Age differences in partnerships

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The unequal marriage of Vasily W. Pukirew, 1862

The social phenomenon of age differences in partnerships describes the sometimes considerable differences in age between partners in love relationships and is the subject of social debates, numerous publications and scientific studies.

In general, the amorous or sexual interest in much older people is referred to as gerontophilia and in much younger people as chronophilia .

The acceptance of greater age differences in love relationships is influenced by social and economic conditions, has been assessed differently over the centuries and differs in different cultures in terms of the partnerships practiced in each case (e.g. marriage , temporary marriage , concubinate , harem ), their type (e.g. monogamy , polygamy , polyandry , polyamory ) and course (e.g. divorce , adultery , affair , swingers ).

Age differences in sexual partnerships have long been the subject of scientific studies in various disciplines such as B. Psychology , Evolutionary Psychology , Behavioral Research , Anthropology or Mathematics .

statistics

Mixed-sex partnerships

World map on which the average age difference for first marriages before the age of 50 is shown in color (2019).
  • less than 2 years
  • 2 to less than 3 years
  • 3 to less than 4 years
  • 4 to less than 5 years
  • 5 years and more

    • Most men marry women who are younger than themselves. The average age difference for couples who married for the first time and who were younger than 50 years old was between two and five years in most countries , according to a 2019 study by the United Nations . In Germany , Austria and Switzerland the value was two to three years. Average age differences of more than five years existed almost exclusively in Africa, with Guinea having the highest value at 8.2 years. The age difference was less than two years in France , the United Kingdom , the USA , China and Japan, among others . Average age differences of less than a year existed on some smaller islands, with the Cook Islands having the lowest value at 0.1 years. The Cook Islands, along with Tokelau , Niue and Montserrat, were also among the four areas in which men were more likely to marry women who were older than themselves.

    Germany

    According to the data report , 10% of spouses in mixed-sex marriages in Germany were the same age in 2017. In 73% the man was older than the woman, in 17% the woman was older than the man. In mixed-sex partnerships, both partners were of the same age in 10%, in 67% the man was older than the woman, in 24% the woman was older than the man.

    Switzerland

    According to the Federal Statistical Office , 29% of couples in Switzerland in which both partners were at least 18 years old had an age difference of no more than one year. In 59% of the couples the man was older than the woman, in 13% the woman was older than the man.

    France

    According to the Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques , 31% of spouses in mixed-sex marriages in France in 2017 were about the same age with a maximum age difference of one year. In 54% the man was older than the woman, in 16% the woman was older than the man.

    United Kingdom

    According to a 2003 study by the Office for National Statistics for England and Wales , the number of women who married younger men rose from 15% to 26% between 1963 and 1998.

    United States

    According to the US Census Bureau , in 2019, 35% of spouses in mixed-sex marriages were about the same age, with a maximum age difference of one year. In 51% of the couples the man was older than the woman, in 15% the woman was older than the man.

    Canada

    According to Statistics Canada , in Canada in 2001, 58% of spouses in mixed-sex marriages with a maximum age difference of three years had little or no age difference. In 36% of the couples the man was older than the woman, in 6% the woman was older than the man.

    Same-sex partnerships

    Larger age differences are more common in same-sex partnerships than in mixed-sex partnerships. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics , the average age difference in 2011 in Australia was 3.7 years for mixed-sex couples, 4.8 years for female couples, and 6.5 years for male couples. According to the US Census Bureau, in 2012 10% of mixed-sex, 18% of female, and 25% of male couples had an age difference of at least ten years. Studies from France, Canada and Australia came to similar results.

    Older man - younger woman

    Michel Temer met the then 19-year-old Vice Beauty Queen of São Paulo Marcela Temer in 2002 at the age of 62 . Including their son Michel. Temer already had five children from previous relationships.

    Various studies have shown that men and women in different age groups are most attractive. Women in their early to mid-twenties are considered to be particularly attractive, while men have reached their peak of attractiveness between their mid-30s and early 40s. On average, there is therefore a difference in terms of the highest attractiveness of 13 years between the sexes. Women also age faster than men, studies have found that the aging process starts faster in women. The physical performance and state of health are often significantly better in older men than in women of the same age.

    According to a 2010 study at the University of Wales of 22,400 subjects in North America, Europe, Australia and Japan, women showed no preference for significantly younger men. According to this study, women are generally interested in men of the same age or older. This study also supports the different types of relationships (e.g., Enjokōsai , Sugardaddy , Trophy Wife ) that younger women have with older men for different reasons. An earlier study had also shown this result.

    Explanations

    The Evolutionary psychology or anthropology explain the fundamental interests of women in older men and their choice especially for long-term retention (eg. As marriage or concubinage ) through the economic security, the older men can have in many cultures. Men, on the other hand, find younger women of childbearing age attractive. This preference of women is found in cultures where older men can have social advantages. Accordingly, older, socially established and financially secure men are often together with young women.

    Problem

    Young women who choose a significantly older life partner have a statistically greater risk of being killed out of jealousy.

    advantages

    Men with significantly younger partners have a longer life expectancy. Men with a younger partner have an 11% higher life expectancy than men with a partner of the same age. Scientific studies have shown that the children of older fathers have longer telomere chains than the children of younger fathers. It is assumed that longer telomere chains are an indication of a higher life expectancy.

    Known couples

    Charlie Chaplin and Oona O'Neill, along with six of their eight children together
    Soon Yi-Previn and Woody Allen
    Sophia and Heinrich Schliemann
    Catherine Zeta-Jones and Michael Douglas
    Cosima and Richard Wagner
    Donald and Melania Trump

    With an age difference of 63 years, the wedding between former playmate Anna Nicole Smith and oil billionaire James Howard Marshall is seen as an exceptional example of such a relationship. At the time of marriage, Marshall was 89 and Smith was 26 years old.

    age difference man woman Duration
    62 James Howard Marshall Anna Nicole Smith 1994-1995
    60 Hugh Hefner Crystal Harris 2012-2017
    57 Richard Lugner Cathy Lugner 2014-2016
    48 Silvio Berlusconi Francesca Pascale 2012 – today
    47 Bernie Ecclestone Fabiana Flosi 2012 – today
    47 Maximilian Schell Iva Mihanovic 2008-2014
    46 Dick Van Dyke Arlene Silver 2012 – today
    46 Jimmy Page Scarlett Sabet 2015 – today
    45 Johannes Heesters Simone Rethel 1992-2011
    44 Mick Jagger Melanie Hamrick
    44 Cornelius Vanderbilt Frank Armstrong Crawford Vanderbilt 1869-1877
    44 Jack White Raffaela Slyusareva 2015 – today
    42 Michel Temer Marcela Temer 2003 – today
    41 Terry Jones Anna Söderström 2004-2020
    41 Klaus Kinski Debora Caprioglio 1987-1989
    41 Robert Mugabe Grace Mugabe
    41 William III. (Netherlands) Emma to Waldeck and Pyrmont 1879-1890
    40 Franz Müntefering Michelle Müntefering 2009 – today
    40 Pablo Picasso Françoise Gilot 1943-1953
    39 Frank Otto Nathalie Volk 2016 – today
    39 Steven Tyler Erin Brady 2006-2013
    39 Claus Wilcke Daniela Wilcke 2019 – today
    38 Peter Maffay Hendrikje Balsmeyer 2015 – today
    38 Bertrand Russell Patricia Helen Spence 1936-1949
    38 Patrick Stewart Sunny Ozell 2008 – today
    37 TS Eliot Valerie Eliot 1957-1965
    37 Karel Gott Ivana Gottová 2008-2019
    36 James Brown Tomi Rae Hynie 2001-2006
    36 Charlie Chaplin Oona O'Neill 1943-1977
    36 Claus Theo Gärtner Sarah Gardener 2003 – today
    36 Gerhard Richter Sabine Moritz 1995 – today
    36 Peter Paul Rubens Hélène Fourment 1630-1640
    35 Woody Allen Soon-Yi Previn 1992 – today
    35 Clint Eastwood Dina Eastwood 1996-2014
    35 Reinhold Messner Diane Schumacher
    35 Bert Wollersheim Yvonne Schaufler 2017 – today
    34 Noam Chomsky Valeria Wasserman 2014 – today
    34 HP Baxxter Liza Leven
    34 David Foster Katharine McPhee 2018 – today
    34 Mel Gibson Rosalind Ross 2014 – today
    34 Helmut Kohl Maike Kohl-Richter 2005-2017
    34 John Wayne Pat Stacy 1973-1979
    33 Yasser Arafat Suha at-Tawil 1990-2004
    33 Richard Gere Alejandra Silva 2015 – today
    33 Billy Joel Alexis Roderick
    33 Mickey Rourke Anastassija Makarenko 2009 – today
    32 Josip Broz Tito Jovanka Broz
    32 Riccardo Fogli Karin Trentini 2010 – today
    32 Cary Grant Dyan Cannon 1965-1968
    32 David Lynch Emily Stofle
    31 Rolf Eden Ursula Buchfellner
    31 Anthony Kiedis Helena Vestergaard 2013-2015
    31 Jean Puetz Pina Coluccia
    30th Dieter Bohlen Carina Bohlen 2006 – today
    30th Vincent Cassel Tina Kunakey 2018 – today
    30th Eric Clapton Melia McEnery 1998 – today
    30th Jeff Goldblum Emilie Livingston 2014 – today
    30th James Last Christine Grundner
    30th Niki Lauda Birgit Lauda 2008-2019
    30th Heinrich Schliemann Sophia Schliemann 1869-1890
    30th Ron Wood Sally Humphreys 2012 – today
    29 Werner Boehm Susanne Boehm 1995-2019
    29 Robert Koch Hedwig Freiberg 1893-1910
    29 Frank Sinatra Mia Farrow 1966-1968
    28 Jürgen Drews Ramona Drews 1994 – today
    28 Sky du Mont Mirja du Mont 2000-2016
    28 Arnold Schwarzenegger Heather Milligan 2015 – today
    28 Michael Wendler Laura Müller 2018 – today
    27 Jair Bolsonaro Michelle Bolsonaro 2007 – today
    27 Charles Dickens Ellen Ternan 1857-1870
    27 Joschka Fischer Minu Barati 2005 – today
    27 Nelson Mandela Graça Machel 1998-2013
    27 Lothar Matthäus Anastasia Klimko 2014 – today
    26th René Angélil Celine Dion 1994-2016
    26th Dane Cook Kelsi Taylor 2017 – today
    26th David Hasselhoff Hayley Roberts 2012 – today
    26th Jan Hofer Phong Lan Hofer 2014 – today
    26th till Lindemann Sophia Thomalla 2011-2015
    26th Steve Martin Anne Stringfield 2004 – today
    26th François Mitterrand Anne Pingeot 1962-1996
    26th Gerhard Schröder Schröder-Kim So-yeon 2017 – today
    26th Rod Stewart Penny Lancaster 1999 – today
    25th Alec Baldwin Hilaria Baldwin 2011 – today
    25th Michael Douglas Catherine Zeta-Jones 1999 – today
    25th Kelsey Grammer Kayte Walsh 2010 – today
    25th Larry King Shawn Southwick 1997 – today
    25th Oskar Lafontaine Sahra Wagenknecht 2011 – today
    25th Rupert Murdoch Jerry Hall 2016 – today
    25th Orson Welles Oja Kodar
    25th Stevie Wonder Tomeeka Bracy 2017 – today
    24 Humphrey Bogart Lauren Bacall 1945–1957
    24 Boris Johnson Carrie Symonds 2019 – today
    24 Paul Simon Edie Brickell 1992 – today
    24 Otto Waalkes Eva Hassmann 2000-2012
    24 Richard Wagner Cosima Wagner 1864-1883
    23 Jamal Khashoggi Hatice Cengiz
    23 Pepe Lienhard Christine Köhli
    23 Aristotle Onassis Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis 1968-1975
    23 Bob Saget Kelly Rizzo
    23 Charlie Sheen Brett Rossi 2014-2014
    23 Werner from Siemens Antonie Siemens 1869-1892
    23 Donald Trump Melania Trump 2005 – today
    23 Bruce Willis Emma Heming-Willis 2009 – today
    22nd Napoleon Bonaparte Marie-Louise of Austria 1810-1821
    22nd Johnny Depp Amber Heard 2012-2017
    22nd Alan Ferguson As long as Knowles 2008 – today
    22nd Harrison Ford Calista Flockhart 2002 – today
    22nd Adolf Hitler Eva Braun 1932-1945
    22nd Sylvester Stallone Jennifer Flavin 1995 – today
    22nd John Stamos Caitlin McHugh 2016 – today
    21st Warren Beatty Annette Bening 1992 – today
    21st Andrew Carnegie Louise Whitfield Carnegie 1887-1919
    21st Jakob Fugger Sibylla Fugger 1498-1525
    21st Carlo Ponti Sophia Loren 1957-2007
    21st Elvis Presley Ginger Alden 1976-1977
    20th Rudi Assauer Simone Thomalla 2000-2009
    20th Josh Brolin Kathryn Brolin 2015 – today
    20th Frederick Douglass Helen Pitts 1884-1895
    20th Hulk Hogan Jennifer McDaniel 2008 – today
    20th Robert Redford Sibylle Szaggars
    20th Rembrandt van Rijn Hendrickje Stoffels
    20th Diego Rivera Frida Kahlo 1929-1957
    20th Quentin Tarantino Daniella Pick 2009 – today

    Older woman - younger man

    Emmanuel Macron met his future wife Brigitte Macron as a 15-year-old student. She was his teacher and is 24 years older. Both have no children together. She has three children from her first marriage. Her oldest son is two years older than Emmanuel Macron.

    With Cougar , Sugar Mommy , Boy Toy , or MILF different kinds of interests of women in much younger men are sexual partners or described reversed and z. B. supported by a study published in 2003 by the American Association of Retired Persons . According to this, 34% of women over 40 years of age meet younger men. Likewise, many older women have been paying younger lovers for sexual adventures in many tourist destinations in the Caribbean, Asia, and Africa for several decades .

    According to the US Census Bureau , there were fewer than half a million couples in the US in 1997 with an age difference of at least ten years. However, in 2003 there were around 3 million couples in which the man was at least six years younger than the woman. International online dating services such as For example, match.com, with around 20 million members, has recorded an increase in the proportion of women in their databases who would like to meet a man who is at least ten years younger.

    Explanations

    In today's western countries, many older women are socially and financially independent.

    Problem

    In the event of pregnancy, older mothers have a higher risk of complications. The lack of prospect of family planning together was cited as the most common reason for separation in relationships between younger men and older women. Women with significantly younger partners have a lower life expectancy. Women with a partner 7 to 9 years younger have a 20% lower life expectancy than women with a partner of the same age.

    Known couples

    Sam Taylor-Johnson and Aaron Johnson
    Ashton Kutcher and Demi Moore
    Matthias and Inge Steiner
    age difference woman man Duration
    32 Joan Collins Percy Gibson 2002 – today
    28 Madonna Jesus Luz 2009-2010
    24 Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart Alfonso Díez Carabantes 2011-2014
    24 Brigitte Macron Emmanuel Macron 1994 – today
    24 Vivienne Westwood Andreas Kronthaler 1992 – today
    23 Sam Taylor-Johnson Aaron Taylor-Johnson 2009 – today
    23 Ivana Trump Rossano Rubicondi 2008-2008
    22nd Kim Cattrall Alan Wyse 2004-2010
    22nd Nina Hagen Lucas Alexander Breinholm 2004-2005
    21st Nina Hagen River 2005-2010
    20th Lisa Fitz Peter Knirsch 2002 – today
    19th Jacqueline Bisset Vincent Perez 1988-1991
    19th Elizabeth Taylor Larry Fortensky 1991-1995
    19th Simone Thomalla Silvio Heinevetter 2009 – today
    18th Pamela Anderson Adil Rami 2016-2019
    18th Jessica Stockmann Gregor Nebel 2010-2010
    18th Tilda Swinton Sandro Kopp 2004 – today
    17th Jacqueline Bisset Emin Boztepe 1994-2005
    17th Anna Gordy Gaye Marvin Gaye 1963-1973
    17th Jennifer Lopez Caspar Smart 2011-2016
    17th Katrin Schaake Marius Müller-Westernhagen 1974-1986
    16 Caroline Beil Philipp Sattler 2014 – today
    16 Heidi Klum Tom Kaulitz 2018 – today
    16 Tina Turner Erwin Bach
    15th Caroline Beil Pete Dwojak 2006-2010
    15th Nina Hagen David Lynn 1996-2000
    15th Demi Moore Ashton Kutcher 2003-2013
    15th Brigitte Nielsen Mattia Dessi 2006 – today
    13 Heidi Klum Vito Schnabel 2014-2017
    12 Mariah Carey Nick Cannon 2008-2016
    12 Deborra-Lee Furness Hugh Jackman 1996 – today
    12 Nena Phillipp Palm
    12 Susan Sarandon Tim Robbins 1988-2009
    12 Inge Steiner Matthias Steiner 2008 – today
    11 Lisa Bonet Jason Momoa 2005 – today
    11 Romy Schneider Daniel Biasini 1975-1981
    10 Iris Berben Heiko Kiesow 2007 – today
    10 Priyanka Chopra Nick Jonas 2018 – today
    10 Madonna Guy Ritchie 2000-2008
    10 Romy Schneider Laurent Pétin
    10 Birgit Schrowange Markus Lanz 1998-2006
    10 Shakira Gerard Piqué 2011 – today

    Homosexual partnerships

    Helmut Berger 1973.jpg
    Luchino Visconti 1972.jpg


    Helmut Berger and Luchino Visconti were one of the most famous homosexual couples of the 1960s and 1970s. The relationship between the Austrian actor and the Italian director was a scandal in Catholic Italy.

    There can also be greater age differences in homosexual partnerships.

    Known couples

    Portia de Rossi and Ellen DeGeneres
    age difference Older partner Younger partner Duration
    39 Liberace Scott Thorson 1976-1982
    38 Magnus Hirschfeld Li Shiu Tong
    37 Luchino Visconti Helmut Berger 1964-1976
    36 Ole von Beust Lukas Förster 2010 – today
    35 Helmut Berger Florian Wess 2014-2015
    33 Roland Emmerich Omar De Soto 2009 – today
    32 Rosa von Praunheim Oliver Sechting
    31 Holland Taylor Sarah Paulson 2015 – today
    30th Stephen Fry Elliot Spencer 2015 – today
    30th Magnus Hirschfeld Karl Giese
    21st Sven Epiney Michael Graber 2011 – today
    18th Alice Schwarzer Bettina Flitner
    16 Dieter Schroth Harald Glööckler 1987 – today
    16 Susan Sunday Annie Leibovitz 1989-2004
    16 Oscar Wilde Alfred Douglas 1891-1895
    15th Ellen DeGeneres Portia de Rossi 2004 – today
    15th Elton John David Furnish 1993 – today
    15th Martina Navratilova Julia Lemigova

    Artist's impression

    Relationships and affairs with greater age differences are depicted in painting, music, literature and film from different epochs.

    painting

    music

    literature

    Movie

    Minors and age of consent

    The sexual interest in much younger people has been judged differently at different times and in different cultures. Some of these sexual addictions , such as B. infantophilia, pedophilia , pederasty or hebephilia , parthenophilia (also lolita complex ), ephebophilia or neoterophilia , were and are in many cultures a disorder of sexual preference and are often socially ostracized or prosecuted as sexual abuse of children or adolescents .

    The age of consent is the age from which a person is legally regarded as capable of giving consent to actions. Sexual acts with persons below the age of consent are in principle prosecuted. In many countries outside Europe there are different ages of consent for homosexual and heterosexual acts due to laws on homosexuality . People who have passed the age of consent are referred to as sexually mature.

    See also

    literature

    Individual evidence

    1. ^ A. Trafford: Older Woman, Younger Man: It's a Match Made in Cyberspace. The Washington Post, June 22, 2008, accessed March 11, 2011 .
    2. ↑ a b C. Targosz: When Does a Woman Become "OLDER"? Psychology Today , August 16, 2009, accessed March 11, 2011 .
    3. ^ X. Zang: The Husband-Wife Age Gap in the First Marriage: A Cross-Country Analysis . Ed .: State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Economics. 2007, p. 49 .
    4. ↑ JM Bailey, S. Gauline, Y. Agyei, BA Gladue: Effects of Gender and sexual orientation on evolutionary relevant aspects of human mating . In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 66, No. 6, 1994, pp. 1081-1093.
    5. ^ A. Cohen: Optimal Dating Strategy . 2002, p. 6 ( online ( memento of May 14, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) [accessed on March 12, 2011]). Optimal Dating Strategy ( Memento of the original from May 14, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.math.cmu.edu
    6. ^ SC Rosenbluth, JM Steil, JH Whitcomb: Marital Equality, What Does It Mean? . In: Journal of Family Issues . 19, No. 3, 1998, pp. 227-244.
    7. ^ KS Hymowitz: Marriage and Caste in America: Separate and Unequal Families in a Post-Marital Age . In: The Heritage Lectures . March 2007, p. 4.
    8. ↑ M. Tertilt: Women, polygyny and Power. The Nebraska Anthropologist, 1996, pp. 73-79 , accessed March 11, 2011 .
    9. ^ N. Wu, AL Couch: Stable marriage assignment for unequal sets . In: BIT Numerical Mathematics . 10, No. 3, 1970, pp. 295-309.
    10. ↑ LI Pearlin: Status Inequality and Stress in Marriage . In: American Sociological Association . 40, June 1975, pp. 344-357.
    11. ^ CT Hill, Z. Rubin, LA Peplau: Breakups Before Marriage: The End of 103 Affairs . In: Journal of Social Issues . 32, No. 1, 1976, pp. 147-168.
    12. ↑ a b D. M. Buss: Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures . In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences . 12, No. 1, 1989, pp. 1-14. doi : 10.1017 / s0140525x00023992 .
    13. ^ World Marriage Data 2019 . United Nations . Retrieved June 21, 2020.
    14. ↑ a b Datenreport 2018 - Chapter 2: Family, ways of life and children . Federal Office for statistics. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
    15. ^ Age differences among couples, 2018 . Federal Office for statistics. November 4, 2019. Accessed June 28, 2020.
    16. ↑ a b c En 2017, dans deux tiers des mariages entre personnes de sexe différent, la femme est plus jeune que son mari . Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. February 26, 2019. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
    17. ↑ More women marrying younger men. BBC News, December 12, 2003, accessed March 11, 2011 .
    18. ↑ able FG3. Opposite-Sex Married Couple Family Groups, by Presence of Own Children Under 18, and Age, Earnings, Education, and Race and Hispanic Origin of Both Spouses: 2019 . US Census Bureau. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
    19. ^ A b c Monica Boyd and Anne Li: May – December: Canadians in age-discrepant relationships . Statistics Canada. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
    20. ↑ a b 4102.0 - Australian Social Trends, July 2013. Same-Sex Couples . Australian Bureau of Statistics. July 25, 2013. Accessed June 28, 2020.
    21. ↑ Jonathan Vespa, Jamie M. Lewis, and Rose M. Kreider: America's Families and Living Arrangements: 2012 . US Census Bureau. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
    22. ↑ [1]
    23. ↑ "Women age faster than men" in: Wissenschaft.de of June 7, 2006
    24. ↑ a b T. Padgett: New Study Claims 'Cougars' Do Not Exist. Time, August 19, 2010, accessed March 11, 2011 .
    25. ↑ D. Kenrick, R. Keefe: Age preferences in mates reflect sex differences in human reproductive strategies . In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences . 15, 1992, pp. 75-133.
    26. ↑ D. Kenrick, R. Keefe, C. Gabrielidis, J. Comelius: Adolescents' Age Preferences for Dating Partners: Support for an Evolutionary Model of Life-History Strategies . In: Child Development . 67, No. 4, 1996, pp. 1499-1511. doi : 10.1111 / j.1467-8624.1996.tb01810.x .
    27. ^ N. Luke: Age and Economic Asymmetries in the Sexual Relationships of Adolescent Girls in Sub-Saharan Africa . In: Studies in Family Planning . April 21, 2004, pp. 1081-1093. doi : 10.1111 / j.1728-4465.2003.00067.x .
    28. ↑ David M. Buss : Where have you been? The sense of jealousy . Rowohlt, Hamburg 2003, ISBN 3-499-61442-1 , p. 155-156 .
    29. ↑ a b Young lovers are unhealthy for women Die Welt, August 31, 2009
    30. ↑ Genetics: Sons of Old Fathers Live Longer The time of June 12, 2012
    31. ↑ Late fatherhood makes you fit for a long life Deutschlandfunk from June 12, 2012
    32. ^ J. Cloud: The Science of Cougar Sex: Why Older Women Lust. Time, June 9, 2010, accessed March 11, 2011 .
    33. ↑ Sex, sand and sugar mummies in a Caribbean beach fantasy. The Observer, July 23, 2006, accessed April 18, 2010 .
    34. ↑ C. Hakim: Erotic Capital . In: European Sociological Review . 26 (5), 2010, pp. 499-518. doi : 10.1093 / esr / jcq014 .
    35. ↑ Late Pregnancy - Older Mothers Have More Complications Der Spiegel May 30, 2017
    36. ↑ When Older Women Love Young Men Die Welt, August 15, 2008