1939: Difference between revisions

1939 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1939; MCMXXXIX
Ab urbe condita	2692
Armenian calendar	1388; ԹՎ ՌՅՁԸ
Assyrian calendar	6689
Baháʼí calendar	95–96
Balinese saka calendar	1860–1861
Bengali calendar	1346
Berber calendar	2889
British Regnal year	3 Geo. 6 – 4 Geo. 6
Buddhist calendar	2483
Burmese calendar	1301
Byzantine calendar	7447–7448
Chinese calendar	戊寅年 (Earth Tiger); 4636 or 4429; — to —; 己卯年 (Earth Rabbit); 4637 or 4430
Coptic calendar	1655–1656
Discordian calendar	3105
Ethiopian calendar	1931–1932
Hebrew calendar	5699–5700
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1995–1996
- Shaka Samvat	1860–1861
- Kali Yuga	5039–5040
Holocene calendar	11939
Igbo calendar	939–940
Iranian calendar	1317–1318
Islamic calendar	1357–1358
Japanese calendar	Shōwa 14; (昭和１４年)
Javanese calendar	1869–1870
Juche calendar	28
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4272
Minguo calendar	ROC 28; 民國28年
Nanakshahi calendar	471
Thai solar calendar	2481–2482
Tibetan calendar	阳土虎年; (male Earth-Tiger); 2065 or 1684 or 912; — to —; 阴土兔年; (female Earth-Rabbit); 2066 or 1685 or 913

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	19th century; 20th century ; 21st century;
Decades:	1910s; 1920s; 1930s ; 1940s; 1950s;
Years:	1936; 1937; 1938; 1939 ; 1940; 1941; 1942;

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Revision as of 23:20, 15 May 2024

1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1939th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 939th year of the 2nd millennium, the 39th year of the 20th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1930s decade.

This year also marks the start of the Second World War, the largest and deadliest conflict in human history.

Events

Events related to World War II have a "WWII" prefix.

January

January 1
- Coming into effect in Nazi Germany of:
  - The Protection of Young Persons Act, passed on April 30, 1938, the Working Hours Regulations.^[1]
  - The small businesses obligation to maintain adequate accounting.^[1]
  - The Jews name change decree.^[1]
- With his traditional call to the New Year in Nazi Germany, Führer and Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler addresses the members of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP).^[1]
- The Hewlett-Packard technology and scientific instruments manufacturing company is founded by Bill Hewlett and David Packard, in a garage in Palo Alto, California, considered the birthplace of Silicon Valley.^[1]
- Philipp Etter takes over as President of the Swiss Confederation.^[1]
- The Third Soviet Five Year Plan is launched.^[2]
January 5 – Pioneering U.S. aviator Amelia Earhart is officially declared dead, eighteen months after her disappearance.^[3]
January 6 – Otto Hahn's discoveries in the field of nuclear fission are published in Naturwissenschaften.^[4]
January 7 – French physicist Marguerite Perey identifies francium, the last chemical element first discovered in nature.^[5]
January 14 – Norway claims Queen Maud Land in Antarctica.^[6]
January 23 – "Dutch War Scare": Admiral Wilhelm Canaris of the Abwehr leaks misinformation to the effect that Germany plans to invade the Netherlands in February, with the aim of using Dutch air-fields to launch a strategic bombing offensive against Britain. The "Dutch War Scare" leads to a major change in British policies towards Europe.^[7]
January 24 – 1939 Chillán earthquake: An earthquake in Chile kills an estimated 30,000 people and razes about 50,000 sq mi (130,000 km²) of land.^[8]
January 25 – Refik Saydam forms the new (11th) government of Turkey.
January 26
- Spanish Civil War: Spanish Nationalist troops, aided by Italy, take Barcelona.
- In Paris, French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet, in response to rumours (which are true) that he is seeking to end the French alliance system in Eastern Europe, gives a speech highlighting his government's commitment to the cordon sanitaire.
January 27 – Adolf Hitler orders Plan Z, a 5-year naval expansion programme intended to provide for a huge German fleet capable of crushing the British Royal Navy by 1944. The Kriegsmarine is given the first priority on the allotment of German economic resources.^[9]
January 30 – Hitler gives a speech before the Reichstag calling for an "export battle" to increase German foreign exchange holdings. The same speech also sees "Hitler's prophecy", where he warns that if "Jewish financiers" start a war against Germany, "the result will be the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe".^[10]

February

February 6
- British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain states in the House of Commons that any German attack on France will be automatically considered an attack on Britain.
- In a response to Georges Bonnet's speech of January 26, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, referring to Bonnet's alleged statement of December 6, 1938, accepting Eastern Europe as being in Germany's exclusive sphere of influence, protests that all French security commitments in that region are "now off limits".
February 15 – John Ford's Western film Stagecoach starring John Wayne premieres in New York City and Los Angeles.
February 18 – The Golden Gate International Exposition opens in San Francisco.^[11]
February 27 – The United Kingdom and France recognize Franco's government in Spain.^[12]

March

March – The 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine ends.
March 1 – An Imperial Japanese Army ammunition dump explosion on the outskirts of Osaka kills 94.
March 2 – Pope Pius XII (Cardinal Pacelli) succeeds Pope Pius XI to become the 260th pope, holding office until 1958.
March 3 – In Durban, South Africa the Timeless Test begins between England and South Africa, the longest game of cricket ever played. It is abandoned 12 days later, when the English team has to catch their ship home.
March 13 – Adolf Hitler advises Jozef Tiso to declare Slovakia's independence, in order to prevent its partition by Hungary and Poland.
March 14 – The Slovak provincial assembly proclaims independence; priest Jozef Tiso becomes president of the independent Slovak government.
March 15 – German troops occupy the remaining part of Bohemia and Moravia; Czechoslovakia ceases to exist. The Ruthenian region of Czechoslovakia declares independence as Carpatho-Ukraine.
March 16
- Hungary invades Carpatho-Ukraine; final resistance ends on March 18.
- British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain gives a speech in Birmingham, stating that Britain will oppose any effort at world domination on the part of Germany.
- Princess Fawzia Fuad of Egypt marries Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran.
March 17 – The nationalist governments of Spain and Portugal sign the Iberian Pact in Lisbon, pledging mutual defence of the Iberian Peninsula and neutrality in the event of a general European war.
March 20
- 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania, requiring return of the Klaipėda Region (Memel Territory) to Germany.
- At an emergency meeting in London to deal with the Romanian crisis, French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet suggests to Lord Halifax that the ideal state for saving Romania from a German attack is Poland.
March 22 – Following the March 20 ultimatum, Nazi Germany is granted the Klaipėda Region (Memel Territory, Memelland) by Lithuania; on the following day German forces occupy the territory.
March 23 – The Slovak–Hungarian War begins.
March 24 – 1939 Liechtenstein putsch: members of the pro-Nazi German National Movement in Liechtenstein (VDBL) attempt to provoke the country's annexation into Germany.
March 26 – Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War launched by the Nationalists.
March 27 – The University of Oregon defeats Ohio State University 46–33 in Evanston, Illinois, to win the championship of the first NCAA men's basketball tournament.
March 28
- General Francisco Franco assumes power in Madrid, remaining in power until his death in 1975.
- American adventurer Richard Halliburton delivers a last message from a Chinese junk, before he disappears on a voyage across the Pacific Ocean. In 1945, some wreckage identified as a rudder, and believed to belong to the junk, washes ashore in San Diego, California.
March 31 – Neville Chamberlain gives a speech in the House of Commons, offering the British "guarantee" of the independence of Poland.

April

April 1 – The Spanish Civil War comes to an end when the last of the Republican forces surrender.
April 3
- Adolf Hitler orders the German military to start planning for Fall Weiß, the codename for the invasion of Poland.
- Refik Saydam forms the new government in Turkey (12th government; Refik Saydam has served twice as a prime minister).
April 4
- The Slovak–Hungarian War ends, with Slovakia ceding eastern territories to Hungary.
- Polish Foreign Minister Colonel Józef Beck, in London, signs a treaty designed to bilateralize Neville Chamberlain's "Polish Guarantee" of March 31.
- Faisal II becomes King of Iraq aged three, following the death of his father, Ghazi, in an automobile incident.^[13]
April 7
- Italian invasion of Albania begins; King Zog flees into exile, initially in Greece, with his wife and Crown Prince Skander (born April 5).
- Joseph Lyons, 10th Prime Minister of Australia, dies in office from a heart attack at the age of 59. He is briefly replaced by his deputy Earle Page, who serves as the 11th Prime Minister, until a UAP leadership election is held to replace Lyons.
April 9 – African-American singer Marian Anderson performs before 75,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., after having been denied the use both of Constitution Hall by the Daughters of the American Revolution, and of a public high school by the federally controlled District of Columbia. First Lady of the United States Eleanor Roosevelt resigns from the DAR because of their decision.
April 11 – Hungary leaves the League of Nations.
April 14 – At a meeting in Paris, French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet meets with Soviet Ambassador Jakob Suritz, and suggests that a "peace front" comprising France, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, Poland and Romania would deter Germany from war.
April 18
- The Soviet Union proposes a "peace front" to resist aggression.
- Robert Menzies is elected leader of the United Australia Party, and consequently becomes the 12th Prime Minister of Australia, defeating former Prime Minister Billy Hughes. However, he will not be sworn in until April 26, due to Earle Page and his Country Party refusing to serve under him.
April 25 – The Federal Security Agency (FSA) is founded in the United States, along with the Civilian Conservation Corps and Public Health Service.
April 28 – In a speech before the Reichstag, Adolf Hitler renounces the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish declaration of non-aggression.
April 30 – The 1939 New York World's Fair opens.

May

May 1 – Batman, the fictional character created by Bill Finger and Bob Kane, makes his first appearance in Detective Comics #27.
May 3
- Vyacheslav Molotov succeeds Maxim Litvinov, as Soviet Foreign Commissar.
- The All India Forward Bloc is formed by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.
May 6 – German anti-Nazi Carl Friedrich Goerdeler tells the British government that the German and Soviet governments are secretly beginning a rapprochement, with the aim of dividing Eastern Europe between them. Goerdeler also informs the British of German economic problems which he states threaten the survival of the Nazi regime, and advises that if a firm stand is made for Poland, then Hitler will be deterred from war.
May 9 – Spain leaves the League of Nations.
May 14 – Lina Medina, a 5-year-old Peruvian girl, gives birth to a baby boy, becoming the youngest confirmed mother in medical history.
May 17
- King George VI and Queen Elizabeth arrive in Quebec City, to begin the first-ever tour of Canada by Canada's monarch.
- The British government issues the White Paper of 1939, sharply restricting Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine.
- Sweden, Norway, and Finland refuse Germany's offer of non-aggression pacts.
May 18 – The Hòa Hảo religious sect is established in Vietnam, by Huỳnh Phú Sổ.
May 20 – Pan American Airways begins transatlantic mail service with the inaugural flight of its Boeing 314 flying boat Yankee Clipper from Port Washington, New York, to Marseille.^[14]
May 22 – Germany and Italy sign the Pact of Steel.^[15]
May 24 – The first issue of Fashizmi is published in Tirana, Albania.
May 29 – Albanian fascist leader Tefik Mborja is appointed as member of the Italian Chamber of Fasces and Corporations.

June

June 3 – The Soviet government offers its definition of what constitutes "aggression", upon which the projected Anglo-Soviet-French alliance will come into effect. French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet accepts the Soviet definition of aggression at once. The British reject the Soviet definition, especially the concept of "indirect aggression", which they feel is too loose a definition, and phrased in such a manner as to imply the Soviet right of inference in the internal affairs of Eastern European nations.
June 4 – The St. Louis, a ship carrying a cargo of 907 Jewish refugees, is denied permission to land in Florida, after already having been turned away from Cuba. Forced to return to Europe, many of its passengers later die in Nazi death camps during The Holocaust.
June 14 – Tientsin Incident: The Japanese blockade the British concession in Tianjin, China, beginning a crisis which almost causes an Anglo-Japanese war in the summer of 1939.
June 17 – In the last public guillotining in France, murderer Eugen Weidmann is executed.
June 23 – Talks are completed in Ankara between French Ambassador René Massigli and Turkish Foreign Minister Şükrü Saracoğlu, resolving the Hatay dispute in Turkey's favor. Turkey annexes Hatay.
June 24 – The government of Siam changes the country's name to Thailand, which means 'Free Land'.^[16]
June 29 – The Ford 9N tractor, with the Ferguson hydraulic three-point hitch, is first demonstrated at Dearborn, Michigan.^[17]

July

July 4 – The Neuengamme concentration camp becomes autonomous.
July 6 – The last remaining Jewish enterprises in Germany are closed by the Nazis.
July 8 – The Pan American Airways Boeing 314 flying boat Yankee Clipper inaugurates the world's first heavier-than-air North Atlantic air passenger service, between the United States (Port Washington, New York) and Britain.
July 23 – Mahatma Gandhi writes a personal letter to Adolf Hitler from India, addressing him as "My friend", requesting him to prevent any possible war.
July 27 – The first recorded snow falls in Auckland, New Zealand, since records began in 1853.

August

August 2 – The Einstein–Szilard letter is signed by Albert Einstein, advising President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt of the potential use of uranium to construct an atomic bomb. It is delivered on October 11 and leads to the first meeting on October 21 of the Advisory Committee on Uranium.^[18]
August 4 – Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain dismisses the Parliament of the United Kingdom until October 3.
August 15 – The musical film The Wizard of Oz starring Judy Garland premieres at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles.
August 19 – Adolf Hitler, after evaluating the pace of non-aggression negotiations with the Soviet Union, orders the Kriegsmarine to begin the opening operations for Fall Weiß, the invasion of Poland. The German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee, along with the German pocket battleship Deutschland, as well as dozens of U-boats, cast off for their advance positions. Hitler spends the next few days worrying that the Russians will not come to terms in time for the rest of the invasion plans to unfold as scheduled.^[19]
August 20 – Armored forces under the command of Soviet General Georgy Zhukov deliver a decisive defeat to Imperial Japanese Army forces in the Japanese-Soviet border war in Inner Mongolia.
August 23 – The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact is signed between Germany and the Soviet Union, a neutrality treaty that also agrees to division of spheres of influence (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, eastern Poland and Bessarabia (modern-day Moldova), north-east province of Romania to the Soviet Union; Lithuania and western Poland to Germany). Its annex reassigns Lithuania to the Soviet Union.
August 24 – As details of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact become public, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain recalls the Parliament of the United Kingdom several weeks early. In a burst of legislation, the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939 gives full authority to defence regulations, the British Royal Navy is to be put on a war footing, all military leave is to be cancelled, military reserve forces are to be called up, especially coast defence, radar and anti-aircraft units, and Civil Defence workers are placed on alert. In addition, the last British and French private citizens in Germany are advised to return home by their respective Governments.
August 25
- The German Foreign Ministry cuts off all telegraph and telephone communication with the outside world, in accordance with the plan for Fall Weiß. At approximately 1830 Central European time, Adolf Hitler postpones Fall Weiß for 5 days, after receiving a message from Benito Mussolini that he will not honor the Pact of Steel if Germany attacks Poland, and because Chamberlain's government has not fallen as a result of the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact. Some units already in their forward positions (the attack is scheduled for 0430 the next day) do not get the word in time and attack various targets along the border. This same day, Neville Chamberlain gives Edward Rydz-Śmigły his "ironclad guarantee" of assistance if Poland is attacked by Germany.
- 1939 Coventry bombing: An Irish Republican Army bomb explodes in the centre of Coventry, England, killing 5 people.
August 26
- The first televised Major League Baseball games are shown on experimental station W2XBS in the United States: a double-header between the Cincinnati Reds and the Brooklyn Dodgers at Ebbets Field.
- The Kriegsmarine orders all German-flagged merchant ships to head to German ports immediately, in anticipation of the invasion of Poland.
August 27 – A Heinkel He 178, the first turbojet-powered aircraft, flies for the first time, with Captain Erich Warsitz in command.
August 28 – French ocean liner SS Normandie heads into New York Harbor, where she will be interned on September 3, and cut up for scrap, beginning in 1946.
August 30 – Poland begins a mobilization against Nazi Germany.
August 31 – Operation Himmler: Nazi German troops posing as Poles stage a series of false flag operations on the border (including the Gleiwitz incident), giving a pretext for the invasion of Poland.

September

September 1 – Beginning of WWII:
- Opening shots of World War II and invasion of Poland: At 4:45 Central European Time, under cover of darkness, the German WWI-era battleship Schleswig-Holstein quietly slips her moorings at her wharf in Danzig Harbor, drifts into the center of the channel, and commences firing on a Polish military installation on Westerplatte at the northeastern mouth of the port of the internationalized Free City of Danzig, beginning the Battle of Westerplatte and Battle of Danzig Bay. Polish soldiers defended there for 7 days. Five minutes previously, the bombing of Wieluń in the western part of Poland had commenced, beginning the Battle of the Border. Shock-troops of the German Wehrmacht begin crossing the border into Poland.
- The Reichstag passes a statement, stating that Adolf Hitler's second-in-command Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring should be appointed as Hitler's successor as Führer, should Hitler die during the war. Rudolf Hess is to be appointed in Göring's place, should anything befall Göring.
- Britain and France deliver ultimatums to Germany. Norway, Finland, Sweden and Switzerland declare their neutrality. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt states that "every effort" would be made by his administration to stay out of the war.^[20] Italy is advised that Germany does not expect to need its military support at present.^[19]
September 2 – WWII:
- Following the invasion of Poland, the Free City of Danzig (modern-day Gdańsk, Poland) is annexed to Nazi Germany.
- Spain and Ireland declare their neutrality.
September 3 – WWII:
- The United Kingdom, France, New Zealand, Australia and India (by its Viceroy) declare war on Nazi Germany. Prime Minister of Canada Mackenzie King, in English, and Justice Minister Ernest Lapointe, in French, give an international radio address stating the Dominion's intention to declare war also.^[21]^[22]
- United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt advocates neutrality, in a nationwide radio address.
- Ocean liner SS Athenia becomes the first British civilian casualty of the war, when she is torpedoed and sunk by German submarine U-30 in the eastern Atlantic. Of the 1,418 aboard, 98 passengers and 19 crew are killed.
- Chamberlain offers the war cabinet post of First Lord of the Admiralty to Winston Churchill, who returns to government for the first time since June 4, 1929.^[23]
September 4 – WWII:
- The first bombing of Wilhelmshaven in World War II is carried out, by the British Royal Air Force(RAF).
- The Defense of Katowice by irregular Polish militia fails and the city is secured by German Wehrmacht forces who carry out the Katowice massacre.
- Nepal declares war on Germany.
September 5 – WWII: The United States declares its neutrality in the war.^[24]
September 6 – WWII: South Africa declares war on Germany.^[25]
September 8
- WWII: Forward elements of General Hoeppner's XVI Panzerkorps take up positions outside Warsaw. The world is stunned by the rapidity of the German advance, and the Polish High Command is effectively isolated, but lack of infantry support and effective civilian resistance cause Hoeppner to halt outside the city itself.
- WWII: Battle of Westerplatte ends when Polish troops on the Westerplatte are forced by lack of food and ammunition to surrender. The garrison of about two hundred had held out against thousands of German forces (many of them naval officer cadets from the Schleswig-Holstein) for seven days.^[26]
- The Little Sisters of Jesus is founded in Algeria, by Little Sister Magdeleine.

September 9 – WWII: Troops of the Polish Poznań Army under the command of General Kutrzeba open the Battle of the Bzura, the largest and best organized counter-attack mounted by the Polish forces in the campaign of 1939. For the first few days all goes well, and the Germans are forced to retreat; but quick reaction by mechanized units and the Luftwaffe soon take their toll, and the operation bogs down.
September 10 – WWII: Canada declares war on Germany, the only declaration of war by Canada.
September 13–14 – WWII: Zambrów massacre – German Wehrmacht soldiers shoot more than 200 Polish prisoners of war.
September 15 – WWII: Diverse elements of the German Wehrmacht surround Warsaw, and demand its surrender. The Poles refuse, and the siege begins in earnest.
September 16 – A ceasefire ends the Battles of Khalkhin Gol, the undeclared border war between the Soviet Union (and Mongolian allies) and Japan.
September 17 – WWII:
- The Soviet Union invades Poland, and then occupies eastern Polish territories.
- Royal Navy aircraft carrier HMS Courageous is torpedoed and sunk by German submarine U-29 in the Western Approaches with the loss of 519 crew (the first British warship loss of the war).
September 18 – WWII: Orzeł incident: Polish submarine ORP Orzeł escapes internment from Tallinn Harbour, Estonia, leading both the Soviet Union and Germany to question Estonia's neutrality.
September 19 – WWII: The Poznan pocket collapses, and the Germans capture, according to many sources, over 150,000 men. Many elements of General Tadeusz Kutrzeba's forces work their way into Warsaw, under extreme difficulty.
September 21
- Reinhard Heydrich, chief of the Security Police, sends a directive, the Schnellbrief, explaining that Jews living in towns and villages in the Polish occupation zones are to be transferred to ghettos, and Jewish councils, Judenräte, will be established to carry out the German authorities' orders.^[27]
- Assassination of Armand Călinescu: Prime Minister of Romania Armand Călinescu is shot in Bucharest by members of the fascist Iron Guard.
- WJSV broadcast day: Radio station WJSV in Washington, D.C. records an entire broadcast day for preservation in the United States National Archives.
September 22 – WWII: A joint victory parade is staged by the Wehrmacht and Red Army in Brest-Litovsk, at the end of the Invasion of Poland.
September 24 – WWII: The Soviet Union issues an ultimatum to Estonia to allow Soviet military bases on its territory, which Estonia accepts on September 28. Similar ultimatums are issued to Latvia on October 5 and to Lithuania on October 10, who are forced to accept them as well.
September 28 – WWII:
- Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union agree on a division of Poland, after their invasion.
- Warsaw surrenders to Germany; Modlin surrenders a day later; the last Polish large operational unit surrenders near Kock 8 days later.
September 30 – General Władysław Sikorski becomes Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile.

October

October 6 – WWII: The Battle of Kock ends the Polish Campaign. Polish resistance moves underground.^[28]
October 7 – WWII: British Royal Navy cruiser HMS Emerald departs Plymouth in convoy for Halifax, Nova Scotia, carrying £2M in gold bar to be used for purchase of military materiel in North America, a predecessor of Operation Fish.^[29]
October 8
- WWII: Germany annexes Western Poland.
- The Holocaust: Piotrków Trybunalski Ghetto, the first Jewish ghetto in Nazi-occupied Europe, is proclaimed in German-occupied Poland.
October 14 – German submarine U-47 sinks the British battleship HMS Royal Oak at anchor in Scapa Flow (Scotland), with the loss of 833 crew.

November

November – Lebensborn: Policy of kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany initiated in occupied Poland.
November 1–2 – WWII: Physicist Hans Ferdinand Mayer writes the Oslo Report on German weapons systems, and passes it to the British Secret Intelligence Service.
November 4 – WWII: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the United States Customs Service to implement the Neutrality Act of 1939, allowing cash-and-carry purchases of weapons to non-belligerent nations.
November 4 – Stewart Menzies is appointed head of the British Secret Intelligence Service.
November 6
- Hedda Hopper's Hollywood debuts on radio in the United States with gossip columnist Hedda Hopper as host (the show runs until 1951, making Hopper a powerful figure among the Hollywood elite).
- WWII: Sonderaktion Krakau – Germans take action against scientists from the University of Kraków, and other Kraków universities.
November 8
- WWII: In Munich, an attempt to kill Adolf Hitler is made by Georg Elser while Hitler is celebrating the 16th anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch.
- CBS television station W2XAB resumes test transmission, with an all-electronic system broadcast from the top of the Chrysler Building in New York City.^[30]
November 9 – WWII: Venlo Incident: Two British agents of SIS are captured by the Germans.
November 14 – In Washington, D.C., U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt lays the cornerstone of the Jefferson Memorial.
November 16 – Al Capone is released from Terminal Island, due to deteriorating health caused by syphilis.
November 17 – WWII: To punish protests against the Nazi occupation of the Czech homeland, the Nazis storm the University of Prague and murder 9 Czech graduate students, send over 1,200 to concentration camps, and close all Czech universities, an event which will be commemorated as International Students' Day.
November 23 – WWII: British armed merchantman HMS Rawalpindi is sunk in the GIUK gap, in an action against the German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau.
November 26 – Shelling of Mainila: The Soviet Union's Red Army shells the Russian village of Mainila, then claims that the fire originated from Finland, giving a casus belli for the Winter War.
November 30 – WWII: Winter War – Soviet forces attack Finland and reach the Mannerheim Line, starting the war. Sweden declares itself a non-belligerent in the Winter War.

December

December 1 – The Soviet Union establishes the Finnish Democratic Republic puppet state in Terijoki.^[31]
December 4 – WWII:
- British battleship HMS Nelson strikes a mine (laid by U-31) off the coast of Scotland, and is laid up for repairs until August 1940.
- German submarine U-36 is torpedoed and sunk by British submarine HMS Salmon off Stavanger, the first enemy submarine lost to a British one during the war.
December 9 – WWII: The first soldier of the British Expeditionary Force is killed: Corporal Thomas Priday triggers a French land mine.
December 12 – WWII: HMS Duchess sinks after a collision with HMS Barham off the coast of Scotland, with the loss of 124 men.
December 13 – WWII – Battle of the River Plate: The German heavy cruiser Admiral Graf Spee is trapped by cruisers HMS Ajax, HMNZS Achilles, and HMS Exeter after a running battle off the coast of Uruguay. Graf Spee is scuttled by its crew off Montevideo Harbor, on December 17.
December 14 – WWII: Winter War – The League of Nations expels the USSR for attacking Finland.
December 15 – The epic historical romance film Gone with the Wind, starring Vivien Leigh, Clark Gable, Olivia de Havilland and Leslie Howard, premieres at Loew's Grand Theatre in Atlanta. Based on Margaret Mitchell's best-selling novel of 1936, it is the longest American film made up to this date (at nearly four hours) and rapidly becomes the highest-grossing film up to this time.
December 18 – WWII: Battle of the Heligoland Bight – RAF Bomber Command, on a daylight mission to attack Kriegsmarine ships in the Heligoland Bight, is repulsed by Luftwaffe fighter aircraft.
December 26 – Miners strike in Borinage, Belgium.
December 27 – The 7.8 M_w  Erzincan earthquake shakes eastern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XII (Extreme), causing $20 million in damage, and leaving 32,700–32,968 dead.

Date unknown

Kirlian photography is invented by Semyon Kirlian.^[32]
Enzo Ferrari founds Auto Avio Construzioni, the company that becomes Ferrari in 1947.
Greggs is founded by John Gregg (baker) in Tyneside, UK.^[33]

Births

Births
January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December

January–February

January 1 – Ali Mahdi Muhammad, Somali entrepreneur, politician and 4th President of Somalia (d. 2021)
January 3
- Arik Einstein, Israeli singer (d. 2013)^[34]
- Bobby Hull, Canadian ice hockey player^[35] (d. 2023)
- Vincent Siew, Taiwanese politician, 9th Vice President of the Republic of China^[36]
January 6
- Valeriy Lobanovskyi, Ukrainian footballer, manager (d. 2002)^[37]
- Murray Rose, Australian swimmer (d. 2012)^[38]
January 9 – Susannah York, British actress (d. 2011)^[39]
January 10
- Sal Mineo, American actor (d. 1976)^[40]
- Bill Toomey, American athlete^[41]
January 11 – Anne Heggtveit, Canadian skier^[42]
January 12 – Joachim Yhombi-Opango, Congolese politician (d. 2020)^[43]
January 17 – Maury Povich, American talk show host^[44]
January 19 – Phil Everly, American rock 'n' roll musician, member of Rockabilly Hall of Fame (d. 2014)^[45]
January 20 – Chandra Wickramasinghe, British astronomer and poet^[46]
January 22
- Sonny Chiba, Japanese actor and martial artist (d. 2021)^[47]
- Alfredo Palacio, 42nd President of Ecuador^[48]
January 24 – Ray Stevens, American musician ("Everything is Beautiful")
January 29 – Germaine Greer, Australian feminist writer^[49]
January 31 – Jerry Brudos, American serial killer and rapist (d. 2006)^[50]
February 1 – Ekaterina Maximova, Russian ballerina (d. 2009)^[51]
February 3
- Michael Cimino, American film director (d. 2016)^[52]
- Robert Charles Sproul, American Reformed theologian, author, and pastor, founder of Ligonier Ministries (d. 2017)^[53]
February 7 – Francisco Mendes, Guinea-Bissau politician, 1st Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (d. 1978)^{[citation needed]}
February 8 – Egon Zimmermann, Austrian Olympic alpine skier (d. 2019)^[54]
February 10
- Adrienne Clarkson, 26th Governor General of Canada^[55]
- Tsuyoshi Yamanaka, Japanese freestyle swimmer (d. 2017)^[56]
February 12 – Ray Manzarek, American keyboardist (The Doors) (d. 2013)^[57]
February 13 – Andrew Peacock, Australian politician (d. 2021)^[58]
February 18 – Abdelraouf Al-Rawabdeh, Jordanian political figure, 65th Prime Minister of Jordan
February 19 – Erin Pizzey, British author, founder of the first domestic violence shelter in the modern world^[59]
February 28 – Daniel C. Tsui, Chinese-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate^[60]

March–April

March 1 – Tzvetan Todorov, Bulgarian-French historian, philosopher, structuralist literary critic, sociologist and essayist (d. 2017)
March 2 – Takako, Princess Suga^[61]
March 5
- Samantha Eggar, English actress^[62]
- Chögyam Trungpa, Buddhist meditation master (d. 1987)
March 8 – Lidiya Skoblikova, Russian speed-skater^[63]
March 10 – Lee Soo-sung, 27th Prime Minister of South Korea^[64]
March 13 – Neil Sedaka, American singer-songwriter^[65]
March 14 – Glauber Rocha, Brazilian film director, actor and screenwriter (d. 1981)^[66]
March 17 – Giovanni Trapattoni, Italian footballer and manager^[67]
March 20 – Brian Mulroney, 18th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2024)^[68]
March 25 – D. C. Fontana, American television writer (d. 2019)^[69]
March 29 – Terence Hill, Italian actor^[70]
March 31
- Zviad Gamsakhurdia, President of Georgia (d. 1993)^[71]
- Volker Schlöndorff, German film director^[72]
- Karl-Heinz Schnellinger, German footballer^[73]
April 1 – Ali MacGraw, American actress
April 2 – Marvin Gaye, American singer (d. 1984)
April 4
- Alex George, Australian botanist
- Hugh Masekela, South African trumpeter, flugelhornist, cornetist, composer and singer (d. 2018)
- Ernie Terrell, African-American professional boxer (d. 2014)
April 7
- Sir David Frost, English television personality (d. 2013)
- Francis Ford Coppola, American film director
April 9 – Michael Learned, American actress
April 10 – Claudio Magris, Italian author
April 12 – Alan Ayckbourn, English dramatist
April 13 – Seamus Heaney, Irish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)^[74]
April 15 – Jaime Paz Zamora , 60th President of Bolivia
April 16 – Dusty Springfield, English pop singer (d. 1999)
April 19 – Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran
April 20 – Gro Harlem Brundtland, Norwegian politician, 1st female Prime Minister^[75]
April 23 – Lee Majors, American actor
April 27 – João Bernardo Vieira, President of Guinea-Bissau (d. 2009)

May–June

May 1 – Judy Collins, American singer-songwriter
May 2
- Sumio Iijima, Japanese physicist and inventor^[76]
- Taomati Iuta, Vice President of Kiribati (1991–94) (d. 2016)
May 4 – Amos Oz, Israeli author and journalist (d. 2018)^[77]
May 7
- José Antonio Abreu, Venezuelan orchestral conductor, music educator (d. 2018)
- Sidney Altman, Canadian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2022)
- Ruud Lubbers, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1982–94) (d. 2018)^[78]
May 9 – Ralph Boston, American athlete^[79] (d. 2023)
May 13 – Harvey Keitel, American actor
May 13 - Brian J Ford, British professor of biology, writer, broadcaster and international lecturer.
May 15 – Barbara Hammer, American filmmaker (d. 2019)
May 18 – Peter Grünberg, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018)^[80]
May 19
- Livio Berruti, Italian sprinter^[81]
- James Fox, English actor
- Nancy Kwan, American actress
- Dick Scobee, American astronaut (d. 1986)
May 20 – Roman Kartsev, Russian actor (d. 2018)
May 21 – Heinz Holliger, Swiss oboist, composer
May 22 – Paul Winfield, African-American actor (d. 2004)
May 25
- Dixie Carter, American actress (d. 2010)^[82]
- Sir Ian McKellen, English actor^[83]
May 27 – Don Williams, American musician (d. 2017)^[84]
May 29 – Maeve Binchy, Irish author (d. 2012)^[85]
May 30 – Michael J. Pollard, American actor (d. 2019)^[86]
June 1 – Cleavon Little, African-American actor (d. 1992)
June 4 – Ottavio Cogliati, Italian cyclist (d. 2008)
June 5
- Joe Clark, 16th Prime Minister of Canada^[87]
- Margaret Drabble, English novelist^[88]
June 6 – Louis Andriessen, Dutch composer (d. 2021)^[89]
June 9 – Ileana Cotrubaș, Romanian soprano
June 11 – Jackie Stewart, Scottish motor racing driver
June 16 – Billy "Crash" Craddock, American country and rockabilly singer
June 21 – Charles Jencks, American cultural theorist (d. 2019)
June 22 – Ada Yonath, Israeli crystallographer
June 24 – Judy Olson Duhamel, American politician and educator^[90]
June 26 – Osvaldo Hurtado, 34th President of Ecuador
June 29 – Sante Gaiardoni, Italian cyclist
June 30 – Renzo Rovatti, Italian footballer