Agglomeration
An agglomeration - from Latin agglomerare `` firmly connect '', ( synonymous also: English urban area and largely synonymous in German: conurbation , conurbation , urban region or agglomeration ) - describes a concentration of settlements consisting of several, mutually intertwined communities , which are opposite to their Surrounding area is characterized by a higher settlement density and a higher proportion of settlement area.
As a rule, an agglomeration is grouped around one or more core cities , which are surrounded by a narrower, densely built-up suburban suburban belt and a geographically more extensive, partly rural catchment area. Major cities and their extensive catchment areas form metropolitan regions , the area of which is usually larger than that of the agglomeration in them. One example is the area of Hovedstadsområdet around the Danish capital and the surrounding Öresund region , the region in and around the cities of Copenhagen and Malmö . The term regiopole is also used for metropolitan areas with a regional focus outside of metropolises , the surrounding area is called the regiopole region .
Depending on whether one or more regional centers exist in an agglomeration, a distinction is made between monocentric and polycentric agglomerations.
The tendency towards regional dispersion of the settlement in the surrounding area of agglomerations is called deglomeration or suburbanization , the dissolution of agglomerations is called deagglomeration .
Definitions
Overlap
Other frequently used terms for such an area are, as mentioned, e.g. B. City region , metropolitan area and metropolitan area . Although these terms essentially refer to the same thing, there are minor nuances of meaning depending on how they are interpreted. In contrast to the broader terms of the greater region , metropolitan region or economic region , the urban region does not include the rural, peripheral sub-areas, but only the immediate, densely built-up area around the city center. But also settlements that are not directly adjacent to the core city can be counted as part of the urban region if the majority of the inhabitants work in the core city.
The criteria according to which figures are calculated for all of these terms ultimately depends on the delimitation method used in each case. There is no reliable standardization for these procedures, which is why the figures for different regions are only partially comparable.
Agglomeration
United Nations
According to the definition of the United Nations (UNO) from 1998, an agglomeration is a core city including its suburban surrounding area or at least the densely populated surrounding area that lies outside the city limits but is directly adjacent to them. Such an agglomeration consists of one or more cities and their suburban communities, which form the agglomeration belt (the surrounding area is also known as the so-called bacon belt ). Agglomeration describes a “city” in the purely settler sense ( de facto ), without considering administrative boundaries ( de jure ).
European Union
In legal texts and other publications of the European Union was held in the German translations of the term conurbation input, while in English texts agglomeration is used. In the EU directive on air quality (2008/50 / EG) , agglomeration and metropolitan area are defined equally:
| English - Agglomeration shall mean a zone that is a conurbation with a population in excess of 250,000 inhabitants or, where the population is 250,000 inhabitants or less, with a given population density per km² to be established by the Member States | German - agglomeration is an urban area with a population of more than 250,000 inhabitants or, if 250,000 or fewer inhabitants live in the area, with a population density per km² to be determined by the member states |
Functional urban area
The Statistical Office of the European Union uses the term Functional Urban Area (FUA), until 2014 also Larger Urban Zone (LUZ), to denote the functionally delimited urban area in the vicinity of a core city . In Brussels, for example, a distinction is made between the city (in the English sense, not the municipality of Brussels , but the capital region of Brussels ) with 1.2 million inhabitants and the functional urban area with 2.6 million inhabitants. According to a harmonized procedure, 323 urban regions in the European Union and 47 cities in Norway , Switzerland , Turkey and Croatia are currently defined, for which statistical data and indicators for quality of life have been collected and published as part of the Urban Audit since 2003/2004 .
Metropolitan area
Agglomeration is an ( urban ) area with a high population density. The otherwise largely synonymous term agglomeration is linguistically more precise because it is internationally standardized .
In the European Environmental Noise Directive 2002/49 / EC as a metropolitan area defines a zusammhängendes settlement area. This definition was adopted when the directive was implemented in German law through Section 47b of the Federal Immission Control Act . There is only an immediate legal consequence for the noise mapping or the information obligation of the authorities. Further legal claims - at least according to German law - cannot yet be derived from this.
The same order of magnitude can be found in the European guidelines for the clean air plan. According to this, the air quality should be recorded with measurements in all cities or urban agglomerations.
As a metropolitan area closed settlements apply accordingly
- in which at least 250,000 people live (in Germany at least 100,000)
- in which the population density in relation to the entire area is more than 1000 people per square kilometer
- and spread over a total area of more than 100 km² (see Annex V and IX of Directive 2008/50 / EC on air quality and cleaner air for Europe ).
According to § 47 para. 1 i. V. m. Sections 27 to 29 of the 39th BImSchV stipulate air pollution control measures and can also be enforced by citizens and associations.
The metropolitan areas can, but do not have to, correspond to the respective political or administrative boundaries.
According to the “ Anthrome ” model published in 2008 by the two American geographers Erle C. Ellis and Navin Ramankutty , around 30% of all people on earth live in urban areas. While in the past metropolitan areas mainly formed around ports, storage facilities, industry and transport hubs, a strong change in the economic value creation causes the formation of metropolitan areas around research institutions and the associated economic networks.
Term agglomeration
use
In addition to the above-mentioned methodologies used by the UN and the EU, there are different definitions and delimitation criteria in different countries, legal norms and plans.
Germany
In Germany, the term agglomeration is hardly standardized, but it is used in different contexts. With regard to the number of inhabitants of cities in Germany, the number of inhabitants of the respective core city is usually given, figures from agglomerations or urban regions are less common. From a spatial planning perspective, however, there are two important spatial structural classification systems:
- The regional, district and community types of the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning (BBR) as well as
- the BIK regions (formerly BIK city regions) of BIK Aschpurwis + Behrens GmbH.
Both classifications represent a further development of the 70 city regions developed by Olaf Boustedt in the 1950s . Boustedt assumed that the cities would grow beyond their administrative boundaries, while at the same time the surrounding municipalities of the city adopt similar characteristics and thus form a coherent agglomeration. Both the BBR classification and the BIK regions are based on the data on commuter integration for employees subject to social insurance from the Federal Employment Agency . They differ with regard to the underlying structural level. While the typifications of the BBSR are based on the municipal associations, the BIK regions are based on the smallest administrative structure level, the municipalities.
Switzerland
In Switzerland, the term “agglomeration” is defined by the Federal Statistical Office . The basis is the development of a spatial structure for Switzerland, which differentiates between institutional structures, analysis regions, spatial and regional political typologies. The term agglomeration was last defined in 2012; an earlier definition dates from 2000. The definition of agglomeration in 2012 is a multi-stage process: densities of residents, employees and overnight stays are examined in order to identify potential agglomeration cores. Then agglomeration belts are sought, whereby the commuter intensities directed towards the cores are decisive. The core area and belt together must have a certain size in order to be considered an agglomeration. According to these criteria (as of January 1, 2016), 430 municipalities are classified as core agglomeration municipalities, 662 as belted municipalities and 1202 municipalities do not belong to any agglomeration. These form a total of 49 agglomerations and 28 cores outside of agglomerations.
meaning
As concentrations of living and working functions, the agglomerations are engines of economic development and arenas of cultural life and are therefore of importance for the entire country. As a room category, agglomeration or compression areas form the type of room with the highest density of use and form the opposite pole to the sparsely populated rural areas. The connecting axes between the agglomerations, some of which extend through the rural area, are called corridors.
Ratio within an agglomeration
Agglomerations are rarely grouped together in a single political administrative unit. As a rule, there is a strong political contrast between the core city and the politically independent suburbs, which is intensified in some cases by traditional rivalries, but almost always by the social , fiscal and settlement-structural effects of suburbanization .
Due to the ongoing intraregional shift in importance and population in favor of the surrounding area, the accumulation of socially disadvantaged people in the core cities, the provision or financing of infrastructure of regional importance (e.g. transport networks, cultural and leisure facilities) by the core cities without the financial participation of the suburbs benefiting from it as well as the ruinous competition for the settlement of companies ( trade tax dumping) the core cities get into ever greater difficulties. The financial and functional depletion can weaken a core city so much that it is no longer able to fulfill its central regional functions, which ultimately damages the entire urban region including the suburbs.
To create a fair balance of interests within the urban region and to coordinate the urban region in supraregional competition, there are institutions for inter-municipal cooperation in numerous urban regions :
- Voluntary cooperation
- Joint cooperation under private law ( GmbH and others)
- Regional conferences, regional forums, etc. a.
- Association models
- Special purpose associations for solving individual tasks (e.g. waste management , water supply , local public transport ).
- Planning associations for joint land use planning , regional planning or transport planning .
- City-environs associations in which several such tasks are bundled, creating a better opportunity to find compromises.
- Local government models
- z. B. Regional districts (FRG), city provinces (Netherlands)
- Regional cities
Agglomerations in individual European countries
Germany
Since cities in Germany are divided uniformly into upper and middle centers in the regional planning , agglomerations in Germany can be divided into poly- and monocentral areas.
Many of the agglomerations in Germany are part of a larger European metropolitan region . Due to the frequent amalgamation of agglomerations, there are hardly any monocentral metropolitan regions in Germany, whereas it is more the rule in agglomerations that they are only formed around a regional center. According to the state planning, Aachen, Dresden, Hamburg, Munich and Stuttgart are the only regional centers in their agglomerations. In geographic reality, however, these formal definitions are opposed to large sub-centers within the urban areas of large cities, some of which achieve the functional importance of regional centers (including Berlin-Spandau , Frankfurt-Höchst , Hamburg-Harburg or Munich-Pasing ).
There are also cross-border metropolitan areas on German territory that have their center in a city outside Germany, such as Stettin and Basel ( TEB ). A special form of cross-border cooperation in metropolitan areas are the Eurodistricts , including Strasbourg-Ortenau , PAMINA , Saar-Moselle and the Freiburg / southern Alsace region .
Reference dates: December 31, 2018 (estimate)
Austria
The Statistics Austria has defined 34 statistical city regions on a core area of the city (as central site ) and its surrounding communities, and an outer zone based.
Together they comprised 5.567 million inhabitants (as of January 1, 2001), which is around 64% of the total population of Austria . Three quarters of this (3.81 million) were in the core zones and around 1.35 million in the outer zones.
According to the population of the urban region, four size classes can be distinguished:
- City region Vienna, with satellite cities Baden, Bad Vöslau, Klosterneuburg, Korneuburg, Stockerau
- 6 other metropolitan regions with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the core zone
- 9 medium-sized city regions with 40,000 to 100,000 inhabitants in the core zone
- 18 small town regions with fewer than 40,000 inhabitants in the core zone
The last delimitation was made in 2001.
Eurostat divides Austria into five major metropolitan regions, Vienna being the largest and Innsbruck the smallest.
| code | Urban region |
Area in ha (1.1.2012) |
Residents (1.1.2012) |
Inhabitants (Eurostat definition) (2014) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SR010 | Vienna | 497,523.76 | 2,376,143 | 2,680,667 |
| SR020 | Graz | 150,388.37 | 465.296 | 605.143 |
| SR030 | Linz | 158,091.28 | 449,896 | 765,589 |
| SR040 | Salzburg | 122,739.58 | 327,349 | 350.159 |
| SR050 | innsbruck | 144,494.08 | 264.179 | 294.209 |
| SR060 | Bregenz | 42,709.93 | 168,959 | |
| SR070 | Klagenfurt | 78,697.16 | 150.261 | |
| SR080 | Feldkirch | 28,573.13 | 111,866 | |
| SR090 | catfish | 44,941.10 | 124,482 | |
| SR100 | Leoben | 110,625.92 | 104.501 | |
| SR110 | Villach | 70,312.12 | 98,794 | |
| SR120 | Wiener Neustadt | 33,999.95 | 81,296 | |
| SR130 | Steyr | 36,493.47 | 74,936 | |
| SR140 | Knittelfeld | 88,779.75 | 61,931 | |
| SR150 | St. Polten | 55,918.72 | 89.051 | |
| SR160 | Vöcklabruck | 34,253.68 | 63.217 | |
| SR170 | Gmunden | 29,042.62 | 48,080 | |
| SR180 | Voitsberg | 25,140.38 | 31,826 | |
| SR190 | Krems at the Donau | 33,483.78 | 46,772 | |
| SR200 | Wolfsberg | 56,152.14 | 39,010 | |
| SR210 | Bludenz | 24,323.11 | 33,120 | |
| SR220 | Amstetten | 32,905.45 | 46,972 | |
| SR230 | Lienz | 37,250.06 | 26,111 | |
| SR240 | Spittal an der Drau | 45,989.37 | 36,360 | |
| SR250 | Worgl | 10,722.38 | 27,012 | |
| SR260 | St. Johann iP | 12,767.31 | 21.092 | |
| SR270 | black | 25,409.13 | 21,359 | |
| SR280 | Ternitz | 8,142.53 | 18,796 | |
| SR290 | Leibnitz | 10,207.37 | 25,041 | |
| SR300 | Ried iI | 18,258.15 | 29.094 | |
| SR310 | Wheat | 15,950.93 | 23,799 | |
| SR320 | Braunau aI | 16,238.13 | 25,391 | |
| SR330 | Kufstein | 16,666.24 | 22,719 | |
| SR340 | Eisenstadt | 25,024.58 | 32,542 |
Switzerland
Since 1930, the urban agglomerations have been statistically delimited every ten years based on the results of the censuses . Since 1980, municipalities located abroad have also been taken into account in cross-border agglomerations, which is important for Basel , Geneva and Lugano .
The Federal Statistical Office describes a total of 50 agglomerations in Switzerland . The population and economic output of Switzerland are concentrated in these areas - around 72% of the country's residents live in these areas. The agglomeration communities cover 21% of the country's area.
The Federal Statistical Office defines five metropolitan regions with associated agglomerations.
The following table shows the ten largest agglomerations (2000 / in brackets the population without the foreign part):
| rank | Urban region | Population (2000) |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Zurich | 1,080,728 |
| 2. | Basel | 830,000 |
| 3. | Geneva | 645,608 |
| 4th | Bern | 349,096 |
| 5. | Lausanne | 311,441 |
| 6th | Lucerne | 196'550 |
| 7th | St. Gallen | 146'385 |
| 8th. | Lugano | 136,032 |
| 9. | Winterthur | 123'416 |
| 10. | Baden-Brugg | 106,736 |
| Total in the ten city regions |
approx. 3.9 million | |
Development of residents in agglomerations in Switzerland (2010-2014 / source: Federal Statistical Office (FSO)):
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Spatial distribution: agglomerations, urban and rural areas Permanent resident population in urban and rural areas - 2010–2014 |
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| 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | ||
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| Total | 7,870.1 | 7,954.7 | 8,039.1 | 8,139.6 | 8,237.7 | |
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| Urban areas 1) | 6,636.9 | 6,711.9 | 6,785.6 | 6,873.6 | 6,959.1 | |
| Rural areas 1) | 1'233.3 | 1,242.7 | 1,253.5 | 1,266.0 | 1,278.6 | |
|
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| The largest agglomerations 1) | ||||||
| Zurich agglomeration | 1,249.8 | 1,266.3 | 1'280.9 | 1,296.6 | 1'315.7 | |
| Geneva agglomeration | 544.8 | 549.4 | 552.3 | 560.3 | 570.2 | |
| Basel agglomeration | 521.2 | 524.0 | 527.2 | 532.2 | 537.1 | |
| Bern agglomeration | 391.9 | 394.6 | 398.9 | 403.1 | 406.9 | |
| Lausanne agglomeration | 379.2 | 385.7 | 389.6 | 397.5 | 402.9 | |
|
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| The biggest cities | ||||||
| Zurich | 372.9 | 377.0 | 380.8 | 384.8 | 391.4 | |
| Geneva | 187.5 | 188.2 | 189.0 | 191.6 | 194.6 | |
| Basel | 163.2 | 164.5 | 165.6 | 167.4 | 168.6 | |
| Bern | 124.4 | 125.7 | 127.5 | 128.8 | 130.0 | |
| Lausanne | 127.8 | 129.4 | 130.4 | 132.8 | 133.9 | |
|
|
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| 1) According to the FSO typology of urban spaces 2012 / source: STATPOP | ||||||
The largest agglomerations with a foreign core city, but moving into Switzerland (2000 / source: Federal Statistical Office (FSO)):
| rank | Urban region | Swiss share | Population (2000) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. |
 Como
|
Chiasso / Mendrisio | 273,801 |
| 2. |
 Dornbirn
|
Heerbrugg | 158,102 |
| 3. |
 Constancy
|
Kreuzlingen | 110,531 |
The metropolitan regions - division into five according to FSO (2004 / source: Federal Statistical Office (FSO)):
| Metropolitan area | Areas | associated Swiss agglomerations (cities) | Population million (2004) | Area (km²) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zurich | Canton of Zurich and neighboring areas | Zurich , Winterthur , Frauenfeld , Wetzikon - Pfäffikon , Rapperswil-Jona - Rüti , Lachen , Zug , Lenzburg , Wohlen , Baden - Brugg , Schaffhausen and the single town of Einsiedeln | 1.68 | 2,104 |
| Geneva-Lausanne | Lake Geneva region / Riviera , some parts of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region (F) | Geneva (CH / F), Lausanne , Yverdon-les-Bains , Vevey - Montreux | 1.20 | 1,014 |
| Basel | Northwestern Switzerland (CH), southeast of the Haut-Rhin (F) department, Lörrach district (D) | Basel , Delémont | 0.80 | - |
| Bern | part of the Espace Mittelland | Bern , Burgdorf , Thun , Biel / Bienne , Freiburg , individual town Lyss | 0.70 | 938 |
| Ticino | Southern Ticino, Como (I) | Locarno , Bellinzona , Lugano , Chiasso - Mendrisio | 0.53 | 731 |
| Total of them in Switzerland |
approx. 5 approx. 4.5 |
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Agglomerations worldwide
The largest agglomerations on earth with over ten million inhabitants are:
Source:
Reference date: January 1, 2018
Demarcation problems and comparability
The data given can hardly be compared as different definitions were used depending on the city.
For US cities, for example, the figures for the expanded metropolitan regions, the Combined Statistical Areas, are shown, while for the agglomerations, however, the areas designated as Urban Areas would actually have to be used, whose population is significantly lower (in the case of Los Angeles, for example, 12 instead of 18 million ).
Another problem is the national delimitation of agglomerations. In the above list, for example, the Aachen agglomeration is only described using the German side of the urban area, although cities such as Heerlen or Kerkrade in the Netherlands are also included in this area.
See also
- List of names for large cities
- Agglomeration area
- urbanization
- List of countries by urbanization
- Plusregio in the Netherlands
- Banlieue
literature
- United Nations (Ed.): Principles and recommendations for population and housing censuses , 1998.
- Stephan Burgdorff, Hauke Janssen: Yearbook 2003 - The world in numbers, data analyzes. Spiegel-Buchverlag, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, p. 490 f.
- Häußermann, Hartmut : Big city: sociological keywords. Leske + Budrich Verlag, Opladen 1998, ISBN 3-8100-2126-1 .
- Antonia Milbert: City- Surroundings Definitions in Spatial Observation . In: Urban research and statistics: Journal of the Association of German Urban Statisticians. 33 (1), 2020, pp. 2-11 ( [2] ).
Web links
- Germany: Urban populations on citypopulation.de
- The largest agglomerations in the world on citypopulation.de
Individual evidence
- ↑ Directive 2008/50 / EC (PDF)
- ↑ What is a city? - Spatial units. Retrieved January 18, 2016 .
- ↑ → Source data for figures and maps (MS Excel) = Eurostat Regional Yearbook 2017: Chapter 13 - Focus on cities , Figure 1: Twenty cities in the EU with the largest number of inhabitants, 2015
- ↑ Eurostat - Urban Audit. Retrieved October 2, 2019 .
- ^ Lawsuits against the State of Hesse due to changes to the clean air plan at the Wiesbaden Administrative Court on October 10, 2011.
- ↑ cf. Christoph Keese: Silicon Valley (2014), p. 288.
- ↑ Rico Wittwer: Spatial structural influences on traffic behavior - usability of the results of large-scale and local household surveys for macroscopic traffic planning models (PDF) tu-dresden.de. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
- ↑ Ongoing city observation - spatial delimitation . bbsr.bund.de. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved on August 12, 2012.
- ↑ BIK regions and areas of integration . BIK Aschpurwis + Behrens GmbH, Hamburg. Retrieved August 12, 2012.
- ^ Boustedt, Olaf (1953): The city region. A contribution to the delimitation of urban agglomerations. General Statistical Archive 37, 13–26.
- ↑ Spatial structure on bfs.admin.ch
- ↑ Evaluations by agglomerations on bfs.admin.ch
- ↑ Major regions and definition of agglomerations 2012 on analysis regions bfs.admin.ch
- ↑ The 49 agglomerations and 28 cores outside of agglomerations in Switzerland on December 18, 2014 (by municipalities) on bfs.admin.ch
- ↑ Source: http://www.citypopulation.de/Deutschland-Agglo_d.html
- ↑ Stadtregionen ( Memento of May 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), statistik.at → Classifications ; Urban regions 2001 ( Memento of November 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF)
- ↑ Stadtregionen ( Memento of May 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), statistik.at → Classifications ; Urban regions delimitation 2001 - allocation of the municipalities as of January 1, 2012 ( Memento from June 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF)
- ↑ http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=de
- ↑ Schwick, Jaeger, Bertiller, Kienast: Urban Sprawl - Unstoppable? Quantitative analysis 1935 to 2002 and conclusions for spatial planning . Bristol Foundation, Zurich 2010.
- ↑ Agglomerations ( Memento of May 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) , Federal Statistical Office, at bfs.admin.ch
- ↑ Thomas Brinkhoff: Major Agglomerations of the World, ( [1] )
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