Brabanter Strasse

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The Brabanter Strasse , Köln-Leipziger Strasse or Lütticher Strasse is an old street and was one of the most important continental west-east-oriented military and trade routes in the Middle Ages and the early modern period . It led from the eponymous Duchy of Brabant to Leipzig.

history

The road connected u. a. the two major north-south connections, the Rheinstrasse on the eastern slope of the Rhine Valley and the Weinstrasse , which led north on the western slope of the Wetterau from Frankfurt am Main . It could have been important in prehistory and early history. As a high-level path (partly high-level ravine ), the road avoided swampy valleys and river crossings and the bridge toll that was raised .

In the 16th century, a street is known as "Kölner Straße", which goes back to the Frankish conquest and can serve as a guideline for the advance of the two Hessian monasteries Fulda and Hersfeld. Following this phase, the Salians attempted to increase imperial estates in the Harz and Saxony. After all, the Hohenstaufen rulers wanted to make the Ringgau with the Boyneburg a realm and counted on the support of the Thuringian landgraves, for which this road was just as important as for the administration of the Mainz territories in Thuringia. Last but not least, it meant so much in the transport policy of the city of Erfurt that it found its way into the Erfurt Meilenscheibe and the interiors of the 17th century.

Outside the cities, the road ran largely remote from settlements on the longer east-west watersheds on their ridge or parallel to the slope. Except in the cities and on bridges, it had no paved route, it was a "natural road" and its condition was accordingly. If a lane was left, you missed it. This created fan-like and meandering paths. Poor unpaved roads were also a source of income for the respective landlord, since according to customary law ( Grundrhrrecht ) all goods that touched the ground in the event of a wheel / axle break, a fall of a draft animal or because of a poor road trip belonged to him. By founding the Hansen , the merchants tried to counteract this claim.

As early as 1255 it was called strata publica (= public road ). In 1265, Landgravine Sophie commissioned the castle men of her Blankenstein (Gladenbach) castle to protect this public road in their sphere of influence. The road connected the former Duchy of Brabant in what is now Belgium via Cologne , Siegen , Angelburg , Marburg , Eisenach , Erfurt and Naumburg with Leipzig . A large part of the east-west trade, especially with grain, textile products from the Flemish and Low German textile centers, woad from Thuringia, Eastern European fur goods (the central trading center was Leipzig) and iron goods was carried out on this medieval street, which connected important exhibition centers the north-western Lahn-Dill area (Dietzhölzetal), the Siegerland , the Thuringian Forest . At times the cattle trade (horses and cattle) was important. A transport network for herrings and stockfish had already been established during the Hanseatic League. Hops and beer were also valued as profitable trade goods. The procurement of special building blocks (sintered limestone for around 130 capitals on the palace) from the Eifel region is documented for the Wartburg in the 12th century. The annual march of armies and pilgrims and travelers were also carried out via the road. Brabanter Straße is now part of the "European Cultural Route VIA REGIA", which bundles the historic streets of Brabanter Straße, the Jakobsweg and the actual Via Regia .

course

The route of the Brabanter Straße varied partly due to climatic, political and other circumstances (e.g. in uncertain times of war, avoidance of plague areas ), there were different routes and parallel routes for individual sections. Some merchants also tried to avoid the tariffs. Her local feeders met her on the shorter watersheds.

In many places preserve old road and place names (for example, impact → inch stroke, road blocks with bar), the memory of historical routings, customs facilities or border fortifications, the modern road not always exactly correspond to the route of the old route.

Liege – Aachen

The section Brabant – Aachen corresponds roughly to the course of today's national road 3 in Belgium .

Pont des Arches (in the background): Beginning of Brabanter Strasse in Liège, Jan van Eyck , Madonna of Chancellor Nicholas Rolin (detail), 1435

Border to the Duchy of Limburg

Border to the Free Imperial City of Aachen or to the Aachen Empire ; Today the state border between Belgium and Germany on the Moresneter Weg (extension of the Preussweg ) parallel to the federal highway 264

Aachen – Cologne

The Aachen – Cologne section roughly corresponds to the course of today's federal highways 258 (to Kornelimünster) and 264 (from Düren).

Border to the Münsterländchen of the imperial abbey Kornelimünster

Border to the Duchy of Lower Lorraine , from 1435 to the Duchy of Jülich

Border to the Duchy of Jülich (until 1435)

  • Schevenhütte (now part of Stolberg); Bridge over the Wehebach
  • Long suffering
  • Birkesdorf (today part of Düren ), bridge over the Rur (1592 “Melatenbrücke”), 1288 customs office occupied, street name Zollhausstraße
  • Düren , city gate Philippspforte to Birkesdorf in the north, Rurtor to Aachener Straße to Monschau over the Johannesbrücke (built 1747/48) over the Rur in the east, Kölntor to the Kölner Landstraße towards Kerpen in the east

Border to the Duchy of Brabant , from 1522 to the Spanish Netherlands

Border to the Archbishopric of Cologne

Border to the Free Imperial City of Cologne

An alternative route led from Aachen from the Kölntor via Haaren , Weiden to Langerwehe and Birkesdorf near Düren and from there via Jülich (customs office at the Rurbrücke on Aachener Straße ), Bergheim (Erftbrücke on Aachener Straße; Jülich customs office, street name Kölner or Köln- Aachener Straße ; today Bundesstraße 55 ) and Königsdorf (electoral Cologne customs) to Cologne.

Cologne victories

The Cologne-Siegen section was the Brüderstraße or Siegener Landstraße, a high medieval high-altitude trail in an almost straight line with only a few valley crossings.

  • Cologne; Ferry across the Rhine mentioned for the first time in 1428, in 1674 anchored to ropes Gierseilfähre , 1822 permanent ship bridge
Rhine between Cologne and Deutz, engraving from the 17th century after Wenzel Hollar , 1636

Border to the Archbishopric of Cologne

  • Deutz (today part of Cologne); Customs post

Border to the Duchy of Berg

  • Brück (today part of Cologne); Bridge over the Flehbach ; Customs station first mentioned in 1411; Junction to the mouse path
  • Bensberg (now part of Bergisch Gladbach ), street name Brüderstraße in the Frankenforst district
  • Untereschbach (today part of Overath), street name Brüderstraße
  • Steinenbrück , also Altenbrück (today part of Overath); In 1486 (bridge) customs mentioned, in 1586 a stone bridge over the Sülz , so-called old customs house from 1675, street name Zöllnerstraße
  • Overath ; Bridge over the Agger , junction to the road to Olpe
  • Marialinden (now part of Overath), street name Pilgerstraße and Alte Römerstraße
  • Federath (now part of Overath), street name Brüderstraße

Border to the imperial rule Homburg

Border to the Duchy of Berg

Border to the imperial rule Wildenburg ; today the state border between North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate on Landstrasse 351 (Crottdorfer Strasse)

Border with the county of Nassau-Dillenburg or (1606 to 1734) Nassau-Siegen ; today the state border between Rhineland-Palatinate and North Rhine-Westphalia on the road Zur Hammerhöhe near Friesenhagen-Hammerhöhe

Siegen mit der Brücke over die Sieg around 1646/55, engraving by Matthäus Merian from the Topographia Hassiae

An alternative route from Cologne to Marburg led through the Westerwald (Weller Weg): Cologne-Siegburg- Weyerbusch - Altenkirchen (up to this point identical to Cologne-Frankfurter Straße , which continued via Limburg an der Lahn to Frankfurt am Main ) Ingelbach - Müschenbach - Hachenburg - Kirburg - Hof - Salzburg - Driedorf - Roth (here connection to Brabanter Straße).

Siegen – Marburg

The route led over the heights on which there are no federal highways today.

Hessian hinterland, route of the Brabanter Straße

In this area, the Brabanter Straße was also called Siegener Landstraße and in parts Schelderwald Straße and Hohe Straße .

The Gladenbach-Marburg section roughly corresponds to the course of today's federal highway 255 .

Border with the county of Nassau-Dillenburg (1606 to 1734) ; today the state border between North Rhine-Westphalia and Hesse on Landstrasse 729

  • Variants of the route:
    • The older route was congruent with the Eisenstrasse along today's border to Roth zum Staffelböll, where it met again with the southern clasp. After his imprisonment in the Netherlands in 1552 , Philip I set foot on Hessian soil again on Staffelböll .
    • Southern Spange via Straß-Ewersbach (today part of Dietzhölztal ) and Steinbrücken (today part of Dietzhölztal); Bridges over the Dietzhölze
Remains of a Landwehr as a ground monument : Wall in front of the peg of the Central Hessian Innenheege near Wommelshausen ( Bad Endbach )

Border to the Landgraviate of Hessen (-Marburg) or later Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt

Deviating from the old northern route through the Schelderwald and the newer southern route in the Aartal, Arnoldus Buchelius also described an intermediate route in 1591 , which ran on the Marburg-Dillenburger official route from Marburg via Gladenbach to Dillenburg.

New southern route through the Aar valley from the end of the 14th century

An alternative route (from the end of the 14th century, after the end of the Dernbach feud ) led from Niederdielfen via Haiger , Dillenburg , the Dill crossing near Herborn, through the Aartal , Herbornseelbach , Bicken , Niederweidbach (now part of Bischoffen ) via Rollshausen , Altenvers and Damm (Etzelmühle) (today districts of Lohra) to Marburg.

Marburg – Melsungen

Amöneburg with the bridge over the Ohm and a view of Kirchhain, engraving by Matthäus Merian from the Topographia Hassiae around 1646/55

The Marburg-Melsungen section roughly corresponds to the course of today's federal highways 62 , 454 and 254 (to Homberg). From Kirchhain (or from the Lahn Mountains east of Marburg) it is part of the road " through the long Hesse ".

Border to the county of Ziegenhain (until 1450), then part of the Landgraviate of Hesse

  • Langenstein (today part of Kirchhain)
  • Erksdorf (today part of Stadtallendorf)
  • Speckswinkel (today part of Neustadt); Goat grove, from 1450 Hessian customs post

Border to the Archbishopric Mainz

Border with the County of Ziegenhain (until 1450), then border with the Landgraviate of Hesse

  • Wiera (today part of Schwalmstadt ); Street name Zur alten Hege (= border); Junction to Heerstrasse from Vogelsberg to Westphalia
  • Treysa (today part of Schwalmstadt); Bridge over the Wiera (and Steintorbrücke over the Schwalm to the north with customs station)
  • Ziegenhain (today part of Schwalmstadt); Bridge over the Schwalm ; 1420 Customs and escort privilege
Spießurm customs station, built in 1430 by Ludwig I of Hesse (1402–1458)

Border with the Landgraviate of Hesse ; is now considered the border between Upper and Central Hesse on Kreisstraße 127

  • Skewer tower ; 1430 Hessian customs post
  • Spieskappel (today part of Frielendorf )
  • Homberg ; Bridge over the Efze
  • Ostheim (today part of Malsfeld )
  • Dagobertshausen (today part of Malsfeld)
  • Melsungen . 1438 annual fairs for cantata and 8th (Mary's birth), later September 29th (Michaelis), from 1566 additional Nicolai fair on the Sunday after December 6th; 1595/96 after the previous building, stone Bartenwetzerbrücke over the Fulda , junction to Nürnberger Straße (north-south); Here the Brabant street is called , Sälzerweg because the salt over them Sooden was transported
    • A southern variant bypassed Melsungen from Ostheim via the Fulda ferry or Furt near today's Fahre domain (district of Melsungen- Adelshausen ; there connection to Nürnberger Straße ) to Mörshausen (today district of Spangenberg) or further south via Morschen (wooden bridge over the Fulda).

The section from Kirchhain to Treysa was expanded in the 17th century as part of the Niederrheinische Straße (today still street names in Kirchhain, Stadtallendorf, Schwalmstadt-Wiera , Treysa, Neukirchen and Oberaula ; "Chausseegeldstelle" in Bürgeln) from Cologne via Biedenkopf to Hersfeld as a post road and paved from 1831 to 1842.

Melsungen – Eisenach

The Melsungen-Eisenach section roughly corresponds to the course of today's federal highways 487 (to Spangenberg) or 27 (from Sontra-Wichmannshausen), 254 , Landstrasse 3227 and Bundesstrasse 7 and was a section of the road through the long Hesse .

Hollow road near Waldkappel, engraving by Matthäus Merian from Topographia Hassiae around 1646/55
Creuzburg: Werra Bridge, Eisenacher Tor and Zollhof around 1700

Border with the Wettin area ; Today the state border between Hesse and Thuringia on federal highway 7

  • Ifta ; Street name Heerweg; Watchtower on the waiting hill
  • Creuzburg , from 1223 the stone bridge was built over the Werra (probably completed around 1225). The Creuzburg served the Thuringian Landgraves as an escort castle, the Creuzburg escort extended to the ridge of the Hainich and in the south to the Hörsel. The Creuzburger Zollhof was near the banks of the Werra, because travelers on the Werra (boats and rafts) were also processed. In addition, a bridge toll of three pfennigs was due at the bridge; he should serve the bridge maintenance and road construction. The town's infirmary was on the Brückenberg. At the Creuzburger Werra bridge, the Langensalzaer Straße came into contact, it led in the direction of the Landgrave castles of Thamsbrück and Weißensee.
  • Eisenach , Georgentor and Nadeltor in the west and north-west; the Nikolaitor in the east of the city. With the Nuremberg street (about Meiningen and Coburg), the Salzunger road, the Fuldaer Straße, the Mühlhäuser Street and Langensalzaer road here the most important military and trade routes west of Thuringia crossed. Several infirmaries in the vicinity of the city should prevent the introduction of epidemics. At today's train station one looked at the high court.

An alternative route led from Kirchhain via Lehrbach (today part of Kirtorf ), Kirtorf, Ohmes (today part of Antrifttal ) and Hersfeld (roughly corresponding to the course of today's federal highways 62 and 84 ) to Eisenach.

Eisenach – Erfurt

Eisenach, Nikolaitor, around 1170

The Eisenach-Leipzig section, part of the so-called Via Regia , roughly corresponds to the course of today's federal highways 7 and 87 . The route from the Rhine or from Frankfurt am Main, for example, was determined by a mandate from the Electorate of Saxony on February 24, 1653. Several routes were available between Eisenach and Erfurt:

  1. The oldest route led via Stockhausen , Großenlupnitz , the Kindel, Großenbehringen to Langensalza (street name Hohe Straße ) and from there via Burgtonna to Erfurt.
  2. An alternative route led through the Nessetal via Großenlupnitz (capital of the Mark Lupnitz ), the Kindel , Haina (royal rest station), Sonneborn to Gotha .
  3. The most recent route led on both sides of the Hörsel via Eichrodt or Kahlenberg and Kälberfeld to Sättelstädt (today part of Hörselberg-Hainich , Alte Zollscheune ) and moved on the watershed from Hörsel and Nessetal via Ebenheim to the old route to Sonneborn or via Mechterstädt , Teutleben and Trügleben directly to Gotha.
  4. The Creuzburger Straße connected Sättelstädt via Hötzelsroda , Neukirchen and Ütteroda with the Creuzburger Werra bridge . This shortcut saved the detour via Eisenach.
  • Gotha , Brühler Tor . Since 1529 fair on the Wednesday before the cantata and “cold fair” on the Wednesday before All Saints' Day, from 1591 additional butter and cheese market on the Wednesday after Margaret (July 20); Street name Hohe Straße (bypassing the city); Exit through the Erfurter Tor over the Hohen Sand into the Erfurter Landstrasse

Border to ore monastery Mainz or Grafschaft Gleichen or Erfurt city area

  • Customs and control center Gleichenhof near Grabsleben (today part of Drei Gleichen )
  • Möbisburg (today part of Erfurt), street name Hohe Straße
  • Erfurt , Brühler Tor . Whitsun and from November 11th St. Martins Mass in Erfurt (until the beginning of the 16th century), on the Sunday after Michaelis (29 September) parish festival of the university church , according to legend, since 1310 three-day festival for the "Walperzug" on Walburgi Day (February 25); 805 stacking right; 1331 trade fair privilege, 1379 university town

Erfurt – Leipzig

The Brabanter Straße was also called Flämische Landstraße in the Naumburg area (perhaps after the Naumburg suburb of Flemmingen ).

Krämerbrücke with gate through the bridgehead church St. Aegidien in Erfurt, photo 1956

Border to the Wettin area or the county of Weimar or the Landgraviate of Thuringia

Border to the Naumburg bishopric

  • Kosen ; wooden bridge over the Saale destroyed in 1393, stone Saale bridge in 1454 , customs house for the bridge toll (and the rafting customs)
  • Naumburg . From June 29th Petri-Pauli Mass in Naumburg ; Mentioned as early as 1278, customs rights passed from the monastery to the city in 1379, trade fair privilege 1514, exit through the Marientor
Escort house in Weißenfels from 1552

Border with the Wettin area

Travel reports

The Brabanter Straße used Duke Heinrich II. Von Brabant (1207-1248) when he married his second wife, Sophie (1224-1275) in 1239 . She was a daughter of Landgrave Ludwig IV of Thuringia (1200-1227) and St. Elisabeth of Hungary (1207-1231) and a major figure in the later War of the Thuringian Succession .

A report from 1235 mentions a farmer from the diocese of Utrecht , who on his pilgrimage to the grave of St. Elisabeth came through the Scheldt Forest in Marburg . This shows the Scheldt Forest as an area of ​​old roads. U crossed him a. the high medieval highway from Antwerp via Cologne , Siegen , Marburg and Erfurt to Leipzig , also called Brabanter Straße.

After a fixed ceremony, the German kings and emperors in the Middle Ages and the early modern period marched through the Hahnentor on Brabanter Straße to Cologne directly after their coronation in Aachen until 1531 to pay homage to the Three Kings .

In May 1431, Ludwig I of Hesse traveled from Kassel to Saint-Josse near Montreuil-sur-Mer and back partly via Brabanter Straße.

The Brabanter Straße was also used by Martin Luther (1483–1546) when he traveled from Wittenberg to the Chapter of the Augustinian Hermits in Cologne in April / May 1512 and in September / October 1529 on his trip to the Marburg Religious Discussion . The itinerary of a trip by Philipp Melanchthon (1497–1560), who also used the Brabanter Strasse several times, in 1536 emerges from his correspondence .

In 1552, after his release in Leuven in the Spanish Netherlands , Philip I of Hesse (1504–1567) moved back to Marburg via this route from Jülich.

Joachim II of Brandenburg (1505–1571), August of Saxony (1526–1586) and Christian III. of Denmark (1503–1559) moved to Frankfurt am Main in 1558 via the “Brabanter Straße” to elect the emperor.

In 1591 Arnoldus Buchelius (1565–1641) reported in his diary in detail about the stations from Treysa to Cologne.

Gustav II Adolph of Sweden (1594–1632) took the route to the Battle of Lützen , in which he fell, in 1632 from Erfurt via Brabanter Strasse.

Jakobsweg and Elisabethpfad

Jakobspilger, woodcut by Jost Amman , 1568

The medieval Way of St. James from central Germany to Santiago de Compostela also followed the Brabanter Straße, along the course of which the grave of St. Elisabeth in Marburg's Elisabeth Church , the relics of the bones of the Three Kings in Cologne Cathedral , the relics in Aachen Cathedral (diapers and loincloths of Christ , Mary's dress , the headscarf of John the Baptist ) and the grave of St. Lambertus in St. Lambertus Cathedral (today destroyed) in Liège could be visited.

A report from 1235 mentions a farmer from the diocese of Utrecht who came on his pilgrimage to the grave of St. Elisabeth in Marburg on the Brabanter Strasse through the Scheldt Forest .

Cartographic representations

Detail of the course of the road from Torgau to Maasdriel / Lüttich - Huy from Martin Waldseemüller's map of Europe, 1520

The Romwegkarte by Erhard Etzlaub (around 1460–1532) from 1501 and the map of the European transport network based on it ( “Carta itineraria europae” ) by Martin Waldseemüller (around 1470–1520) list the most important stops on the Brabanter Strasse and provide guidance their route, clearly from Treysa to Cologne, for example. The map of the Oberbergischen by Arnold Mercator (1537–1587) from 1575 shows the course of the "Landstraiss uff Siegen".

swell

  • Erfurt escort order of Hartung Cammermeister 1441 . In: Herbert Helbig (Ed.): Sources on the older economic history of Central Germany. Vol. II. Hermann Böhlaus Nachf., Weimar 1952, no. 174, pp. 145–153. (Sources on Central German national and national history 2)
  • Escort regulations in the Zeitz Treaty of 1567 (No. 133–140) between the Elector and Duke Johann Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar (1530–1573). In: Carl Friedrich Göschel : Chronicle of the city of Langensalza in Thuringia. Vol. II. Friedrich Spithen, Berlin 1818. (Reprint: Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza 2007, ISBN 978-3-86777-000-2 ), pp. 208-221

literature

  • Gottfried August Benedict Wolff: Chronicle of the Pforta Monastery according to documentary reports , vol. I. Friedrich Christian Wilhelm Vogel, Leipzig 1843, esp. Pp. 80–82.
  • Georg Landau : Contributions to the history of the old manor and trade routes in Germany I-II / 2 . In: Journal for German Cultural History. 1 (1856), pp. 483–505 [incorrect pagination], 575–591 and 639–665 (online resource, accessed August 15, 2011)
  • Armin Weber (text); Willi Görich (map): Country roads and road construction from the 16th to the 19th century. "Landstrasse 16.-18. Century". Historical atlas of Hessen. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS). and "Chausseebau about 1750-1834", "Chausseebau about 1750-1834". Historical atlas of Hessen. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  • Ulrich Reuling (text), Friedrich Uhlhorn (map): Hesse in 1789. "Hesse in 1789". Historical atlas of Hessen. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  • Hugo Weczerka: Hanseatic trade routes. Vol. I-III (sources and representations on Hanseatic history 13 / 1-3), Böhlau, Cologne / Vienna 1962/67/68.
  • Hermann Böttger, Wilhelm Weyer: Old streets and ways . In: Hermann Böttger, Wilhelm Weyer, Alfred Lück: History of the Netpherland. Self-published by the Netphen Office, Netphen 1967, pp. 47-60, especially pp. 54f.
  • Hans Hitzer: The streets from the Middle Ages to absolutism . In: The street. From the beaten path to the motorway. Lifelines from prehistoric times to today . GDW Callwey, Munich 1971, ISBN 3-7667-0201-7 , p. 129-130 .
  • Gerd Bergmann: Streets and castles around Eisenach. Eisenach 1993, p. 97.
  • Wolfgang Eberhardt: Old streets and ways from Hesse and Franconia to and through Thuringia . In: On the history of the country on the Werra . III (1/1). Self-published, Bruchsal 1994, p. 108 .
  • Friedrich Pfeiffer: Rhenish transit tariffs in the Middle Ages. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-05-003177-8 . (diss. phil. Trier 1996)
  • Michel Margue: Origin and development of the Brabant cities and the Flanders-Cologne road (11th – 13th centuries) . In: Monika Escher, Alfred Haverkamp, ​​Frank G. Hirschmann: Urban landscape - urban network - central local structure. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2000, pp. 383-406. (Trier Historical Research 43)
  • Herbert Nicke : Forgotten ways. The historical network of long-distance routes between the Rhine, Weser, Hellweg and Westerwald; its protection systems and nodes. Martina Galunder, Nümbrecht 2001, ISBN 3-931251-80-2 . (Land and history between Berg, Wildenburg and South Westphalia 9)
  • Wolfgang Eberhardt: Thuringian old streets and paths in the Middle Ages between Eisenach - Gotha - Bad Langensalza - Großvargula. In: On the history of the country on the Werra . III (1/3). Verlag Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza 2003, ISBN 3-936030-86-3 , p. 207 .

Web links

Remarks

  1. ^ Hellweg: The second major connection from the Rhine to the Vistula ran from Cologne up via Magdeburg to Danzig . Here the medieval long-distance trade route developed on the old Germanic Hellweg from Duisburg via Dortmund , Paderborn , Hildesheim , Braunschweig and Magdeburg , on which Drusus had already advanced with his legions to the Elbe . Famous palatinates and bishops' seats were built in the places mentioned. After the conquest of the lower Vistula area by the Teutonic Order, this east-west road was extended from here via Frankfurt / Oder , Gnesen and Thorn . Hans Hitzer (1971)
  2. ↑ Iron and weapons: Suhl and Schmalkalden - were considered as centers of medieval armaments and weapons production , along with Nuremberg .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Wolfgang Eberhardt: Thuringian old streets and paths in the Middle Ages between Eisenach - Gotha - Bad Langensalza - Großvargula . Verlag Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza 2003, ISBN 3-936030-86-3 , Kölner Straße from Großenlupnitz via Haina to Sonneborn, Wangenheimer Heerstraße to Fahner Höhe, Eisenacher Straße from Sonneborn via Ernstdorf and Trenkelhof, p. 54 .
  2. ↑ Albrecht Jockenhövel, Christoph Willms: Das Dietzhölzetal-Projekt, archaeometallurgical studies on the history and structure of medieval iron production in the Lahn-Dill area (Hesse) , Münster's contributions to prehistoric and early historical archeology, Volume I, Verlag Marie Leidorf, Rahden Westf. 2005, ISBN 3-89646-279-2 , ISSN  1861-3942
  3. ↑ Michael Jacobs: On the Romanesque capital sculpture of the palace of the Wartburg . In: Wartburg yearbook . Regensburg / Eisenach 1992, pp. 63-73.
  4. ↑ See e.g. B. File bypassing the customs duties by the merchants 1492 , Main State Archives Düsseldorf (Jülich-Berg I holdings, 1392).
  5. ↑ "Mietrath, a village woselbst one of Brabant inches will requite '; Anton Friedrich Büsching: New description of the earth, third part, first volume, 5th edition. Johann Carl Bohn, Hamburg 1771, p. 1004.
  6. ^ After the Siegburg comparison of 1604 finally Homburgian.
  7. ↑ Roughly corresponding to the course of today's Landstraßen 342 (Siegener Strasse, Kölner Strasse), 512 (Freudenberger Strasse) and 564 (Siegener Strasse) .
  8. ↑ Street names Köln-Leipziger Strasse in Norken , Kirburg and Salzburg, Kölner Strasse (federal roads 8 and 414 ) from Weyerbusch to Hachenburg, Hochstrasse in Nieder-Ingelbach and Altenkirchen, Hohe Strasse (federal road 8) in Gieleroth , Leipziger Strasse in Hachenburg, Alte Leipziger Street (Bundesstrasse 414) at Hof u. Ä.
  9. ↑ Brabanter Straße, history “er -fahren ”, driving report on the Siegen-Leipzig route, Die Hinterländer Mountainbiker, 35719 Angelburg-Gönnern 1998
  10. ^ The territorial history of the Hessian hinterland (formerly Landkrs. Biedenkopf), Ulrich Lennarz, investigations and materials for constitutional and regional history, published by the Hessisches Landesamt für Geschichtliche Landeskunde, Volume 1, Elwert'sche Verlagbuchhandlung Marburg 1973, ISBN 3-7708-0491 -0 , pages 1–8 and map 6 Old Streets
  11. ↑ Originally areas of the Wetzlar monastery and the Teutonic Order , later condominium of the Landgraviate of Hesse and the Lords of Fleckenbühl , then Hessian.
  12. ↑ 1245 Goat Grove Bailiwick of the Fulda Monastery .
  13. ↑ 1245 Goat Grove Bailiwick of the Fulda Monastery.
  14. ↑ Ziegenhainische foundation, 1294 Mainz, 1463/64 Hessian, 1549 again Mainz.
  15. ↑ See Johann Gottfried Hunger: Memories on the financial history of Saxony . Or revised history of the taxes in the Chursächsischen states. Weygand, Leipzig 1790, p. 31 (online resource, accessed on August 17, 2011).
  16. ↑ Cf. Gottfried August Benedict Wolff: Chronicle of the Pforta Monastery according to documentary reports , vol. I. Friedrich Christian Wilhelm Vogel, Leipzig 1843, p. 80f.
  17. ↑ Handbook of Historic Places in Germany , Volume 4 Hessen, unchanged. Reprint of the 3rd edition, Kröner Verlag, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-520-27403-5
  18. ↑ Landgrave Regest online No. 8995. Regest of the Landgrave of Hesse. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS). Outward journey: Kassel (2.5.), Homberg, Spieskappel, Kirchhain, Blankenstein Castle , Montabaur , Linz am Rhein (5.5.); Return journey: Aachen (May 24th), Burtscheid (May 24th / 25th), Aachen (May 26th), Jülich, Bergheim, Königsdorf, Cologne (May 27th / 28th), Brück (village near Bruges ) (noon), Denklingen Castle (May 28/29), Siegen, Marburg (May 30).
  19. ↑ Cf. Günter E. Th. Bezzenberger: Luther's Journey to the Religious Discussion 1529 . In: ders. / Karl Dienst (Ed.): Luther in Hessen . Verlag Evangelischer Presseverband, Kassel / Frankfurt am Main 1983, pp. 50–69. Luther traveled via Netra, Röhrda, Waldkappel (September 27th), Friemen , Bischofferode , Pfieffe, Spangenberg, Homberg, Spieskappel (September 28th ), Treysa, Speckswinkel, Erksdorf, Langenstein and Kirchhain (September 29th) to Marburg (September 30th).
  20. ↑ Gotha (6.9.), Eisenach (7.9.), Creuzburg (7.9.), Waldkappel (8.9.), Spieskappel (9.9.), Kirchhain (9.9.), Marburg (10.9.); see. Walter Thuringer / Heinz Scheible: Philipp Melanchthon: Correspondence. Regesten , Vol. 10 Places A – Z and Itinerar . Frommann-Holzboog, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt 1998, p. 454.
  21. ↑ Cf. G. Landau: Contributions to the history of the old manor and trade streets in Germany I-II / 2 . In: Journal for German Cultural History. 1 (1856), pp. 659f.
  22. ↑ Treysa (June 11), Kirchhain, Marburg, Gladenbach (June 12), Dillenburg (June 13, departure June 15), Haiger, Siegen (June 16), Denklingen, Overath, Deutz (June 17) and Cologne (June 17) ; see. Hermann Keussen : The three journeys of Arnoldus Buchelius from Utrecht to Germany, especially his stay in Cologne II. ( DjVu format; on Wikisource ) In: Annals of the Historical Association for the Lower Rhine, especially the Old Archdiocese of Cologne , 85, 1908, p. 43– 90, esp. Pp. 50-54
  23. ↑ Erfurt (November 10th), Naumburg (November 11th – 15th), Weißenfels, Rippach , Lützen (November 15th –16th ).
  24. ↑ GW Sante (Ed.): Handbook of the historical sites of Germany , Volume VI. Hessen, Kröner Verlag, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-520-27403-5 , page 399, Schelderwald