List of heads of state 1999

Overview
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Africa

Egypt
- Head of State: President Husni Mubarak (1981–2011) (1981–1982 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Kamal al-Ganzuri (1996–5 October 1999, 2011–2012 )
  - Prime Minister Atif Abaid (October 5, 1999-2004)

Algeria
- Head of State:
  - President Liamine Zéroual (1994-27 April 1999)
  - President: Abd al-Aziz Bouteflika (April 27, 1999–2019)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Smail Hamdani (1998–23 December 1999)
  - Prime Minister Ahmed Benbitour (December 23, 1999–2000)

Angola
- Head of State: President José Eduardo dos Santos (1979-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Fernando José de França Dias Van Dúnem ( 1991–1992 , 1996–29 January 1999) (office abolished in 1999)

Equatorial Guinea

Head of State: President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (since 1979) (until 1982 Chairman of the Supreme Military Council)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Ángel Serafín Seriche Dougan (1996-2001)

Ethiopia
- Head of State: President Negasso Gidada (1995-2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Meles Zenawi (1995–2012) (1991–1995 President)

Benin
- Head of State and Government: President Mathieu Kérékou ( 1972–1991 , 1996–2006)

Botswana
- Head of State and Government: President Festus Mogae (1998–2008)

Burkina Faso
- Head of State: President Blaise Compaoré (1987-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kadré Désiré Ouédraogo (1996–2000)

Burundi
- Head of State and Government: President Pierre Buyoya ( 1987–1993 , 1996–2003)

Djibouti
- Head of State:
  - President Hassan Gouled Aptidon (1977–8 May 1999) (1977 Prime Minister)
  - President Ismail Omar Guelleh (since May 8, 1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Barkat Gourad Hamadou (1978-2001)

Ivory Coast
- Head of State:
  - President Henri Konan Bédié (1993–24 December 1999)
  - President Robert Guéï (December 25, 1999–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Daniel Kablan Duncan (1993–24 December 1999, 2012–2017 )

Eritrea
- Head of State and Government: President Isayas Afewerki (since 1993)

Gabon
- Head of State: President Omar Bongo (1967–2009)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Paulin Obame Nguema (1994–23 January 1999)
  - Prime Minister Jean-François Ntoutoume Emane (23 January 1999–2006)

Gambia
- Head of State and Government: President Yahya Jammeh (1994–2017) (until 1996 Chairman of the Provisional Government Council of the Army)

Ghana
- Head of State and Government: President Jerry Rawlings ( 1979 , 1981-2001) (until 1993 Chairman of the Provisional National Defense Council)

Guinea
- Head of State: President Lansana Conté (1984–2008)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Sidya Touré (1996–8 March 1999)
  - Prime Minister Lamine Sidimé (March 8, 1999–2004)

Guinea-Bissau

Head of State:

President João Bernardo Vieira ( 1980–1984 , 1984–7 May 1999, 2005–2009 ) (Prime Minister 1978–1980)

Head of the Ansumané Mané military junta (May 7, 1999– May 14, 1999)

President of Parliament Malam Bacai Sanhá (May 14, 1999–2000, 2009–2012 ) (acting)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Francisco Fadul (1998–2000)

Cameroon
- Head of State: President Paul Biya (since 1982)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Peter Mafany Musonge (1996-2004)

Cape Verde
- Head of State: President António Monteiro (1991-2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Carlos Veiga (1991–2000)

Kenya
- Head of State and Government: President Daniel Arap Moi (1978–2002)

Comoros
- Head of State:
  - President Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde (1998–30 April 1999) (acting) (1996 Prime Minister)
  - President Azali Assoumani (April 30, 1999–2002) (until May 6, 1999 Army Chief of Staff for National Development)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Abbas Djoussouf (1998–30 April 1999)
  - Prime Minister Bianrifi Tarmidi (December 2, 1999–2000)

Democratic Republic of the Congo (until 1964 Congo-Léopoldville , 1964–1971 Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1971–1997 Zaïre )
- Head of State and Government: President Laurent-Désiré Kabila (1997–2001)

Republic of the Congo (1960–1970 Congo-Brazzaville ; 1970–1992 People's Republic of the Congo )
- Head of State and Government: President Denis Sassou-Nguesso ( 1979–1992 , since 1997)

Lesotho
- Head of State: King Letsie III. ( 1990–1995 , since 1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Bethuel Pakalitha Mosisili (1998–2012, 2015–2017 )

Liberia
- Head of State or Government: President Charles Taylor (1997–2003)

Libya
- Revolutionary leader: Muammar al-Gaddafi (1969–2011) (1969–1979 General Secretary of the General People's Congress)
- Head of State: General Secretary of the General People's Congress Zantani Muhammad az-Zantani (1992-2008)
- Head of Government: General Secretary of the General People's Committee Muhammad Ahmad al-Manqush (1997–2000)

Madagascar

Head of State: President Didier Ratsiraka ( 1975–1993 , 1997–2002)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Tantely Andrianarivo (1998–2002)

Malawi
- Head of State and Government: President Bakili Muluzi (1994-2004)

Mali
- Head of State: President Alpha Oumar Konaré (1992–2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta (1994–2000)

Morocco
- Head of State:
  - King Hassan II (1961-23 July 1999)
  - King Mohammed VI (since July 23, 1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abderrahmane Youssoufi (1998–2002)

Mauritania
- Head of State: President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya (1984–2005) (1981–1984, Prime Minister 1984–1992)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Cheikh El Avia Ould Mohamed Khouna ( 1996–1997 , 1998–2003)

Mauritius

Head of State: President Cassam Uteem (1992–2002)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Navin Ramgoolam (1995–2000, 2005–2014 )

Mozambique

Head of State: President Joaquim Alberto Chissano (1986-2005)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Pascoal Mocumbi (1994-2004)

Namibia
- Head of State: President Sam Nujoma (1990-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hage Geingob (1990–2002, 2012–2015 ) (since 2015 President)

Niger

Head of State:

President Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara (1996–9 April 1999)

Chairman of the National Reconciliation Council Daouda Malam Wanké (April 11, 1999– December 22, 1999)

President Tandja Mamadou (December 22, 1999–2010)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Ibrahim Hassane Mayaki (1997–2000)

Nigeria
- Head of State and Government:
  - Chairman of the Provisional Government Council Abdulsalami Abubakar (1998–29 May 1999)
  - President Olusegun Obasanjo ( 1976–1979 , May 29, 1999–2007)

Rwanda

Head of State: President Pasteur Bizimungu (1994-2000)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Pierre-Célestin Rwigema (1995–2000)

Zambia
- Head of State or Government: President Frederick Chiluba (1991–2002)

Sao Tome and Principe
- Head of State: President Miguel Trovoada ( 1991–1995 , 1995–2001) (1975–1979 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Raul Bragança Neto (1996–5 January 1999)
  - Prime Minister Guilherme Posser da Costa (January 5, 1999–2001)

Senegal

Head of State: President Abdou Diouf (1981–2000) (Prime Minister 1970–1980)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Mamadou Lamine Loum (1998–2000)

Seychelles
- Head of State and Government: President France-Albert René (1977–2004) (1976–1977 Prime Minister)

Sierra Leone
- Head of State and Government: President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah ( 1996–1997 , 1998–2007)

Zimbabwe
- Head of State and Government: President Robert Mugabe (1987–2017) (1980–1987 Prime Minister)

Somalia
- Head of State or Government: President vacant (1997–2000)
- Somaliland (not internationally recognized)
  - Head of State and Government: President Mohammed Haji Ibrahim Egal (1993–2002) (1967–1969 Prime Minister of Somalia)

South Africa
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Nelson Mandela (1994–16 June 1999)
  - President Thabo Mbeki (June 16, 1999–2008)

Sudan
- Head of State and Government: President Umar al-Bashir (1989–2019)

Swaziland

Head of State: King Mswati III. (since 1986)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini (1996–2003, 2008–2018 )

Tanzania
- Head of State: President Benjamin Mkapa (1995-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Frederick Sumaye (1995-2005)

Togo
- Head of State: President Gnassingbé Eyadéma (1967-2005)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Kwassi Klutse (1996–21 May 1999)
  - Prime Minister Eugene Koffi Adoboli (May 21, 1999–2000)

Chad
- Head of State: President Idriss Déby (since 1990)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Nassour Guelendouksia Ouaido (1997-13 December 1999)
  - Prime Minister Nagoum Yamassoum (December 13, 1999–2002)

Tunisia
- Head of State: President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali (1987–2011) (Prime Minister 1987)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Hamed Karoui (1989–17 November 1999)
  - Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi (November 17, 1999–2011)

Uganda
- Head of State: President Yoweri Museveni (since 1986)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Kintu Musoke (1994–5 April 1999)
  - Prime Minister Apolo Nsibambi (April 5, 1999–2011)

Western Sahara (controversial)
- Head of State: President Mohamed Abdelaziz (1976-2016) (in exile)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Mahfoud Ali Beiba ( 1982–1985, 1988–1993 , 1995–10 February 1999) (in exile)
  - Prime Minister Bouchraya Beyoun ( 1993–1995 , February 10, 1999–2003) (in exile)

Central African Republic
- Head of State: President Ange-Félix Patassé (1993–2003) (Prime Minister 1976–1978)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Michel Gbezera-Bria (1997–1 February 1999)
  - Prime Minister Anicet Georges Dologuélé (February 1, 1999–2001)

America

North America

Canada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Governor General :
    - Roméo LeBlanc (1995–7 October 1999)
    - Adrienne Clarkson (October 7, 1999–2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jean Chrétien (1993-2003)

Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Ernesto Zedillo (1994–2000)

United States of America
- Heads of State or Government: President Bill Clinton (1993-2001)

Central America

Antigua and Barbuda
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
  - Governor General James Carlisle (1993-2007)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lester Bird (1994-2004)

Bahamas
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1973)
  - Governor General : Orville Alton Turnquest (1995-2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hubert Ingraham (1992–2002, 2007–2012 )

Barbados
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1966)
  - Governor General : Clifford Husbands (1996-2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Owen Arthur (1994–2008)

Belize
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
  - Governor General : Colville Young (since 1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Said Musa (1998–2008)

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Echeverría (1998–2002)

Dominica
- Head of State: President Vernon Shaw (1998-2003)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Edison James (1995-2000)

Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government: President Leonel Fernández (1996–2000, 2004–2012 )

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Armando Calderón Sol (1994–1 June 1999)
  - President Francisco Flores Pérez (June 1, 1999–2004)

Grenada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
  - Governor General : Daniel Williams (1996-2008)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Keith Mitchell (1995–2008, since 2013 )

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Álvaro Arzú Irigoyen (1996–2000)

Haiti
- Head of State: President René Préval (1996–2001, 2006–2011 )
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jacques-Édouard Alexis (March 26, 1999–2001, 2006–2008 )

Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Roberto Flores Facussé (1998–2002)

Jamaica
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1962)
  - Governor General : Howard Cooke (1991-2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Percival J. Patterson (1992–2006)

Cuba
Head of State and Head of Government: President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers Fidel Castro (1976-2008) (1959-1976 Prime Minister)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Arnoldo Alemán (1997–2002)

Panama
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Ernesto Pérez Balladares (1994–1 September 1999)
  - President Mireya Moscoso (September 1, 1999–2004)

St. Kitts and Nevis
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1983)
  - Governor General : Cuthbert Sebastian (1996–2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Denzil Douglas (1995-2015)

St. Lucia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
  - Governor General : Dame Pearlette Louisy (1997-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kenneth Anthony (1997-2006, 2011-2016 )

St. Vincent and the Grenadines
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
  - Governor General : Charles Antrobus (1996–2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister James Fitz-Allen Mitchell (1984–2000)

Trinidad and Tobago
- Head of State: President Arthur NR Robinson (1997–2003) (Prime Minister 1986–1991)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Basdeo Panday (1995-2001)

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Carlos Menem (1989-10 December 1999)
  - President Fernando de la Rúa (December 10, 1999–2001)

Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Hugo Banzer Suárez ( 1971–1978 , 1997–2001)

Brazil
- Head of State and Government: President Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995–2003)

Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (1994–2000)

Ecuador
- Head of State and Government: President Jamil Mahuad (1998–2000)

Guyana
- Head of State:
  - President Janet Jagan (1997–11 August 1999) (1997 Prime Minister)
  - President Bharrat Jagdeo (August 11, 1999–2011) (Prime Minister 1999)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Sam Hinds ( 1992–1997 , 1997–1999, 1999–2015 ) (1997 President)
  - Prime Minister Bharrat Jagdeo (August 9, 1999– August 11, 1999) (President 1999–2011)
  - Prime Minister Sam Hinds ( 1992–1997, 1997–1999 , August 11, 1999–2015) (1997 President)

Colombia
- Head of State and Government: President Andrés Pastrana (1998–2002)

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Raúl Cubas Grau (1998–28 March 1999)
  - President Luis Ángel González Macchi (March 28, 1999–2003)

Peru
- Head of State: President Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Alberto Pandolfi ( 1996–1998 , 1998–3 January 1999)
  - Prime Minister Víctor Joy Way (January 3, 1999-10 October 1999)
  - Prime Minister Alberto Bustamante Belaunde (October 10, 1999–2000)

Suriname

Head of State and Government: President Jules Albert Wijdenbosch (1996–2000) (1991 Head of Government)

Head of Government: Vice President Pretapnarian Shawh Radhakishun ( 1986–1987 , 1996–2000)

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President Julio María Sanguinetti ( 1985–1990 , 1995–2000)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Rafael Caldera (1994–2 February 1999)
  - President Hugo Chávez (February 2, 1999–2002, 2002–2013 )

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

Bangladesh
- Head of State: President Shahabuddin Ahmed ( 1990–1991 , 1996–2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina (1996–2001, since 2009 )

Bhutan
- Head of State: King Jigme Singye Wangchuck (1972-2006)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Jigme Thinley (1998–9 July 1999, 2003–2004, 2008–2013 )
  - Prime Minister Sangay Ngedup (July 9, 1999–2000, 2005–2006 )

Brunei
- Head of State and Government: Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (since 1967)

Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Head of State: President Lee Teng-hui (1988–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Vincent Siew (1997–2000)

People's Republic of China
- Head of State: President Jiang Zemin (1993-2003)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Zhu Rongji (1998-2003)

India
- Head of State: President K. R. Narayanan (1997–2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 1996 , 1998-2004)

Indonesia
- Head of State and Head of Government:
  - President Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (1998–20 October 1999)
  - President Abdurrahman Wahid (October 20, 1999–2001)

Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Akihito (1989-2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Keizō Obuchi (1998-2000)

Cambodia
- Head of State: King Norodom Sihanouk ( 1941–1955 , 1993–2004) (1960–1970, 1975–1976, 1991–1993 President)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hun Sen (since 1985)

North Korea
- Chairman of the National Defense Commission : Kim Jong-il (1994–2011)
- Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly : Kim Yong-nam (since 1998)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hong Song-nam (1997-2003)

South Korea
- Head of State: President Kim Dae-jung (1998–2003)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kim Jong-pil ( 1971–1975 , 1998–2000)

Laos

Head of State: President Khamtay Siphandone (1998-2006)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Sisavath Keobounphanh (1998–2001)

Malaysia
- Head of State:
  - Supreme Ruler Tuanku Jaafar (1994-25 April 1999)
  - Supreme Ruler Salahuddin Abdul Aziz (April 26, 1999–2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad (1981–2003, 2018–2020 )

Maldives
- Head of State or Government: President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom (1978–2008)

Myanmar
- Head of State: Chairman of the State Council for Peace and Development Than Shwe (1992–2011) (Prime Minister 1992–2003)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Than Shwe (1992–2003) (1992–2011 Chairman of the State Council for Peace and Development)

Nepal
- Head of State: King Birendra (1972-2001)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala ( 1991–1994 , 1998–31 May 1999, 2000–2001, 2006–2008 )
  - Prime Minister Krishna Prasad Bhattarai ( 1990–1991 , May 31, 1999–2000)

Pakistan
- Head of State: President Mohammed Rafiq Tarar (1998–2001)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif ( 1990–1993, 1993 , 1997–12 October 1999, 2013–2017 )
  - Chief Executive Pervez Musharraf (October 14, 1999–2002) (2001–2008 President)

Philippines
- Head of State and Government: President Joseph Estrada (1998–2001)

Singapore
- Head of State:
  - President Ong Teng Cheong (1993–1 September 1999)
  - President Sellapan Ramanathan (September 1, 1999–2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong (1990-2004)

Sri Lanka
- Head of State: President Chandrika Kumaratunga (1994–2005) (1994 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike ( 1960–1965, 1970–1977 , 1994–2000)

Thailand
- Head of State: King Rama IX. Bhumibol Adulyadej (1946-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Chuan Leekpai ( 1992–1995 , 1997–2001)

Vietnam

Head of State: President Trần Đức Lương (1997-2006)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Phan Văn Khải (1997-2006)

Middle East

Armenia
- Head of State: President Robert Kocharyan (1998–2008) (1992–1994 Prime Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh, 1994–1997 President of Nagorno-Karabakh, 1997–1998 Prime Minister of Armenia)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Armen Darbinjan (1998–11 June 1999)
  - Prime Minister Wasken Zarkissjan (June 11, 1999– October 27, 1999)
  - Prime Minister Aram Sarkissjan (November 3, 1999–2000)

Azerbaijan

Head of State: President Heidar Aliyev (1993-2003)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Artur Rasizadä (1996–2003, 2003–2018 )

Nagorno Karabakh (not internationally recognized)

Head of State: President Arkadi Ghukassjan (1997-2007)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Shirajr Poghosjan (1998–24 June 1999)

Prime Minister Anuschawan Danieljan (June 30, 1999–2007)

Bahrain
- Head of State:
  - Emir Isa II (1971–1999)
  - Emir Hamad bin Isa Al Chalifa (since March 6, 1999) (King since 2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa (since 1971)

Georgia

Head of State: President Eduard Shevardnadze (1992-2003)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Wascha Lortkipanidze (1998–2000)

Abkhazia (not recognized internationally)

Head of State: President Wladislaw Ardsinba (1992-2005)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Sergei Bagapsch ( 1997– December 1999) (2005–2011 President)

Prime Minister Vyacheslav Zugba (December 1999-2001)

South Ossetia (not internationally recognized)

Head of State: President of Parliament Ludwig Tschibirow (1993-2001)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Merab Tschigojew (1998-2001)

Iraq
- Head of State and Government: President Saddam Hussein (1979-2003)

Iran
- Religious head: Supreme legal scholar Ali Chamene'i (since 1989) (Prime Minister 1981–1989)
- Head of State: President Mohammad Chātami (1997-2005)

Israel
- Head of State: President Ezer Weizmann (1993–2002)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu (1996–6 July 1999, since 2009 )
  - Prime Minister Ehud Barak (July 6, 1999–2001)

Yemen

Head of State: Chairman of the Presidential Council Ali Abdullah Salih (1990–2012) (President from 1994) (1978–1990 President of North Yemen)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdul Karim al-Iryani (1998–2001) (1980–1983 Prime Minister of North Yemen)

Jordan
- Head of State:
  - King Hussein (1952–7 February 1999)
  - King Abdullah II (since February 7, 1999)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Fayez at-Tarawneh (1989–4 March 1999, 2012 )
  - Prime Minister Abdelraouf ar-Rawabdeh (March 4, 1999–2000)

Qatar
- Head of State: Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (1995–2013) (1995–1996 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdullah bin Chalifa Al Thani (1996-2007)

Kuwait

Head of State: Emir Jabir III. (1977–2006) ( 1962–1963, 1965–1978 Prime Minister )

Head of Government: Prime Minister Sa'ad al-Abdallah as-Salim as-Sabah (1978-2003) (2006 Emir)

Lebanon
- Head of State: President Émile Lahoud (1998–2007)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Selim al-Hoss ( 1976–1980, 1987–1990 , 1998–2000)

Oman
- Head of State and Government: Sultan Qaboos ibn Said (1970–2020)

Palestinian Territories
- Head of State and Government: President: Yasser Arafat (1994-2004)

Saudi Arabia
- Head of State and Government: King Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz (1982-2005)

Syria

Head of State: President Hafiz al-Assad (1971–2000) (1970–1971 Prime Minister)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahmud Zuabi (1987–2000)

Turkey
- Head of State: President Süleyman Demirel (1993–2000) (1965–1971, 1975–1977, 1977–1978, 1979–1980, 1991–1993 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Mesut Yılmaz ( 1991, 1996 , 1997–11 January 1999)
  - Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit ( 1974, 1977, 1978–1979 , January 11, 1999–2002)

United Arab Emirates
- Head of State: President Zayid bin Sultan Al Nahyan (1971–2004) (1966–2004 Emir of Abu Dhabi)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Maktum bin Raschid Al Maktum ( 1971–1979 , 1990–2006) (1990–2006 Emir of Dubai)

Central Asia

Afghanistan
- Head of State: Leader of the Faithful Mohammed Omar (1996-2001)
- Head of Government: Chairman of the Supreme Council Mohammad Rabbani (1996-2001)

Kazakhstan
- Head of State: President Nursultan Nazarbayev (1991-2019)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Nurlan Balghymbayev (1997–1 October 1999)
  - Prime Minister Qassym-Shomart Toqayev (October 1, 1999–2002) (provisional until October 12, 1999)

Kyrgyzstan

Head of State: President Askar Akayev (1991-2005)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Jumabek Ibraimov (1998–4 April 1999)

Prime Minister Boris Silayev (April 4, 1999– April 12 , 1999) (acting)

Prime Minister Amangeldy Muraliev (April 12, 1999–2000)

Mongolia
- Head of State: President Natsagiin Bagabandi (1997-2005)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Janlavyn Narantsatsralt (1998-22 July 1999)
  - Prime Minister Njam-Osoryn Tujaa (July 22, 1999– July 30, 1999) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Rintschinnjamyn Amardschargal (July 30, 1999–2000)

Tajikistan

Head of State: President Emomalij Rahmonow (since 1992)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Yachjo Asimow ( 1996–20 December 1999)

Prime Minister Oqil Oqilow (December 20, 1999–2013)

Turkmenistan
- Head of State and Government: President Saparmyrat Nyýazow (1991–2006)

Uzbekistan

Head of State: President Islom Karimov (1991-2016)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Oʻtkir Sultonov (1995–2003)

Australia and Oceania

Australia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Governor General : William Deane (1996-2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister John Howard (1996-2007)

Cook Islands (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1965)
  - Queen's Representative: Apenera Short (1990-2000)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Geoffrey Henry ( 1983 , 1989-29 July 1999)
  - Prime Minister Joe Williams (July 29, 1999– November 18, 1999)
  - Prime Minister Terepai Maoate (November 18, 1999–2002)

Fiji
- Head of State: President Kamisese Mara (1993–2000) (Prime Minister 1970–1987, 1987–1992)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka (1992–19 May 1999)
  - Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry (May 19, 1999–2000)

Kiribati
- Head of State and Government: President Teburoro Tito (1994–2003)

Marshall Islands
- Head of State and Government: President Imata Kabua (1997–2000)

Micronesia
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Jacob Nena (1997–11 May 1999)
  - President Leo Falcam (May 11, 1999–2003)

Nauru
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Bernard Dowiyogo ( 1976–1978, 1989–1995, 1996 , 1998–1999, 2000–2001, 2003, 2003 )
  - President René Harris (April 27, 1999–2000, 2001–2003, 2003, 2003–2004 )

New Zealand
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Governor General : Michael Hardie Boys (1996-2001)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Jenny Shipley (1997-10 December 1999)
  - Prime Minister Helen Clark (December 10, 1999-2008)

Niue (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
  - Queen's Representative: Governor General of New Zealand
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Frank Lui (1993–26 May 1999)
  - Prime Minister Sani Lakatani (May 26, 1999–2002)

Palau
- Head of State and Government: President Kuniwo Nakamura (1994–2000)

Papua New Guinea
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1975)
  - Governor General : Silas Atopare (1997-2003)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Bill Skate (1997-14 July 1999)
  - Prime Minister Mekere Morauta (July 14, 1999–2002)

Samoa

Head of State: O le Ao o le Malo Tanumafili II. (1962-2007)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Sailele Tuilaʻepa Malielegaoi (since 1998)

Solomon Islands
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
  - Governor General :
    - Moses Pitakaka (1994–7 July 1999)
    - John Lapli (July 7, 1999-2004)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Bartholomew Ulufa'alu (1997–2000)

Tonga
- Head of State: King Taufaʻahau Tupou IV. (1970-2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Baron Vaea (1991-2000)

Tuvalu
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
  - Governor General : Tomasi Puapua (1998–2003)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Bikenibeu Paeniu ( 1989-1993 , 1996-27 April 1999)
  - Prime Minister Ionatana Ionatana (April 27, 1999–2000)

Vanuatu
- Head of State:
  - President Jean-Marie Manatawai (1994–2 March 1999)
  - Speaker of Parliament Edward Natapei (March 2, 1999– March 24, 1999) (acting)
  - President John Bennett Bani (March 24, 1999–2004)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Donald Kalpokas ( 1991 , 1998–25 November 1999)
  - Prime Minister Barak Sopé (November 23, 1999–2001)

Europe

Albania
- Head of State: President Rexhep Meidani (1997-2002)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Pandeli Majko (1998–29 October 1999, 2002 )
  - Prime Minister Ilir Meta (October 29, 1999–2002)

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - President of France : Jacques Chirac (1995-2007)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Joan Martí Alanís (1971-2003)
- Head of Government: District President Marc Forné Molné (1994-2005)

Belgium
- Head of State: King Albert II (1993-2013)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Jean-Luc Dehaene (1992–12 July 1999)
  - Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt (July 12, 1999–2008)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Head of State:
  - President of the State Presidency Zivko Radišić (1998–15 June 1999, 2000–2001 )
  - President of the State Presidency Ante Jelavić (June 15, 1999–2000)
- State Presidency:
  - Bosniaks: Alija Izetbegović (1998–2002)
  - Croatians: Ante Jelavić (1998-2001)
  - Serbs: Živko Radišić (1998–2002)
- Head of Government:
  - Co-Prime Minister Haris Silajdžić ( 1993–1996 , 1997–2000) (2006–2010 Member of the State Presidency)
  - Co-Prime Minister Boro Bosić (1997–3 February 1999)
  - Co-Prime Minister Svetozar Mihajlović (February 3, 1999–2000)

Bulgaria
- Head of State: President Petar Stojanow (1997-2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ivan Kostov (1997-2001)

Denmark
- Head of State: Queen Margrethe II (since 1972)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen (1993–2001)
- Faroe Islands (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
  - Representative of the Danish government: Reichsombudsfrau Vibeke Larsen (1995–2001)
  - Head of Government: Prime Minister Anfinn Kallsberg (1998-2004)

Germany
- Head of State:
  - Federal President Roman Herzog (1994–30 June 1999)
  - Federal President Johannes Rau (July 1, 1999-2004)
- Head of Government: Federal Chancellor Gerhard Schröder (1998–2005)

Estonia
- Head of State: President Lennart Meri (1992–2001)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Mart Siimann (1997–25 March 1999)
  - Prime Minister Mart Laar ( 1992–1994 , March 25, 1999–2002)

Finland
- Head of State: President Martti Ahtisaari (1994–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Paavo Lipponen (1995-2003)

France
- Head of State: President Jacques Chirac (1995–2007) (1974–1976, Prime Minister 1986–1988)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lionel Jospin (1997-2002)

Greece
- Head of State: President Konstantinos Stefanopoulos (1995-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Konstantinos Simitis (1996-2004)

Ireland
- Head of State: President Mary McAleese (1997-2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Bertie Ahern (1997-2008)

Iceland
- Head of State: President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (1996–2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Davíð Oddsson (1991-2004)

Italy
- Head of State:
  - President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (1992–15 May 1999)
  - Senate President Nicola Mancino (May 15, 1999– May 18, 1999)
  - President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (May 18, 1999–2006) (Prime Minister 1993–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema (1998–2000)

Yugoslavia

Head of State: President Slobodan Milošević (1997–2000)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Momir Bulatović (1998–2000)

Channel Islands
- guernsey
  - Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
    - Lieutenant Governor: John Coward (1994–2000)
- jersey
  - Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
    - Vice Governor: Michael Wilkes (1995–2000)

Croatia
- Head of State:
  - President Franjo Tuđman (1991–10 December 1999)
  - President Vlatko Pavletić (November 26, 1999–2000) (November 26 – December 10, acting)
- Head of Government: District President Zlatko Mateša (1995–2000)

Latvia
- Head of State:
  - President Guntis Ulmanis (1993–8 July 1999)
  - President Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga (July 8, 1999–2007)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Vilis Krištopans (1998–16 July 1999)
  - Prime Minister Andris Šķēle ( 1995–1997 , July 16, 1999–2000)

Liechtenstein
- Head of State: Prince Hans-Adam II. (Since 1989)
- Head of Government : Mario Frick (1993-2001)

Lithuania
- Head of State: President Valdas Adamkus (1998–2003, 2004–2009 )
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Gediminas Vagnorius ( 1991–1992 , 1996–4 May 1999)
  - Prime Minister Irena Degutienė (May 4, 1999– May 18, 1999, October 27, 1999– November 3, 1999 ) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Rolandas Paksas (May 18, 1999– October 27, 1999, 2000–2001 )
  - Prime Minister Irena Degutienė ( May 4, 1999– May 18, 1999 , October 27, 1999– November 3, 1999) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Andrius Kubilius (November 3, 1999–2000, 2008–2012 )

Luxembourg
- Head of State: Grand Duke Jean (1964–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker (1995-2013)

Malta
- Head of State:
  - President Ugo Mifsud Bonniċi (1994–4 April 1999)
  - President Guido de Marco (April 4, 1999-2004)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Edward Fenech Adami ( 1987–1996 , 1998–2004) (2004–2009 President)

Isle of Man
- Head of State: Lord of Man Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Lieutenant Governor : Timothy Daunt (1995–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Donald Gelling (1996-2001, 2004-2006 )

Macedonia
- Head of State:
  - President Kiro Gligorov (1991–19 November 1999)
  - President of Parliament Savo Klimovski (November 19, 1999– December 15, 1999) (acting)
  - President Boris Trajkovski (December 15, 1999–2004)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ljubčo Georgievski (1998–2002)

Moldova
- Head of State: President Petru Lucinschi (1997-2001)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ion Ciubuc (1997–12 March 1999)
  - Prime Minister Ion Sturza (March 12, 1999– December 21, 1999)
  - Prime Minister Dumitru Braghiș (December 21, 1999–2001)
- Transnistria (not internationally recognized)
  - President: Igor Smirnov (1991–2011)

Monaco

Head of State: Prince : Rainier III. (1949-2005)

Head of Government: Minister of State Michel Lévêque (1997–2000)

Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Beatrix (1980-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Wim Kok (1994–2002)

Norway
- Head of State: King Harald V (since 1991)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik (1997–2000, 2001–2005 )

Austria
- Head of State: Federal President Thomas Klestil (1992-2004)
- Head of Government: Federal Chancellor Viktor Klima (1997–2000)

Poland
- Head of State: President Aleksander Kwaśniewski (1995-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jerzy Buzek (1997-2001)

Portugal
- Head of State: President Jorge Sampaio (1996-2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister António Guterres (1995-2002)

Romania
- Head of State: President Emil Constantinescu (1996–2000)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Radu Vasile (1998–14 December 1999)
  - Interior Minister Alexandru Athanasiu (December 14, 1999– December 22, 1999) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Mugur Isărescu (December 22, 1999–2000)

Russia
- Head of State:
  - President Boris Yeltsin (1991–31 December 1999)
  - President Vladimir Putin (December 31, 1999–2008) (acting until May 7, 2000) (1999–2000, Prime Minister 2008–2012)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Yevgeny Primakov (1998–12 May 1999)
  - Prime Minister Sergei Stepashin (May 12, 1999– August 9, 1999) (provisional until May 19, 1999)
  - Prime Minister Vladimir Putin (August 9, 1999–2000, 2008–2012 ) (1999–2008, President since 2012)

San Marino
- Head of State: Capitani Reggenti
  - Pietro Berti (October 1, 1998– April 1, 1999) and Paolo Bollini (October 1, 1998– April 1, 1999, 2004 )
  - Antonello Bacciocchi (April 1, 1999– October 1, 1999, 2005–2006 ) and Rosa Zafferani (April 1, 1999– October 1, 1999, 2008 )
  - Marino Bollini ( 1979– 1984–1985, 1995 , October 1, 1999– April 1, 2000) and Giuseppe Arzilli ( 1986–1987 , October 1, 1999– April 1, 2000, 2004–2005 )

Sweden
- Head of State: King Carl XVI. Gustaf (since 1973)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Göran Persson (1996-2006)

Switzerland
- Federal President : Ruth Dreifuss (1999)
- Federal Council :
  - Flavio Cotti (1987-30 April 1999)
  - Arnold Koller (1987-30 April 1999)
  - Adolf Ogi (1988-2000)
  - Kaspar Villiger (1989-2003)
  - Ruth Dreifuss (1993-2002)
  - Moritz Leuenberger (1995-2010)
  - Pascal Couchepin (1998-2009)
  - Joseph Deiss (May 1, 1999-2006)
  - Ruth Metzler-Arnold (May 1, 1999–2003)

Slovakia
- Head of State:
  - Prime Minister Mikuláš Dzurinda (1998–15 June 1999) (acting)
  - President Rudolf Schuster (June 15, 1999–2004)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mikuláš Dzurinda (1998–2006)

Slovenia
- Head of State: President Milan Kučan (1991–2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Janez Drnovšek (1992–2000, 2000–2002 ) (2002–2007 President)

Spain
- Head of State: King Juan Carlos I (1975-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister José María Aznar (1996-2004)

Czech Republic
- Head of State: President Václav Havel (1993-2003)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Miloš Zeman (1998–2002) (President since 2013)

Ukraine
- Head of State: President Leonid Kuchma (1994–2005) (Prime Minister 1992–1993)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Valery Pustovoitenko (1997–22 December 1999)
  - Prime Minister Viktor Yushchenko (December 22, 1999–2001) (2005–2010 President)

Hungary
- Head of State: President Árpád Göncz (1990–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Viktor Orbán (1998–2002, since 2010 )

Vatican city
- Head of State: Pope John Paul II (1978-2005)
- Head of Government:
  - Cardinal State Secretary Angelo Sodano (1990-2006)
  - President of the Governorate Edmund Casimir Szoka (1997–2006)

United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952) (crowned 1953)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Tony Blair (1997-2007)

Belarus
- Head of State: President Aljaksandr Lukashenka (since 1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sjarhej Linh (1996–2000)

Republic of Cyprus

Head of State and Government: President Glafkos Klerides (1993-2003)

Northern Cyprus (not internationally recognized)

Head of State: President Rauf Denktaş (1983-2005)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Derviş Eroğlu ( 1985–1994 , 1996–2004, 2009–2010 ) (2010–2015 President)

Remarks

↑ ^a ^b The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are areas that are directly under the British Crown. They are not part of the UK.
↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares

[kronbesitz-1] The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are areas that are directly under the British Crown. They are not part of the UK.

[2] The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares