List of Heads of State 1989
Overview
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Africa
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Egypt
- Head of State: President Husni Mubarak (1981–2011) (1981–1982 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Atif Muhammad Nagib Sidqi (1986–1996)
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Algeria
- Head of State: President Chadli Bendjedid (1979–1992)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Kasdi Merbah (1988–9 September 1989)
- Prime Minister Mouloud Hamrouche (September 9, 1989–1991)
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Angola
- Head of State and Government: President José Eduardo dos Santos (1979–2017)
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Equatorial Guinea
- Head of State: President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (since 1979) (until 1982 Chairman of the Supreme Military Council)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Cristino Seriche Malabo Bioko (1982–1992)
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Ethiopia
- Head of State: President Mengistu Haile Mariam ( 1974 , 1977–1991) (until 1987 Chairman of the Provisional Military Administrative Council)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Fikre Selassie Wogderess (1987–8 November 1989)
- Prime Minister Hailu Yimenu (November 8, 1989–1991) (acting)
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Benin
- Head of State and Government: President Mathieu Kérékou (1972–1991, 1996–2006 )
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Botswana
- Head of State or Government: President Quett Masire (1980–1998)
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Burkina Faso
- Head of State or Government: President Blaise Compaoré (1987-2014)
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Burundi
- Head of State: President Pierre Buyoya (1987–1993, 1996–2003 )
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Adrien Sibomana (1988–1993)
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Djibouti
- Head of State: President Hassan Gouled Aptidon (1977–1999) (1977 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Barkat Gourad Hamadou (1978-2001)
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Ivory Coast
- Head of State and Government: President Félix Houphouët-Boigny (1960–1993)
-
Gabon
- Head of State: President Omar Bongo (1967–2009)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Léon Mébiame (1975–1990)
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Gambia
- Head of State and Government: President Dawda Jawara (1970–1994) (Prime Minister 1965–1970)
-
Ghana
- Head of State and Government: Chairman of the Provisional National Defense Council Jerry Rawlings ( 1979 , 1981–2001) (from 1993 President)
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Guinea
- Head of State and Government: President Lansana Conté (1984–2008)
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Guinea-Bissau
- Head of State and Government: President João Bernardo Vieira ( 1980–1984 , 1984–1999, 2005–2009 ) (1978–1980 Prime Minister)
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Cape Verde
- Head of State: President Aristides Pereira (1975–1991)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Pedro Pires (1975–1991) (2001–2011 President)
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Kenya
- Head of State and Government: President Daniel Arap Moi (1978–2002)
-
Comoros
- Head of State and Government:
- President Ahmed Abdallah ( 1975 , 1978– November 27, 1989)
- President Said Mohamed Djohar (November 27, 1989–1995, 1996 ) (acting until March 20, 1990)
- Head of State and Government:
-
People's Republic of the Congo (1960–1970 Congo-Brazzaville ; from 1992 Republic of the Congo )
- Head of State: President Denis Sassou-Nguesso (1979–1992, since 1997)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Ange Édouard Poungui (1984–7 August 1989)
- Prime Minister Alphonse Poaty-Souchlaty (August 7, 1989–1990)
-
Lesotho
- Head of State: King Moshoeshoe II ( 1966–1970 , 1970–1990, 1995–1996 )
- Head of Government: Chairman of the Military Council Justin Metsing Lekhanya (1986–1991)
-
Liberia
- Head of State and Government: President Samuel K. Doe (1980–1990) (until 1984 Chairman of the People's Redemption Council)
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Libya
- Revolutionary leader: Muammar al-Gaddafi (1969–2011) (1969–1979 General Secretary of the General People's Congress)
- Head of State: General Secretary of the General People's Congress Miftah al-Usta Umar (1984–1990)
- Head of Government: General Secretary of the General People's Committee Umar Mustafa al-Muntasir (1987–1990)
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Madagascar
- Head of State: President Didier Ratsiraka (1975–1993, 1997–2002 )
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Victor Ramahatra (1988–1991)
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Malawi
- Head of State and Government: President Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1966–1994) (Prime Minister 1964–1966)
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Mali
- Head of State and Government: President Moussa Traoré (1968–1991)
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Morocco
- Head of State: King Hassan II (1961–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Azzedine Laraki (1986–1992)
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Mauritania
- Head of State: President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya (1984–2005) (1981–1984, Prime Minister 1984–1992)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya ( 1981–1984 , 1984–1992) (1984–2005 President)
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Mauritius
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (1968–1992)
- Governor General: Veerasamy Ringadoo (1986–1992) (1992 President)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth (1982–1995, 2000–2003, 2014–2017 ) (2003–2012 President)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (1968–1992)
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Mozambique
- Head of State: President Joaquim Alberto Chissano (1986-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mário Fernandes da Graça Machungo (1976–1994)
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Niger
- Head of State: President of the Supreme Military Council Ali Saibou (1987–1993) (President from 1989)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mamane Oumarou ( 1983 , 1988–20 December 1989)
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Nigeria
- Head of State and Government: President of the Governing Council of the Armed Forces Ibrahim Babangida (1985–1993)
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Rwanda
- Head of State and Government: President Juvénal Habyarimana (1973–1994)
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Zambia
- Head of State: President Kenneth Kaunda (1964–1991)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Kebby Musokotwane (1985–15 March 1989)
- Prime Minister Malimba Masheke (March 15, 1989–1991)
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Sao Tome and Principe
- Head of State: President Manuel Pinto da Costa (1975–1991, 2011–2016 )
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Celestino Rocha da Costa (1988–1991)
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Senegal
- Head of State and Government: President Abdou Diouf (1981–2000) (1970–1980 Prime Minister)
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Seychelles
- Head of State and Government: President France-Albert René (1977–2004) (1976–1977 Prime Minister)
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Sierra Leone
- Head of State or Government: President Joseph Saidu Momoh (1985–1992)
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Zimbabwe
- Head of State and Government: President Robert Mugabe (1987–2017) (1980–1987 Prime Minister)
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Somalia
- Head of State: President Siad Barre (1969–1991)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mohammed Ali Samatar (1987–1990)
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South Africa
- Head of State and Government:
- President Pieter Willem Botha (1984–15 August 1989) (1978–1984 Prime Minister)
- President Chris Heunis (January 19, 1989– March 15, 1989) ( Acting )
- President Frederik Willem de Klerk (August 15, 1989–1994) (provisional until September 14, 1989)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Sudan
- Head of State:
- Chairman of the Military Transitional Council Ahmad al-Mirghani (1986–30 June 1989)
- President of the Revolutionary Command Council for the Salvation of the Nation Umar al-Bashir (June 30, 1989–2019) (President from 1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi ( 1966–1967 , 1986–1989) (office abolished)
- Head of State:
-
Swaziland
- Head of State: King Mswati III. (since 1986)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Sotsha Dlamini (1986–12 July 1989)
- Prime Minister Obed Dlamini (July 12, 1989–1993) (provisional until July 18, 1989)
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Tanzania
- Head of State: President Ali Hassan Mwinyi (1985–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Joseph Sinde Warioba (1985–1990)
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Togo
- Head of State and Government: President Gnassingbé Eyadéma (1967–2005)
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Chad
- Head of State and Government: President Hissène Habré (1982–1990) (1978–1979 Prime Minister)
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Tunisia
- Head of State: President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali (1987–2011) (Prime Minister 1987)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Hédi Baccouche (1987-27 December 1989)
- Prime Minister Hamed Karoui (December 27, 1989–1999)
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Uganda
- Head of State: President Yoweri Museveni (since 1986)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Samson Kisekka (1986–1991)
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Western Sahara (controversial)
- Head of State: President Mohamed Abdelaziz (1976-2016) (in exile)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahfoud Ali Beiba ( 1982–1985 , 1988–1993, 1995–1999 ) (in exile)
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Zaïre (until 1964 Congo-Léopoldville , 1964–1971, since 1997 Democratic Republic of the Congo )
- Head of State: President Mobutu Sese Seko (1965–1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kengo Wa Dondo ( 1982–1986 , 1988–1990, 1994–1997 )
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Central African Republic
- Head of State and Government: President André Kolingba (1981–1993) (until 1985 Chairman of the Military Committee for National Reconstruction)
America
North America
-
Canada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
- Governor General : Jeanne Sauvé (1984–1990)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Brian Mulroney (1984–1993)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
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Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1988–1994)
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United States of America
- Head of State and Government:
- President Ronald Reagan (1981-20 January 1989)
- President George HW Bush (January 20, 1989–1993)
- Head of State and Government:
Central America
-
Antigua and Barbuda
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
- Governor General Wilfred E. Jacobs (1981–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Vere Cornwall Bird (1981–1994)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
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Bahamas
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1973)
- Governor General : Henry Milton Taylor (1988–1992)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lynden O. Pindling (1973–1992)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1973)
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Barbados
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1966)
- Governor General : Hugh Springer (1984–1990)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lloyd Erskine Sandiford (1987–1994)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1966)
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Belize
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
- Governor General : Minita Gordon (1981–1993)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Manuel Esquivel (1984–7 November 1989, 1993–1998 )
- Prime Minister George Cadle Price ( 1981–1984 , November 7, 1989–1993)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
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Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Óscar Arias Sánchez (1986–1990, 2006–2010 )
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Dominica
- Head of State: President Clarence A. Seignoret (1983–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Eugenia Charles (1980–1995)
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Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government: President Joaquín Balaguer ( 1960–1962, 1966–1978 , 1986–1996)
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El Salvador
- Head of State and Government:
- President José Napoleón Duarte (1984–1 June 1989)
- President Alfredo Cristiani Burkard (June 1, 1989–1994)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Grenada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
- Governor General : Paul Scoon (1978–1992)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Herbert Blaize (1984–20 December 1989)
- Prime Minister Ben Jones (December 20, 1989–1990)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
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Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo (1986–1991)
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Haiti
- Head of State: President Prosper Avril (1988–1990)
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Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President José Simón Azcona del Hoyo (1986–1990)
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Jamaica
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1962)
- Governor General : Florizel Glasspole (1973–1991)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Edward Seaga (1980-10 February 1989)
- Prime Minister Michael Manley ( 1972–1980 , February 10, 1989–1992)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1962)
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Cuba
- Head of State and Head of Government: President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers Fidel Castro (1976-2008) (1959-1976 Prime Minister)
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Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Daniel Ortega (1985–1990, since 2007 ) (1979–2005 member of the government junta for national reconstruction)
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Panama
- Head of State and Government:
- President Manuel Solís Palma (1988–1 September 1989) (acting)
- President Francisco Rodríguez (September 1, 1989– December 20, 1989) (acting)
- President Guillermo Endara Galimany (December 20, 1989–1994)
- Head of State and Government:
-
St. Kitts and Nevis
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1983)
- Governor General Clement Athelston Arrindell (1983–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kennedy Simmonds (1983–1995)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1983)
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St. Lucia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
- Governor General : Stanislaus A. James (1988–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister John Compton (1982–1996, 2006–2007 )
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
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St. Vincent and the Grenadines
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
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Governor General :
- Henry Harvey Williams (1988–20 September 1989) (acting)
- David Jack (September 20, 1989–1996)
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Governor General :
- Head of Government: Prime Minister James Fitz-Allen Mitchell (1984–2000)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
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Trinidad and Tobago
- Head of State: President Noor Hassanali (1987–1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Arthur NR Robinson (1986–1991)
South America
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Argentina
- Head of State and Government:
- President Raúl Alfonsín (1983–8 July 1989)
- President Carlos Menem (July 8, 1989–1999)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Bolivia
- Head of State and Government:
- President Víctor Paz Estenssoro ( 1952–1956, 1960–1964 , 1985– August 6, 1989)
- President Jaime Paz Zamora (Aug. 6, 1989–1993)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Brazil
- Head of State and Government: President José Sarney (1985–1990)
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Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Augusto Pinochet (1974–1990)
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Ecuador
- Head of State and Government: President Rodrigo Borja (1988–1992)
-
Guyana
- Head of State: President Hugh Desmond Hoyte (1985–1992) (1984–1985 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hamilton Green (1985–1992)
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Colombia
- Head of State and Government: President Virgilio Barco Vargas (1986–1990)
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Paraguay
- Head of State and Government:
- President Alfredo Stroessner (1954–3 February 1989)
- President Andrés Rodríguez (February 3, 1989–1993)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Peru
- Head of State: President Alan García (1985–1990, 2006–2011 )
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Armando Villanueva del Campo (1988–15 May 1989)
- Prime Minister Luis Alberto Sánchez (May 15, 1989– September 30, 1989)
- Prime Minister Guillermo Larco Cox ( 1987–1988 , September 30, 1989–1990)
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Suriname
- Head of State: President Ramsewak Shankar (1988–1990)
- Head of Government: Vice President Henck AE Arron ( 1975–1980 , 1988–1990)
-
Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President Julio María Sanguinetti (1985–1990, 1995–2000 )
-
Venezuela
- Head of State and Government:
- President Jaime Lusinchi (1984–2 February 1989)
- President Carlos Andrés Pérez ( 1974–1979 , February 2, 1989–1993)
- Head of State and Government:
Asia
East, South and Southeast Asia
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Bangladesh
- Head of State: President Hossain Mohammad Ershad ( 1982 , 1983–1990)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Moudud Ahmed (1988–12 August 1989)
- Prime Minister Kazi Zafar Ahmed (August 12, 1989–1990)
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Bhutan
- Head of State and Government: King Jigme Singye Wangchuck (1972-2006)
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Brunei
- Head of State and Government: Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (since 1967)
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Burma (from June 18, Myanmar )
- Head of State: Chairman of the State Council for Peace and Development Saw Maung (1988–1992) (1988–1992 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Saw Maung (1988–1992) (1988–1992 Chairman of the State Council for Peace and Development)
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Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Head of State: President Lee Teng-hui (1988–2000)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Yu Kuo-hwa (1984–21 May 1989)
- Prime Minister Lee Huan (May 21, 1989–1990)
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People's Republic of China
- Party leader:
- General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Zhao Ziyang (1987–24 June 1989) (1980–1987 Prime Minister)
- General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Jiang Zemin (June 24, 1989–2002) (1993–2003 President)
- Head of State: President Yang Shangkun (1988–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Li Peng (1987–1998)
- Party leader:
-
India
- Head of State: President R. Venkataraman (1987–1992)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (1984–2 December 1989)
- Prime Minister Vishwanath Pratap Singh (December 2, 1989–1990)
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Japan
- Head of State:
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Takeshita Noboru (1987–2 June 1989)
- Prime Minister Uno Sōsuke (June 2, 1989– August 9, 1989)
- Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu (August 9, 1989–1991)
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Cambodia
- Head of State: Chairman of the State Council Heng Samrin (1979–1992) (until 1981 President of the Revolutionary People's Council)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hun Sen (since 1985)
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North Korea
- Chairman of the National Defense Commission : Kim Il-sung (1948–1994)
- Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly : Kim Il-sung (1972–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Yon Hyong-muk (1988–1992)
-
South Korea
- Head of State: President Roh Tae-woo (1988–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kang Young-hoon (1988–1990)
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Laos
- Head of State: President Souphanouvong (1975–1991)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kaysone Phomvihane (1975–1991) (1991–1992 President)
-
Malaysia
- Head of State:
- Supreme Ruler Mahmud Iskandar Al-Haj (1984-25 April 1989)
- Supreme Ruler Azlan Shah (April 26, 1989–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad (1981–2003, 2018–2020 )
- Head of State:
-
Maldives
- Head of State or Government: President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom (1978–2008)
- Myanmar s. Burma
-
Nepal
- Head of State: King Birendra (1972-2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Marich Man Singh Shrestha (1986–1990)
-
Pakistan
- Head of State: President Ghulam Ishaq Khan (1988–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto (1988–1990, 1993–1996 )
-
Philippines
- Head of State and Government: President Corazon Aquino (1986–1992)
-
Singapore
- Head of State: President Wee Kim Wee (1985–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990)
-
Sri Lanka
- Head of State:
- President Junius Richard Jayawardene (1978–2 January 1989) (1977–1978 Prime Minister)
- President Ranasinghe Premadasa (January 2, 1989–1993)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa (1978–3 March 1989)
- Prime Minister Dingiri Banda Wijetunga (March 3, 1989–1993) (President 1993–1994)
- Head of State:
-
Thailand
- Head of State: King Rama IX. Bhumibol Adulyadej (1946-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan (1988–1991)
-
Vietnam
- Head of State: Chairman of the State Council Võ Chí Công (1987–1992)
- Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Đỗ Mười (1988–1991)
Middle East
-
Bahrain
- Head of State: Emir Isa II. (1971–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa (since 1971)
-
Iraq
- Head of State and Government: President Saddam Hussein (1979-2003)
-
Iran
- Religious head:
- Chief Legal Scholar Ruhollah Khomeini (1980–3 June 1989)
- Supreme legal scholar Ali Chamene'i (since June 4, 1989) (1981–1989 Prime Minister)
- Head of State:
- President Ali Chamene'i (1981–3 August 1989) (Chief Legal Scholar since 1989)
- President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (August 3, 1989–1997)
- Head of government: Prime Minister Mir Hossein Mousavi (1981–3 August 1989) (office abolished in 1989)
- Religious head:
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Israel
- Head of State: President Chaim Herzog (1983–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Yitzchak Shamir ( 1983–1984 , 1986–1992)
-
North Yemen
- Head of State: President Ali Abdullah Salih (1978–1990) (1990–2012 President of Yemen)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abd al-Aziz Abd al-Ghani ( 1975–1980 , 1983–1990) (1994–1997 Prime Minister of Yemen)
-
South Yemen
- Head of State: Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Council Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas (1986–1990) (Prime Minister 1985–1986; Prime Minister of Yemen 1990–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Yasin Said Numan (1986–1990)
-
Jordan
- Head of State: King Hussein (1952–1999)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Zaid ar-Rifaʿi ( 1973–1976 , 1985–27 April 1989)
- Prime Minister Zaid ibn Shaker (April 27, 1989– December 4, 1989, 1991–1993, 1995–1996 )
- Prime Minister Mudar Badran ( 1976–1979, 1980–1984 , December 4, 1989–1991)
-
Qatar
- Head of State and Government: Emir Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani (1972–1995)
-
Kuwait
- Head of State: Emir Jabir III. (1977–2006) ( 1962–1963, 1965–1978 Prime Minister )
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sa'ad al-Abdallah as-Salim as-Sabah (1978-2003) (2006 Emir)
-
Lebanon
- Head of State:
- Prime Minister Selim al-Hoss (1988–5 November 1989) (acting)
- President René Moawad (November 5, 1989– November 22, 1989)
- Prime Minister Selim al-Hoss ( 1988–1989 , November 22, 1989– November 24, 1989) (acting)
- President Élias Hrawi (November 24, 1989–1998)
- Head of Government: (1988–1990 controversial)
- Prime Minister Selim al-Hoss ( 1976–1980 , 1987–1990, 1998–2000 )
- Prime Minister Michel Aoun (1988–1990) (Head of the Military Government)
- Head of State:
-
Saudi Arabia
- Head of State and Government: King Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz (1982-2005)
-
Syria
- Head of State: President Hafiz al-Assad (1971–2000) (1970–1971 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahmud Zuabi (1987–2000)
-
Turkey
- Head of State:
- President Kenan Evren (1980–9 November 1989)
- President Turgut Özal (November 9, 1989–1993) (Minister-President 1983–1989)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Turgut Özal (1983–31 October 1989) (1989–1993 President)
- Prime Minister Ali Bozer (October 31, 1989– November 9, 1989) (acting)
- Prime Minister Yıldırım Akbulut (November 9, 1989–1991)
- Head of State:
-
United Arab Emirates
- Head of State: President Zayid bin Sultan Al Nahyan (1971–2004) (1966–2004 Emir of Abu Dhabi)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Raschid bin Said Al Maktum (1979–1990) (1958–1990 Emir of Dubai)
Central Asia
-
Afghanistan
- Head of State: President Mohammed Najibullah (1987–1992)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Mohammad Hasan Scharq (1998–21 February 1989)
- Prime Minister Sultan Ali Keschtmand ( 1981–1988 , February 21, 1989–1990)
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Mongolia
- Head of State: Chairman of the Great People's Chural Dschambyn Batmönch (1984–1990) (1974–1984 Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
- Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Dumaagiin Sodnom (1984–1990)
Australia and Oceania
-
Australia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
-
Governor General :
- Ninian Stephen (1982–16 February 1989)
- Bill Hayden (February 16, 1989–1996)
-
Governor General :
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Bob Hawke (1983-1991)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
-
Cook Islands (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1965)
- Queen's Representative: Tangaroa Tangaroa (1984–1990)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Pupuke Robati (1987–1 February 1989)
- Prime Minister Geoffrey Henry ( 1983 , February 1, 1989–1999)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1965)
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Fiji
- Head of State: President Penaia Ganilau (1987–1993) (1983–1987 Governor General)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kamisese Mara ( 1970–1987 , 1987–1992) (1993–2000 President)
-
Kiribati
- Head of State or Government: President Ieremia Tabai ( 1979–1982 , 1983–1991)
-
Marshall Islands
- Head of State and Government: President Amata Kabua (1986–1996)
-
Micronesia
- Head of State or Government: President John Haglelgam (1987–1991)
-
Nauru
- Head of State and Government:
- President Hammer DeRoburt ( 1968–1976, 1978–1986, 1986 , 1986–17 Aug 1989)
- President Kenos Aroi (August 17, 1989– December 12, 1989)
- President Bernard Dowiyogo ( 1976–1978 , December 12, 1989–1995, 1996, 1998–1999, 2000–2001, 2003, 2003 )
- Head of State and Government:
-
New Zealand
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
- Governor General : Paul Reeves (1985–1990)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister David Lange (1984–8 August 1989)
- Prime Minister Geoffrey Palmer (August 8, 1989–1990)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
-
Niue (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
- Queen's Representative: Governor General of New Zealand
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert Rex (1974–1992)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
-
Papua New Guinea
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1975)
-
Governor General :
- Kingsford Dibela (1983-31 December 1989)
- Speaker of Parliament Dennis Young (December 31, 1989–1990, 1991 ) (acting)
-
Governor General :
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Rabbie Namaliu (1988–1992)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1975)
-
Solomon Islands
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
- Governor General : George Lepping (1988–1994)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Ezekiel Alebua ( 1986–28 March 1989)
- Prime Minister Solomon Mamaloni ( 1981–1984 , March 28, 1989–1993, 1994–1997 )
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
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Tonga
- Head of State: King Taufaʻahau Tupou IV. (1970-2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Fatafehi Tu'ipelehake (1970–1991)
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Tuvalu
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
- Governor General : Tupua Leupena (1986–1990)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Tomasi Puapua (1981–16 October 1989)
- Prime Minister Bikenibeu Paeniu (October 16, 1989–1993, 1996–1999 )
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
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Vanuatu
- Head of State:
- President Ati George Sokomanu ( 1980–1984 , 1984– January 12, 1989)
- President Onneyn Tahi (January 12, 1989– January 30, 1989) ( Acting )
- President Frederick Karlomuana Timakata ( 1984 , Jan. 30, 1989–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Walter Hadye Lini (1980–1991)
- Head of State:
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Western Samoa (today Samoa )
- Head of State: O le Ao o le Malo Tanumafili II. (1962-2007)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Tofilau Eti Alesana ( 1982–1985 , 1988–1998)
Europe
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Albania
- Party leader: 1st Secretary of the Albanian Labor Party Ramiz Alia (1985–1991) (Head of State 1982–1992)
- Head of State: Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly Ramiz Alia (1982–1992) (1991–1992 President) (1985–1991 party leader)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Adil Çarçani (1981–1991)
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Andorra
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Co-princes :
- President of France : François Mitterrand (1981–1995)
- Bishop of Urgell : Joan Martí Alanís (1971-2003)
- Head of Government: District President Josep Pintat-Solans (1984–1990)
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Co-princes :
-
Belgium
- Head of State: King Baudouin I (1951–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Wilfried Martens ( 1979–1981 , 1981–1992)
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Bulgaria
- Party leader:
- General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party Todor Zhivkov (1954–10 November 1989) (1971–1989 Chairman of the Council of State) (1962–1971 Prime Minister)
- General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party Petar Mladenow (November 10, 1989–1990) (1989–1990 Head of State)
- Head of State:
- State Council Chairman Todor Zhivkov (1971–17 November 1989) (1954–1989 party leader) (1962–1971 Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
- State Council Chairman Petar Mladenow (November 17, 1989–1990) (1989–1990 party leader)
- Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Georgi Atanasov (1986–1990)
- Party leader:
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Denmark
- Head of State: Queen Margrethe II (since 1972)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Poul Schlüter (1982–1993)
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Faroe Islands (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
- Representative of the Danish government: Reichsombudsman Bent Klinte (1988–1995)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Atli P. Dam ( 1970–1981 , 1985–18 January 1989, 1991–1993 )
- Prime Minister Jógvan Sundstein (January 18, 1989–1991)
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Greenland (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
- Representative of the Danish government: Reichsombudsmann Torben Hede Pedersen (1979–1992)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jonathan Motzfeldt (1979–1991, 1997–2002 )
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Federal Republic of Germany
- Head of State: Federal President Richard von Weizsäcker (1984–1994)
- Head of Government: Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl (1982–1998)
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German Democratic Republic
- Party leader:
- General Secretary of the Central Committee of the SED Erich Honecker (1971–18 October 1989) (1976–1989 Chairman of the State Council)
- General Secretary of the Central Committee of the SED Egon Krenz (October 18, 1989– December 3, 1989) (1989 Chairman of the State Council)
- Head of State:
- Chairman of the Council of State Erich Honecker (1976–24 October 1989) (1971–1989 party leader)
- Chairman of the Council of State Egon Krenz (October 24, 1989– December 6, 1989) (1989 party leader)
- Chairman of the Council of State Manfred Gerlach (December 6, 1989–1990) (acting)
- Head of Government:
- Chairman of the Council of Ministers Willi Stoph ( 1964–1973 , 1976–13 November 1989) (1973–1976 Chairman of the State Council)
- Chairman of the Council of Ministers Hans Modrow (November 13, 1989–1990)
- Party leader:
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Finland
- Head of State: President Mauno Koivisto (1982–1994) (1968–1970, 1979–1982 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Harri Holkeri (1987–1991)
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France
- Head of State: President François Mitterrand (1981–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Michel Rocard (1988–1991)
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Greece
- Head of State: President Christos Sartzetakis (1985–1990)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou (1981–2 July 1989, 1993–1996 )
- Prime Minister Tzannis Tzannetakis (July 2, 1989– October 12, 1989)
- Prime Minister Ioannis Grivas (October 12, 1989– November 23, 1989)
- Prime Minister Xenophon Zolotas (November 23, 1989–1990)
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Ireland
- Head of State: President Patrick Hillery (1976–1990)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles J. Haughey ( 1979–1981, 1982 , 1987–1992)
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Iceland
- Head of State: President Vigdís Finnbogadóttir (1980–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Steingrímur Hermannsson ( 1983–1987 , 1988–1991)
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Italy
- Head of State: President Francesco Cossiga (1985–1992) (1979–1980 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Ciriaco De Mita (1988–23 July 1989)
- Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti ( 1972–1973, 1976–1979 , July 23, 1989–1992)
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Yugoslavia
- Head of State:
- Chairman of the Presidium Raif Dizdarević (1988–15 May 1989)
- Chairman of the Presidium Janez Drnovšek (May 15, 1989–1990)
- Head of Government:
- President of the Executive Federal Council Branko Mikulić (1986–16 March 1989)
- President of the executive Federal Council Ante Marković (March 16, 1989–1991)
- Head of State:
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Channel Islands
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guernsey
- Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
- Vice Governor: Alexander Boswell (1985–1990)
- Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
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jersey
- Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
- Lieutenant Governor: William Pillar (1985–1990)
- Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
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guernsey
-
Liechtenstein
- Head of State:
- Prince Franz Josef II (1938–13 November 1989)
- Prince Hans-Adam II (since November 13, 1989)
- Head of Government : Hans Brunhart (1978–1993)
- Head of State:
-
Luxembourg
- Head of State: Grand Duke Jean (1964–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jacques Santer (1984–1995)
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Malta
- Head of State:
- President Paul Xuereb (1987–4 April 1989) ( Acting )
- President Ċensu Tabone (April 4, 1989–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Edward Fenech Adami (1987–1996, 1998–2004 ) (2004–2009 President)
- Head of State:
-
Isle of Man
- Head of State: Lord of Man Elizabeth II (since 1952)
- Lieutenant Governor : Laurence New (1985–1990)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Miles Walker (1986-1996)
- Head of State: Lord of Man Elizabeth II (since 1952)
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Monaco
- Head of State: Prince : Rainier III. (1949-2005)
- Head of Government: Minister of State Jean Ausseil (1985–1991)
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Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Beatrix (1980-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers (1982–1994)
-
Norway
- Head of State: King Olav V (1957–1991)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland ( 1981 , 1986–16 October 1989, 1990–1996 )
- Prime Minister Jan P. Syse (October 16, 1989–1990)
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Austria
- Head of State: Federal President Kurt Waldheim (1986–1992)
- Head of Government: Federal Chancellor Franz Vranitzky (1986–1997)
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Poland
- Party leader:
- 1. Secretary Wojciech Jaruzelski (1981–29 July 1989) (1985–1990 Head of State) (1981–1985 Prime Minister)
- 1st Secretary Mieczysław Rakowski (July 29, 1989–1990) (Minister-President 1988–1989)
- Head of State: Chairman of the Council of State Wojciech Jaruzelski (1985–1990) (President from 19 July) (1981–1990 party leader), (1981–1985 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Mieczysław Rakowski (1988–2 August 1989) (1989–1990 party leader)
- Prime Minister Czesław Kiszczak (August 2, 1989– August 24, 1989)
- Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki (August 24, 1989–1991)
- Party leader:
-
Portugal
- Head of State: President Mário Soares (1986–1996) (1976–1978, Prime Minister 1983–1985)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva (1985–1995) (President since 2006)
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Romania
- Party leader: General Secretary Nicolae Ceaușescu (1965–22 December 1989) (1967–1989 head of state)
- Head of State:
- President Nicolae Ceaușescu (1967–22 December 1989) (1965–1989 party leader)
- National Rescue Front Council (December 22, 1989– December 26, 1989)
- President of the Council of the National Rescue Front Ion Iliescu (November 26, 1989–1996, 2000–2004 )
- Head of Government:
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Constantin Dăscălescu (1982–22 December 1989)
- Prime Minister Petre Roman (December 26, 1989–1991) (provisional until June 20, 1990)
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San Marino
- Head of State: Capitani Reggenti
- Luciano Cardelli (October 1, 1988– April 1, 1989) and Reves Salvatori (October 1, 1988– April 1, 1989)
- Mauro Fiorini (April 1, 1989– October 1, 1989) and Marino Vagnetti (April 1, 1989– October 1, 1989)
- Gloriana Ranocchini ( 1984 , October 1, 1989– April 1, 1990) and Leo Achilli (October 1, 1989– April 1, 1990)
- Head of State: Capitani Reggenti
-
Sweden
- Head of State: King Carl XVI. Gustaf (since 1973)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson (1986–1991, 1994–1996 )
-
Switzerland
- Federal President : Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (1989, 1996 )
-
Federal Council :
- Otto Stich (1984–1995)
- Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (1984-1998)
- Elisabeth Kopp (1984–12 January 1989)
- Flavio Cotti (1987-1999)
- Arnold Koller (1987-1999)
- René Felber (1988–1993)
- Adolf Ogi (1988-2000)
- Kaspar Villiger (February 1, 1989–2003)
-
Soviet Union
- Party leader: General Secretary of the CPSU Mikhail Gorbachev (1985–1991) (1988–1989 head of state)
- Head of State: Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev (1988–1991) (until May 14, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet) (1985–1991 party leader)
- Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Nikolai Ryschkow (1985–1991)
-
Spain
- Head of State: King Juan Carlos I (1975-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Felipe González (1982–1996)
-
Czechoslovakia
- Party leader:
- Chairman Milouš Jakeš (1987–24 November 1989)
- Chairman Karel Urbánek (November 24, 1989– December 20, 1989)
- Chairman Ladislav Adamec ((December 24, 1989–1990) 1988–1989 Prime Minister)
- Head of State:
- President Gustáv Husák (1975–1989) (1669–1987 party leader)
- Prime Minister Marián Čalfa (December 10, 1989– December 29, 1989) (acting)
- President Václav Havel (December 29, 1989–1992)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Ladislav Adamec (1988–10 December 1989) (1989–1990 party leader)
- Prime Minister Marián Čalfa (December 7, 1989–1992)
- Party leader:
-
Hungary
- Party leader: General Secretary of the Party of Hungarian Working People Károly Grósz (1988–7 October 1989) (1987–1988 Prime Minister)
- Head of State:
- Chairman of the Presidency Council Brúnó Straub (1988–23 October 1989)
- President Mátyás Szűrös (October 23, 1989–1990)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Miklós Németh (1988–1990)
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Vatican city
- Head of State: Pope John Paul II (1978-2005)
- Head of Government: President of the Governorate Sebastiano Baggio (1984–1990)
-
United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952) (crowned 1953)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (1979–1990)
-
Republic of Cyprus
- Head of State and Government: President Georges Vassiliou (1988–1993)
-
Northern Cyprus (not internationally recognized)
- Head of State: President Rauf Denktaş (1983-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Derviş Eroğlu (1985–1994, 1996–2004, 2009–2010 ) (2010–2015 President)