongo (1967–2009)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Léon Mébiame (1975–1990)

• Gambia
  • Head of State and Government: President Dawda Jawara (1970–1994) (Prime Minister 1965–1970)

• Ghana
  • Head of State and Government:
    • Chairman of the Supreme Military Council Ignatius Kutu Acheampong (1972–5 July 1978) (until 1975 Chairman of the National Compliance Council)
    • Chairman of the Supreme Military Council Fred Akuffo (July 5, 1978–1979)

• Guinea
  • Head of State: President Ahmed Sékou Touré (1958–1984)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Louis Lansana Béavogui (1972–1984)

• Guinea-Bissau
  • Head of State: Chairman of the State Council Luís Cabral (1973–1980)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Francisco Mendes (1973–7 July 1978)
    • Prime Minister Constantino Teixeira (July 7, 1978– September 28, 1978)
    • Prime Minister João Bernardo Vieira (September 28, 1978–1980) (1980–1984, 1984–1999, 2005–2009 President)

• Cameroon
  • Head of State: President Ahmadou Ahidjo (1960–1982)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Paul Biya (1975–1982) (President since 1982)

• Cape Verde
  • Head of State: President Aristides Pereira (1975–1991)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Pedro Pires (1975–1991) (2001–2011 President)

• Kenya
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Jomo Kenyatta (1964–22 August 1978) (Prime Minister 1963–1964)
    • President Daniel arap Moi (August 22, 1978–2002) (acting until October 14, 1978)

• Comoros
  • Head of State:
    • President Ali Soilih (1976-13 May 1978)
    • Chairman of the Military-Political Directorate Said Atthoumani (May 13, 1978– May 23, 1978)
    • Co-Chairman of the Military-Political Directorate Mohamed Ahmed (May 23, 1978– October 3, 1978)
    • Co-Chairman of the Military-Political Directorate Ahmed Abdallah ( 9175 , May 23, 1978–1989) (from October 3, 1978 Chairman of the Military-Political Directorate)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Abdallah Mohamed (1976-22 December 1978)
    • Prime Minister Salim Ben Ali (December 22, 1978–1982)

• People's Republic of the Congo (1960–1970 Congo-Brazzaville ; from 1992 Republic of the Congo )
  • Head of State: President Joachim Yhombi-Opango (1977–1979)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Louis Sylvain Goma (1975–1984, 1991 )

• Lesotho
  • Head of State: King Moshoeshoe II ( 1966–1970 , 1970–1990, 1995–1996 )
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Leabua Jonathan (1966–1986) (1970 Head of State)

• Liberia
  • Heads of State or Government: President William R. Tolbert, Jr. (1971–1980)

• Libya
  • Head of State: List of Heads of State of Libya Muammar al-Gaddafi (1969–1979) (1979–2011 revolutionary leader)
  • Head of Government: General Secretary of the General People's Committee Abd al-Ati al-Ubayyidi (1977–1979) (1979–1981 General Secretary of the General People's Congress)

• Madagascar
  • Head of State: President Didier Ratsiraka (1975–1993, 1997–2002 )
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Désiré Rakotoarijaona (1977–1988)

• Malawi
  • Head of State and Government: President Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1966–1994) (Prime Minister 1964–1966)

• Mali
  • Head of State and Government: President Moussa Traoré (1968–1991)

• Morocco
  • Head of State: King Hassan II (1961–1999)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Ahmed Osman (1972–1979)

• Mauritania
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Moktar Ould Daddah (1960-10 June 1978)
    • President Mustafa Ould Salek (June 10, 1978–1979)

• Mauritius
  • Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (1968–1992)
    • Governor General:
      • Henry Garrioch (1977–23 March 1978) (acting)
      • Dayendranath Burrenchobay (March 23, 1978–1983)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam (1968–1982) (1983–1985 Governor General)

• Mozambique
  • Head of State: President Samora Machel (1975–1986)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Mário Fernandes da Graça Machungo (1976–1994)

• Niger
  • Head of State and Government: President of the Supreme Military Council Seyni Kountché (1974–1987)

• Nigeria
  • Head of State and Government: Head of the Federal Military Government Olusegun Obasanjo (1976–1979)

• Upper Volta (from 1984 Burkina Faso )
  • Head of State: President Sangoulé Lamizana (1966–1980) (1974–1980 Prime Minister)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Sangoulé Lamizana (1974–1980) (1966–1980 President)

• Rhodesia (not internationally recognized) (since 1980 Zimbabwe )
  • Head of State:
    • President John Wrathall (1976– Aug 31, 1978)
    • President Henry Everard ( 1976 , August 31, 1978-1. November 1978 1979 ) (acting)
    • President Jack William Pithey (November 1, 1978–1979)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Ian Smith (1965–1979)

• Rwanda
  • Head of State and Government: President Juvénal Habyarimana (1973–1994)

• Zambia
  • Head of State: President Kenneth Kaunda (1964–1991)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Mainza Chona ( 1973–1975 , 1977–15 June 1978)
    • Prime Minister Daniel Lisulo (June 15, 1978–1981)

• Sao Tome and Principe
  • Head of State: President Manuel Pinto da Costa (1975–1991, 2011–2016 )
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Miguel Trovoada (1975–1979) (1991–1995. 1995–2001 President)

• Senegal
  • Head of State: President Léopold Sédar Senghor (1960–1980)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdou Diouf (1970–1980) (1981–2000 President)

• Seychelles
  • Head of State and Government: President France-Albert René (1977–2004) (1976–1977 Prime Minister)

• Sierra Leone
  • Head of State: President Siaka Stevens (1971–1985) (1967, 1968–1971 Prime Minister)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Christian A. Kamara-Taylor (1975–1978) (office abolished)

• Somalia
  • Head of State and Government: President Siad Barre (1969–1991)

• South Africa
  • Head of State:
    • President Nicolaas Diederichs (1975–21 August 1978)
    • Senate President Marais Viljoen (August 21, 1978– October 10, 1978, 1979–1984 ) (acting)
    • President Balthazar Johannes Vorster (October 10, 1978–1979) (Prime Minister 1966–1978)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Balthazar Johannes Vorster (1966–28 September 1978) (1978–1979 President)
    • Prime Minister Pieter Willem Botha (September 28, 1978–1984) (1984–1989 President)

• Sudan
  • Head of State: President Jafar an-Numairi ( 1969–1971 , 1971–1985) (1969–1976, 1977–1985 Prime Minister)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Jafar an-Numairi ( 1969–1976 , 1977–1985) (1969–1971, 1971–1985 President)

• Swaziland
  • Head of State: King Sobhuza II. (1968–1982)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Maphevu Dlamini (1976–1979)

• Tanzania
  • Head of State: President Julius Nyerere (1962–1985) (Prime Minister 1961–1962)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Edward Moringe Sokoine (1977–1980, 1983–1984 )

• Togo
  • Head of State and Government: President Gnassingbé Eyadéma (1967–2005)

• Chad
  • Head of State: President Félix Malloum (1975–1979)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Hissène Habré (29 August 1978–1979) (1982–1990 Head of State)

• Tunisia
  • Head of State: President Habib Bourguiba (1957–1987)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Hédi Nouira (1970–1980)

• Uganda
  • Head of State and Government: President Idi Amin (1971–1979)

• Western Sahara (controversial)
  • Head of State: Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council Mohamed Abdelaziz (1976-2016) (in exile)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Mohamed Lamine Ould Ahmed (1976–1982, 1985–1988 ) (in exile)

• Zaïre (until 1964 Congo-Léopoldville , 1964–1971, since 1997 Democratic Republic of the Congo )
  • Head of State: President Mobutu Sese Seko (1965–1997)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Mpinga Kasenda (1977–1979)

• Central African Empire (now Central African Republic )
  • Head of State: Emperor Salah Eddine Ahmed Bokassa (1976–1979) (1966–1976 President)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Ange-Félix Patassé (1976–14 July 1978) (1983–2003 President)
    • Prime Minister Henri Maïdou (July 14, 1978–1979)

America

North America

• Canada
  • Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
    • Governor General : Jules Léger (1974–1979)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau (1968–1979, 1980–1984 )

• Mexico
  • Head of State and Government: President José López Portillo (1976–1982)

• United States of America
  • Head of State or Government: President Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)

Central America

• Bahamas
  • Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1973)
    • Governor General : Milo Butler (1973–1979)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Lynden O. Pindling (1973–1992)

• Barbados
  • Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1966)
    • Governor General Deighton Lisle Ward (1976–1984)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister John Michael G. Adams (1976–1985)

• Costa Rica
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Daniel Oduber Quirós (1974–8 May 1978)
    • President Rodrigo Carazo Odio (May 8, 1978–1982)

• Dominica (1978 independence)
  • Head of State: President : Louis Cools-Lartigue (November 3, 1978–1979) (acting)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Patrick John (November 3, 1978–1979)

• Dominican Republic
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Joaquín Balaguer ( 1950–1962 , 1966–16 August 1978, 1986–1996 )
    • President Antonio Guzmán Fernández (August 16, 1978–1982)

• El Salvador
  • Head of State and Government: President Carlos Humberto Romero (1977–1979)

• Grenada
  • Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
    • Governor General :
      • Leo de Gale (1974–4 October 1978)
      • Paul Scoon (October 4, 1978–1992)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Eric Gairy (1974–1979)

• Guatemala
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García (1974–1 July 1978)
    • President Fernando Romeo Lucas García (July 1, 1978–1982)

• Haiti
  • Head of State and Government: President Jean-Claude Duvalier (1971–1986)

• Honduras
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Juan Alberto Melgar Castro (1975–7 August 1978)
    • President Policarpio Juan Paz García (August 7, 1978–1982)

• Jamaica
  • Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1962)
    • Governor General : Florizel Glasspole (1973–1991)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Michael Manley (1972–1980, 1989–1992 )

• Cuba
  • Head of State and Head of Government: President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers Fidel Castro (1976-2008) (1959-1976 Prime Minister)

• Nicaragua
  • Head of State and Government: President Anastasio Somoza Debayle ( 1967–1972 , 1974–1979)

• Panama
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Demetrio Basilio Lakas (1969–11 October 1978)
    • President Aristides Royo (October 11, 1978–1982)

• Trinidad and Tobago
  • Head of State: President Ellis Clarke (1976–1987) (1972–1976 Governor General)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Eric Eustace Williams (1962–1981)

South America

• Argentina
  • Head of State and Government: President Jorge Rafael Videla (1976–1981)

• Bolivia
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Hugo Banzer (1971–21 July 1978, 1997–2001 )
    • President Juan Pereda Asbún (July 21, 1978– November 24, 1978)
    • President David Padilla Arancibia (November 24, 1978–1979)

• Brazil
  • Head of State and Government: President Ernesto Geisel (1974–1979)

• Chile
  • Head of State and Government: President Augusto Pinochet (1974–1990)

• Ecuador
  • Head of State and Government: Chairman of the Supreme Government Council Alfredo Poveda (1976–1979)

• Guyana
  • Head of State: President Arthur Chung (1970–1980)
  • Head of government: Prime Minister Forbes Burnham (1966-1980) (1980-1985 president)

• Colombia
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Alfonso López Michelsen (1974–7 August 1978)
    • President Julio César Turbay (August 7, 1978–1982)

• Paraguay
  • Head of State and Government: President Alfredo Stroessner (1954–1989)

• Peru
  • Head of State: President Francisco Morales Bermúdez (1975–1980) (1975 Prime Minister)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Guillermo Arbulu Galliani (1976–30 January 1978)
    • Prime Minister Óscar Molina Pallochia (January 30, 1978–1979)

• Suriname
  • Head of State: President Johan Ferrier (1975–1980)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Henck AE Arron (1975–1980, 1988–1990 )

• Uruguay
  • Head of State and Government: President Aparicio Méndez (1976–1981)

• Venezuela
  • Head of State and Government: President Carlos Andrés Pérez (1974–1979, 1989–1993 )

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

• Bangladesh
  • Head of State: President Ziaur Rahman (1977–1981)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Mashiur Rahman (June 29, 1978–1979) (new office created)

• Bhutan
  • Head of State and Government: King Jigme Singye Wangchuck (1972-2006)

• Burma (now Myanmar )
  • Head of State: President Ne Win (1962–1981) (until 1974 Chairman of the Revolutionary Council) (1958–1960, 1962–1974 Prime Minister)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Maung Maung Kha (1977–1988)

• Republic of China (Taiwan)
  • Head of State:
    • President Yen Chia-kan (1975–20 May 1978) (Prime Minister 1963–1972)
    • President Chiang Ching-kuo (May 20, 1978–1988) (Prime Minister 1972–1978)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Chiang Ching-kuo (1972–30 May 1978) (1978–1988 President)
    • Prime Minister Sun Yun-suan (May 30, 1978–1984)

• People's Republic of China
  • Party leader: Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party Hua Guofeng (1976–1981) (Prime Minister 1976–1980)
  • Head of State:
    • vacant (1976–5 March 1978)
    • Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Ye Jianying (March 5, 1978-1983)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Hua Guofeng (1976–1980) (1976–1981 Chairman of the CCP)

• India
  • Head of State: President Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1977–1982)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Morarji Desai (1977–1979)

• Indonesia
  • Head of State and Government: President Suharto (1967–1998)

• Japan
  • Head of State: Emperor Hirohito (1926–1989)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda (1976–7 December 1978)
    • Prime Minister Masayoshi Ōhira (December 7, 1978–1980)

• Cambodia
  • Head of State: Chairman of the State Presidency Khieu Samphan (1976–1979)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Pol Pot (1976–1979)

• North Korea
  • Chairman of the National Defense Commission : Kim Il-sung (1948–1994)
  • Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly : Kim Il-sung (1972–1994)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Ri Jong-ok (1977–1984)

• South Korea
  • Head of State: President Park Chung-hee (1962–1979)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Choi Kyu-ha (1975–1979) (1979–1980 President)

• Laos
  • Head of State: President Souphanouvong (1975–1991)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Kaysone Phomvihane (1975–1991) (1991–1992 President)

• Malaysia
  • Head of State: Supreme Ruler Yahya Petra (1975–1979)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Hussein Onn (1976–1981)

• Maldives
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Ibrahim Nasir (1968–11 November 1978) (1957–1968 Prime Minister)
    • President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom (November 11, 1978–2008)

• Nepal
  • Head of State: King Birendra (1972-2001)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Kirti Nidhi Bista ( 1969–1970, 1971–1973 , 1977–1979)

• Pakistan
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry (1973–16 December 1978)
    • President Mohammed Zia-ul-Haq (December 16, 1978–1988) (Prime Minister 1988)

• Philippines
  • Head of State and Government: President Ferdinand Marcos (1965–1986)

• Singapore
  • Head of State: President Benjamin Henry Sheares (1971–1981)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990)

• Sri Lanka
  • Head of State:
    • President William Gopallawa (1972–4 February 1978) (1962–1672 Governor General)
    • President Junius Richard Jayawardene (February 4, 1978–1989) (Prime Minister 1977–1978)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Junius Richard Jayawardene (1977–6 February 1978) (1978–1989 President)
    • Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa (February 6, 1978–1989)

• Thailand
  • Head of State: King Rama IX. Bhumibol Adulyadej (1946-2016)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Kriangsak Chomanan (1977–1980)

• Vietnam
  • Head of State: President Tôn Đức Thắng (1976–1980) (1969–1976 President of North Vietnam)
  • Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Phạm Văn Đồng (1976–1987) (1955–1976 Prime Minister of North Vietnam)

Middle East

• Bahrain
  • Head of State: Emir Isa II. (1971–1999)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa (since 1971)

• Iraq
  • Head of State and Government: President Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr (1968–1979) (Prime Minister 1963)

• Iran
  • Head of State: Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1941–1979)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Jamshid Amusegar (1977-27 August 1978)
    • Prime Minister Jafar Sharif-Emami ( 1960–1961 , August 27, 1978– November 6, 1978)
    • Prime Minister Gholam Reza Azhari (November 6, 1978–1979)

• Israel
  • Head of State:
    • President Ephraim Katzir (1973–29 May 1978)
    • President Yitzchak Nawon (May 29, 1978–1983)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Menachem Begin (1977–1983)

• North Yemen
  • Head of State:
    • President Ahmed Hussein al-Ghashmi (1977–24 June 1978)
    • Chairman of the Presidency Council Abd al-Karim Abdullah al-Arashi (June 24, 1978– July 18, 1978)
    • President Ali Abdullah Salih (July 18, 1978–1990) (President of Yemen 1990–2012)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Abd al-Aziz Abd al-Ghani (1975–1980, 1983–1990 ) (1994–1997 Prime Minister of Yemen)

• South Yemen
  • Head of State:
    • Chairman of the Presidential Council Salim Rubai Ali (1969–26 June 1978)
    • Chairman of the Presidential Council Ali Nasir Muhammad (June 26, 1978– December 27, 1978, 1980–1986 ) (Prime Minister 1971–1985)
    • Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Council Abd al-Fattah Ismail (December 27, 1978–1980)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Ali Nasir Muhammad (1971–1985) (1978, 1980–1986 President)

• Jordan
  • Head of State: King Hussein (1952–1999)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Mudar Badran (1976–1979, 1980–1984, 1990–1991 )

• Qatar
  • Head of State and Government: Emir Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani (1972–1995)

• Kuwait
  • Head of State: Emir Jabir III. (1977–2006) ( 1962–1963, 1965–1978 Prime Minister )
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Jabir al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah ( 1962–1963 , 1965–8 February 1978) (1977–2006 Emir)
    • Prime Minister Sa'ad al-Abdallah as-Salim as-Sabah (February 8, 1978-2003) (2006 Emir)

• Lebanon
  • Head of State: President Elias Sarkis (1976–1982)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Selim al-Hoss (1976–1980, 1987–1990, 1998–2000 )

• Oman
  • Head of State and Government: Sultan Qaboos ibn Said (1970–2020)

• Saudi Arabia
  • Head of State and Government: King Khalid ibn Abd al-Aziz (1975–1982)

• Syria
  • Head of State: President Hafiz al-Assad (1971–2000) (1970–1971 Prime Minister)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Abdul Rahman Kleifawi ( 1971–1972 , 1976–27 March 1978)
    • Prime Minister Muhammad Ali al-Halabi (March 27, 1978–1980)

• Turkey
  • Head of State: President Fahri Korutürk (1973–1980)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel ( 1965–1971, 1975–1977 , 1977–5 January 1978, 1979–1980, 1991–1993 ) (1993–2000 President)
    • Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit ( 1974, 1977 , January 5, 1978–1979)

• United Arab Emirates
  • Head of State: President Zayid bin Sultan Al Nahyan (1971–2004) (1966–2004 Emir of Abu Dhabi)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Maktum bin Raschid Al Maktum (1971–1979, 1990–2006 ) (1990–2006 Emir of Dubai)

Central Asia

• Afghanistan
  • Head of State:
    • President Mohammed Daoud Khan (1973–27 April 1978) (1953–1963 Prime Minister)
    • Chairman of the Military Council, Abdul Qadir Dagarwal (April 27, 1978– April 30, 1978)
    • President of the Revolutionary Council Nur Muhammad Taraki (April 30, 1978–1979)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Nur Muhammad Taraki (May 1, 1978–1979) (newly created office)

• Mongolia
  • Head of State: Chairman of the Great People's Chural Jumdschaagiin Tsedenbal (1974–1984) (1952–1974 Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
  • Head of Government: Chairman of the Dschambyn Batmönch Council of Ministers (1974–1984) (1984–1990 Chairman of the Great People's Chural)

Australia and Oceania

• Australia
  • Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
    • Governor General : Zelman Cowen (1977–1982)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser (1975–1983)

• Cook Islands (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
  • Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1965)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Albert R. Henry (1965– July 25, 1978)
    • Prime Minister Tom Davis (July 25, 1978–1983, 1983–1987 )

• Fiji
  • Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (1970–1987)
    • Governor General: George Cakobau (1973–1983)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Kamisese Mara (1970–1987, 1987–1992 ) (1993–2000 President)

• Nauru
  • Head of State and Government:
    • President Bernard Dowiyogo (1976–19 April 1978, 1989–1995, 1996, 1998–1999, 2000–2001, 2003, 2003 )
    • President Lagumot Harris (April 19, 1978– May 15, 1978, 1995–1996 )
    • President Hammer DeRoburt ( 1968–1976 , May 15, 1978–1986, 1986, 1986–1989 )

• New Zealand
  • Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
    • Governor General : Keith Holyoake (1977–1980) (1957, 1960–1972 Prime Minister)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert Muldoon (1975–1984)

• Niue (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
  • Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
    • Queen's Representative: Governor General of New Zealand
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert Rex (1974–1992)

• Papua New Guinea
  • Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1975)
    • Governor General : Tore Lokoloko (1977–1983)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Michael Somare (1975–1980, 1982–1985, 2002–2011 )

• Solomon Islands (independent since July 7, 1978)
  • Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since July 7, 1978)
    • Governor General : Baddeley Devesi (July 7, 1978–1988)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Peter Kenilorea (July 7, 1978–1981, 1984–1986 )

• Tonga
  • Head of State: King Taufaʻahau Tupou IV. (1970-2006)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Fatafehi ​​Tu'ipelehake (1970–1991)

• Tuvalu (independent since October 1, 1978)
  • Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since October 1, 1978)
    • Governor General : Fiatao Penitala Teo (October 1, 1978–1986)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Toaripi Lauti (October 1, 1978–1981)

• Western Samoa (today Samoa )
  • Head of State: O le Ao o le Malo Tanumafili II. (1962-2007)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Tupuola Taisi Tufuga Efi (1976–1982) (2007–2017 Head of State)

Europe

• Albania
  • Party leader: 1st Secretary of the Albanian Workers' Party Enver Hoxha (1948–1985) (1946–1954 Prime Minister)
  • Head of State: Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly Haxhi Lleshi (1953–1982)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Mehmet Shehu (1954–1981)

• Andorra
  • Co-princes :
    • President of France : Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1974–1981)
    • Bishop of Urgell : Joan Martí Alanís (1971-2003)

• Belgium
  • Head of State: King Baudouin I (1951–1993)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Leo Tindemans (1974–20 October 1978)
    • Prime Minister Paul Vanden Boeynants ( 1966–1968 , October 20, 1978–1979)

• Bulgaria
  • Party leader: General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party Todor Zhivkov (1954–1989) (1971–1989 Chairman of the Council of State) (1962–1971 Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
  • Head of State: Chairman of the Council of State Todor Zhivkow (1971–1989) (1954–1989 party leader) (1962–1971 Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
  • Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Stanko Todorow (1971–1981) (President 1990)

• Denmark
  • Head of State: Queen Margrethe II (since 1972)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Anker Jørgensen ( 1972–1973 , 1975–1982)
  • Faroe Islands (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
    • Representative of the Danish government: Reichsombudsmann Leif Groth (1972–1981)
    • Head of Government: Prime Minister Atli P. Dam (1970–1981, 1985–1989, 1991–1993 )

• Federal Republic of Germany
  • Head of State: Federal President Walter Scheel (1974–1979)
  • Head of Government: Federal Chancellor Helmut Schmidt (1974–1982)

• German Democratic Republic
  • Party leader: General Secretary of the Central Committee of the SED Erich Honecker (1971–1989) (1976–1989 Chairman of the State Council)
  • Head of State: Chairman of the Council of State Erich Honecker (1976–1989) (1971–1989 party leader)
  • Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Willi Stoph ( 1964–1973 , 1976–1989) (1973–1976 Chairman of the State Council)

• Finland
  • Head of State: President Urho Kekkonen (1956–1982) (1950–1953, 1954–1956 Prime Minister)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Kalevi Sorsa ( 1972–1975 , May 15, 1977–1979)

• France
  • Head of State: President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1974–1981)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Raymond Barre (1976–1981)

• Greece
  • Head of State: President Konstantinos Tsatsos (1975–1980)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis ( 1955–1958, 1958–1961, 1961–1963 , 1974–1980) (1980–1985, 1990–1995 President)

• Ireland
  • Head of State: President Patrick Hillery (1976–1990)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Jack Lynch ( 1966–1973 , 1977–1979)

• Iceland
  • Head of State: President Kristján Eldjárn (1968–1980)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Geir Hallgrímsson (1974–1 September 1978)
    • Prime Minister Ólafur Jóhannesson ( 1971–1974 , September 1, 1978–1979)

• Italy
  • Head of State:
    • President Giovanni Leone (1971–15 June 1978) (1963, Prime Minister 1968)
    • Senate President Amintore Fanfani (June 15, 1978– July 8, 1978) (acting) (1954, 1958–1959, 1960–1963, 1982–1983, 1987)
    • President Sandro Pertini (July 8, 1978–1985)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti ( 1972–1973 , 1976–1979, 1989–1992 )

• Yugoslavia
  • Head of State: President Josip Broz Tito (1953–1980) (1945–1963 Prime Minister)
  • Head of government: President of the executive Federal Council Veselin Đuranović (1977–1982) (1984–1985 head of state)

• Channel Islands
  • guernsey
    • Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
      • Lieutenant Governor: John Davis (1974–1980)
  • jersey
    • Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
      • Lieutenant Governor: Desmond Fitzpatrick (1974–1979)

• Liechtenstein
  • Head of State: Prince Franz Josef II. (1938–1989)
  • Head of Government :
    • Walter Kieber (1974–26 April 1978)
    • Hans Brunhart (April 26, 1978–1993)

• Luxembourg
  • Head of State: Grand Duke Jean (1964–2000)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Gaston Thorn (1974–1979)

• Malta
  • Head of State: President Anton Buttiġieġ (1976–1981)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Dom Mintoff (1971–1984)

• Isle of Man
  • Head of State: Lord of Man Elizabeth II (since 1952)
    • Lieutenant Governor : John Warburton Paul (1974–1980)
  • Head of Government: Chairman of the Executive Council Clifford Irving (1977–1981)

• Monaco
  • Head of State: Prince : Rainier III. (1949-2005)
  • Head of Government: Minister of State André Saint-Mleux (1972–1981)

• Netherlands
  • Head of State: Queen Juliana (1948–1980)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Dries van Agt (1977–1982)

• Norway
  • Head of State: King Olav V (1957–1991)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Odvar Nordli (1976–1981)

• Austria
  • Head of State: Federal President Rudolf Kirchschläger (1974–1986)
  • Head of Government: Federal Chancellor Bruno Kreisky (1970–1983)

• Poland
  • Party leader: 1st Secretary Edward Gierek (1970–1980)
  • Head of State: Chairman of the Council of State Henryk Jabłoński (1972–1985)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Piotr Jaroszewicz (1970–1980)

• Portugal
  • Head of State: President Ramalho Eanes (1976–1986)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Mário Soares (1976–28 August 1978, 1980–1985 ) (1986–1996 President)
    • Prime Minister Alfredo Nobre da Costa (August 28, 1978– November 22, 1978)
    • Prime Minister Carlos Mota Pinto (November 22, 1978–1979)

• Romania
  • Party leader: General Secretary Nicolae Ceaușescu (1965–1989) (1967–1989 Head of State)
  • Head of State: Chairman of the Council of State Nicolae Ceaușescu (1967–1989) (1965–1989 party leader)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Manea Mănescu (1974–1979)

• San Marino
  • Head of State: Capitani Reggenti
    • Giordano Bruno Reffi ( 1974 , October 1, 1977– April 1, 1978) and Tito Masi (October 1, 1977– April 1, 1978)
    • Francesco Valli ( 1962, 1966, 1970, 1974–1975 , April 1, 1978– October 1, 1978) and Enrico Andreoli ( 1956, 1974–1975 , April 1, 1978– October 1, 1978)
    • Ermenegildo Gasperoni (October 1, 1978– April 1, 1979) and Adriano Reffi (October 1, 1978– April 1, 1979, 1983 )

• Sweden
  • Head of State: King Carl XVI. Gustaf (since 1973)
  • Head of Government:
    • Prime Minister Thorbjörn Fälldin (1976–18 October 1978, 1979–1982 )
    • Prime Minister Ola Ullsten (October 18, 1978–1979)

• Switzerland
  • Federal President : Willy Ritschard (1978)
  • Federal Council :
    • Rudolf Gnägi (1966–1979)
    • Ernst Brugger (1970–31 January 1978)
    • Pierre Graber (1970–31 January 1978)
    • Kurt Furgler (1972–1986)
    • Hans Hürlimann (1974–1982)
    • Georges-André Chevallaz (1974-1983)
    • Willi Ritschard (1974–1983)
    • Fritz Honegger (February 1, 1978–1982)
    • Pierre Aubert (February 1, 1978–1987)

• Soviet Union
  • Party leader: General Secretary of the CPSU Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982) (until 1966 first secretary) (1960–1964, 1977–1982 head of state)
  • Head of State: Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Leonid Brezhnev ( 1960–1964 , 1977–1982) (1964–1982 party leader)
  • Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Alexei Kosygin (1964–1980)

• Spain
  • Head of State: King Juan Carlos I (1975-2014)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Adolfo Suárez (1976–1981)

• Czechoslovakia
  • Party leader: Chairman Gustáv Husák (1969–1987) (1975–1989 President)
  • Head of State: President Gustáv Husák (1975–1989) (1669–1987 party leader)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister Lubomír Štrougal (1970–1988)

• Hungary
  • Party leader: General Secretary of the Party of Hungarian Working People János Kádár (1956–1988) (1956–1958, Prime Minister 1961–1965)
  • Head of State: Chairman of the Presidential Council Pál Losonczi (1967–1987)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister György Lázár (1975–1987)

• Vatican city
  • Head of State:
    • Pope Paul VI (1963– August 6, 1978)
    • Pope John Paul I (August 26, 1978-29 September 1978)
    • Pope John Paul II (October 16, 1978-2005)
  • Head of Government: Cardinal Secretary of State Jean-Marie Villot (1969–1979)

• United Kingdom
  • Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952) (crowned 1953)
  • Head of Government: Prime Minister James Callaghan (1976–1979)

• Republic of Cyprus
  • Head of State and Government: President Spyros Kyprianou (1977–1988)

Remarks

1. ↑ ^{a b} The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are areas that are directly under the British Crown. They are not part of the UK.
2. ↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares