List of Heads of State 1998

Overview
◄◄ | ◄ | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | List of Heads of State 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | ► | ►►
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Africa

Egypt
- Head of State: President Husni Mubarak (1981–2011) (1981–1982 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kamal al-Ganzuri (1996–1999, 2011–2012 )

Algeria
- Head of State: President Liamine Zéroual (1994–1999)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia (1995–15 December 1998, 2003–2006, 2008–2012, 2017–2019 )
  - Prime Minister: Smail Hamdani (December 15, 1998–1999)

Angola
- Head of State: President José Eduardo dos Santos (1979-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Fernando José de França Dias Van Dúnem ( 1991–1992 , 1996–1999)

Equatorial Guinea
- Head of State: President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (since 1979) (until 1982 Chairman of the Supreme Military Council)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ángel Serafín Seriche Dougan (1996-2001)

Ethiopia
- Head of State: President Negasso Gidada (1995-2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Meles Zenawi (1995–2012) (1991–1995 President)

Benin
- Head of State: President Mathieu Kérékou ( 1972–1991 , 1996–2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Adrien Houngbédji (1996–14 May 1998) (office abolished)

Botswana
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Quett Masire (1980–31 March 1998)
  - President Festus Mogae (April 1, 1998–2008)

Burkina Faso
- Head of State: President Blaise Compaoré (1987-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kadré Désiré Ouédraogo (1996–2000)

Burundi

Head of State: President Pierre Buyoya ( 1987–1993 , 1996–2003)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Pascal-Firmin Ndimira (1996–12 June 1998) (office will be abolished in 1998)

Djibouti
- Head of State: President Hassan Gouled Aptidon (1977–1999) (1977 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Barkat Gourad Hamadou (1978-2001)

Ivory Coast
- Head of State: President Henri Konan Bédié (1993–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Daniel Kablan Duncan (1993–1999, 2012–2017 )

Eritrea
- Head of State and Government: President Isayas Afewerki (since 1993)

Gabon
- Head of State: President Omar Bongo (1967–2009)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Paulin Obame Nguema (1994–1999)

Gambia
- Head of State and Government: President Yahya Jammeh (1994–2017) (until 1996 Chairman of the Provisional Government Council of the Army)

Ghana
- Head of State and Government: President Jerry Rawlings ( 1979 , 1981-2001) (until 1993 Chairman of the Provisional National Defense Council)

Guinea
- Head of State: President Lansana Conté (1984–2008)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sidya Touré (1996–1999)

Guinea-Bissau
- Head of State: President João Bernardo Vieira ( 1980–1984 , 1984–1999, 2005–2009 ) (Prime Minister 1978–1980)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Carlos Correia ( 1991–1994 , 1997–3 December 1998, 2008–2009, 2015–2016 )
  - Prime Minister Francisco Fadul (December 3, 1998–2000)

Cameroon
- Head of State: President Paul Biya (since 1982)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Peter Mafany Musonge (1996-2004)

Cape Verde
- Head of State: President António Monteiro (1991-2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Carlos Veiga (1991–2000)

Kenya
- Head of State and Government: President Daniel Arap Moi (1978–2002)

Comoros
- Head of State:
  - President Mohammed Taki Abdoulkarim ( 1995 , 1996–6 November 1998) (1995 Prime Minister)
  - President Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde (6 November 1998–1999) (acting) (1996 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Nourdine Bourhane (1997–30 May 1998)
  - Prime Minister Abbas Djoussouf (November 22, 1998–1999)

Democratic Republic of the Congo (until 1964 Congo-Léopoldville , 1964–1971 Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1971–1997 Zaïre )
- Head of State and Government: President Laurent-Désiré Kabila (1997–2001)

Republic of the Congo (1960–1970 Congo-Brazzaville ; 1970–1992 People's Republic of the Congo )
- Head of State and Government: President Denis Sassou-Nguesso ( 1979–1992 , since 1997)

Lesotho
- Head of State: King Letsie III. ( 1990–1995 , since 1996)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ntsu Mokhehle ( 1993–1994 , 1994–29 May 1998)
  - Prime Minister Bethuel Pakalitha Mosisili (May 29, 1998–2012, 2015–2017 )

Liberia
- Head of State or Government: President Charles Taylor (1997–2003)

Libya
- Revolutionary leader: Muammar al-Gaddafi (1969–2011) (1969–1979 General Secretary of the General People's Congress)
- Head of State: General Secretary of the General People's Congress Zantani Muhammad az-Zantani (1992-2008)
- Head of Government: General Secretary of the General People's Committee Muhammad Ahmad al-Manqush (1997–2000)

Madagascar
- Head of State: President Didier Ratsiraka ( 1975–1993 , 1997–2002)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Pascal Rakotomavo (1997–23 July 1998)
  - Prime Minister Tantely Andrianarivo (July 23, 1998–2002)

Malawi
- Head of State and Government: President Bakili Muluzi (1994-2004)

Mali
- Head of State: President Alpha Oumar Konaré (1992–2002)
- Head of State: President Alpha Oumar Konaré (1992–2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta (1994–2000)

Morocco
- Head of State: King Hassan II (1961–1999)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Abdellatif Filali (1994–4 February 1998)
  - Prime Minister Abderrahmane Youssoufi (February 4, 1998–2002)

Mauritania
- Head of State: President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya (1984–2005) (1981–1984, Prime Minister 1984–1992)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Mohamed Lemine Ould Guig (1997–16 November 1998)
  - Prime Minister Cheikh El Avia Ould Mohamed Khouna ( 1996–1997 , November 16, 1998–2003)

Mauritius

Head of State: President Cassam Uteem (1992–2002)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Navin Ramgoolam (1995–2000, 2005–2014 )

Mozambique

Head of State: President Joaquim Alberto Chissano (1986-2005)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Pascoal Mocumbi (1994-2004)

Namibia
- Head of State: President Sam Nujoma (1990-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hage Geingob (1990–2002, 2012–2015 ) (since 2015 President)

Niger

Head of State: President Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara (1996–1999)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Ibrahim Hassane Mayaki (1997–2000)

Nigeria
- Head of State and Government:
  - Chairman of the Provisional Government Council Sani Abacha (1993–8 June 1998)
  - Chairman of the Provisional Government Council Abdulsalami Abubakar (June 9, 1998–1999)

Rwanda

Head of State: President Pasteur Bizimungu (1994-2000)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Pierre-Célestin Rwigema (1995–2000)

Zambia
- Head of State or Government: President Frederick Chiluba (1991–2002)

Sao Tome and Principe
- Head of State: President Miguel Trovoada ( 1991–1995 , 1995–2001) (1975–1979 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Raul Bragança Neto (1996–1999)

Senegal
- Head of State: President Abdou Diouf (1981–2000) (Prime Minister 1970–1980)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Habib Thiam ( 1981–1983 , 1991–3 July 1998)
  - Prime Minister Mamadou Lamine Loum (July 3, 1998–2000)

Seychelles
- Head of State and Government: President France-Albert René (1977–2004) (1976–1977 Prime Minister)

Sierra Leone
- Head of State and Government:
  - Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of the Armed Forces Johnny Paul Koroma (1997–12 February 1998)
  - President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah ( 1996–1997 , March 10, 1998–2007)

Zimbabwe
- Head of State and Government: President Robert Mugabe (1987–2017) (1980–1987 Prime Minister)

Somalia
- Head of State or Government: President vacant (1997–2000)
  - Somaliland (not internationally recognized)
    - Head of State and Government: President Mohammed Haji Ibrahim Egal (1993–2002) (1967–1969 Prime Minister of Somalia)

South Africa
- Head of State or Government: President Nelson Mandela (1994–1999)

Sudan
- Head of State and Government: President Umar al-Bashir (1989–2019)

Swaziland

Head of State: King Mswati III. (since 1986)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini (1996–2003, 2008–2018 )

Tanzania
- Head of State: President Benjamin Mkapa (1995-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Frederick Sumaye (1995-2005)

Togo

Head of State: President Gnassingbé Eyadéma (1967-2005)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Kwassi Klutse (1996–1999)

Chad

Head of State: President Idriss Déby (since 1990)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Nassour Guelendouksia Ouaido (1997–1999)

Tunisia
- Head of State: President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali (1987–2011) (Prime Minister 1987)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hamed Karoui (1989–1999)

Uganda

Head of State: President Yoweri Museveni (since 1986)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Kintu Musoke (1994–1999)

Western Sahara (controversial)

Head of State: President Mohamed Abdelaziz (1976-2016) (in exile)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahfoud Ali Beiba ( 1982–1985, 1988–1993 , 1995–1999) (in exile)

Central African Republic

Head of State: President Ange-Félix Patassé (1993–2003) (1976–1978 Prime Minister)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Michel Gbezera-Bria (1997–1999)

America

North America

Canada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Governor General : Roméo LeBlanc (1995–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jean Chrétien (1993-2003)

Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Ernesto Zedillo (1994–2000)

United States of America
- Heads of State or Government: President Bill Clinton (1993-2001)

Central America

Antigua and Barbuda
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
  - Governor General James Carlisle (1993-2007)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lester Bird (1994-2004)

Bahamas
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1973)
  - Governor General : Orville Alton Turnquest (1995-2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hubert Ingraham (1992–2002, 2007–2012 )

Barbados
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1966)
  - Governor General : Clifford Husbands (1996-2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Owen Arthur (1994–2008)

Belize
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
  - Governor General : Colville Young (since 1993)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Manuel Esquivel ( 1984–1989 , 1993–28 August 1998)
  - Prime Minister Said Musa (August 28, 1998–2008)

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government:
  - President José María Figueres Olsen (1994–8 May 1998)
  - President Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Echeverría (May 8, 1998–2002)

Dominica
- Head of State:
  - President Crispin Sorhaindo (1993– October 6, 1998)
  - President Vernon Shaw (October 6, 1998–2003)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Edison James (1995-2000)

Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government: President Leonel Fernández (1996–2000, 2004–2012 )

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Armando Calderón Sol (1994–1999)

Grenada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
  - Governor General : Daniel Williams (1996-2008)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Keith Mitchell (1995–2008, since 2013 )

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Álvaro Arzú Irigoyen (1996–2000)

Haiti
- Head of State: President René Préval (1996–2001, 2006–2011 )
- Head of Government: (1997–1999 vacant)

Honduras
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Carlos Roberto Reina (1994–27 January 1998)
  - President Carlos Roberto Flores Facussé (January 27, 1998–2002)

Jamaica
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1962)
  - Governor General : Howard Cooke (1991-2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Percival J. Patterson (1992–2006)

Cuba
Head of State and Head of Government: President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers Fidel Castro (1976-2008) (1959-1976 Prime Minister)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Arnoldo Alemán (1997–2002)

Panama
- Head of State and Government: President Ernesto Pérez Balladares (1994–1999)

St. Kitts and Nevis
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1983)
  - Governor General : Cuthbert Sebastian (1996–2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Denzil Douglas (1995-2015)

St. Lucia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
  - Governor General : Pearlette Louisy (1997-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kenneth Anthony (1997-2006, 2011-2016 )

St. Vincent and the Grenadines
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
  - Governor General : Charles Antrobus (1996–2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister James Fitz-Allen Mitchell (1984–2000)

Trinidad and Tobago
- Head of State: President Arthur NR Robinson (1997–2003) (Prime Minister 1986–1991)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Basdeo Panday (1995-2001)

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Menem (1989–1999)

Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Hugo Banzer Suárez ( 1971–1978 , 1997–2001)

Brazil
- Head of State and Government: President Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995–2003)

Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (1994–2000)

Ecuador
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Fabián Alarcón ( 1997 , 1997–10 August 1998) (acting)
  - President Jamil Mahuad (August 10, 1998–2000)

Guyana
- Head of State: President Janet Jagan (1997-1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sam Hinds ( 1992–1997 , 1997–1999, 1999 ) (1997 President)

Colombia
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Ernesto Samper (1994–7 August 1998)
  - President Andrés Pastrana (August 7, 1998–2002)

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Juan Carlos Wasmosy (1993– August 15, 1998)
  - President Raúl Cubas Grau (August 15, 1998–1999)

Peru
- Head of State: President Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000)
- Head of Government:
  - Chairman of the Council of Ministers Alberto Pandolfi (1996–4 June 1998, 1998–1999 )
  - Prime Minister Javier Valle Riestra (June 4, 1998– August 21, 1998)
  - Prime Minister Alberto Pandolfi ( 1996–1998 , August 21, 1998–1999)

Suriname
- Head of State and Government: President Jules Albert Wijdenbosch (1996–2000)
- Head of Government: Vice President Pretapnarian Shawh Radhakishun ( 1986–1987 , 1996–2000)

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President Julio María Sanguinetti ( 1985–1990 , 1995–2000)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Rafael Caldera (1994–1999)

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

Bangladesh
- Head of State: President Shahabuddin Ahmed ( 1990–1991 , 1996–2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina (1996–2001, since 2009 )

Bhutan
- Head of State: King Jigme Singye Wangchuck (1972-2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jigme Thinley (July 20, 1998–1999, 2003–2004, 2008–2013 ) (newly created office)

Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Head of State: President Lee Teng-hui (1988–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Vincent Siew (1997–2000)

People's Republic of China
- Head of State: President Jiang Zemin (1993-2003)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Li Peng (1987–17 March 1998)
  - Prime Minister Zhu Rongji (March 17, 1998–2003)

India
- Head of State: President K. R. Narayanan (1997–2002)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Inder Kumar Gujral (1997–19 March 1998)
  - Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 1996 , March 19, 1998-2004)

Indonesia
- Head of State and Head of Government:
  - President Suharto (1967– May 21, 1998)
  - President Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (May 21, 1998–1999)

Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Akihito (1989-2019)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ryūtarō Hashimoto (1996–30 July 1998)
  - Prime Minister Keizō Obuchi (July 30, 1998–2000)

Cambodia
- Head of State: King Norodom Sihanouk ( 1941–1955 , 1993–2004) (1960–1970, 1975–1976, 1991–1993 President)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hun Sen (since 1985)

North Korea
- Chairman of the National Defense Commission : Kim Jong-il (1994–2011)
- Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly :
  - Yang Hyong-sop (1994-5 September 1998)
  - Kim Yong-nam (since September 5, 1998)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hong Song-nam (1997-2003)

South Korea
- Head of State:
  - President Kim Young-sam (1993– February 25, 1998)
  - President Kim Dae-jung (February 25, 1998–2003)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Goh Kun (1997–3 March 1998, 2003–2004 )
  - Prime Minister Kim Jong-pil ( 1971–1975 , March 3, 1998–2000)

Laos
- Head of State:
  - President Nouhak Phoumsavanh (1992–24 February 1998)
  - President Khamtay Siphandone (February 24, 1998–2006)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Khamtay Siphandone (1991–24 February 1998)
  - Prime Minister Sisavath Keobounphanh (February 24, 1998–2001)

Malaysia
- Head of State: Supreme Ruler Tuanku Jaafar (1994–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad (1981–2003, 2018–2020 )

Maldives
- Head of State or Government: President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom (1978–2008)

Myanmar
- Head of State: Chairman of the State Council for Peace and Development Than Shwe (1992–2011) (Prime Minister 1992–2003)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Than Shwe (1992–2003) (1992–2011 Chairman of the State Council for Peace and Development)

Nepal
- Head of State: King Birendra (1972-2001)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Surya Bahadur Thapa ( 1963–1964, 1965–1969, 1979–1983 , 1997–15 April 1998, 2003–2004 )
  - Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala ( 1991–1994 , April 15, 1998–1999, 2000–2001, 2006–2008 )

Pakistan
- Head of State:
  - President Wasim Sajjad ( 1993 , 1997–1 January 1998) (acting)
  - President Mohammed Rafiq Tarar (January 1, 1998–2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif ( 1990–1993, 1993 , 1997–1999, 2013–2017 )

Philippines
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Fidel Ramos (1992–30 June 1998)
  - President Joseph Estrada (June 30, 1998–2001)

Singapore
- Head of State: President Ong Teng Cheong (1993–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong (1990-2004)

Sri Lanka
- Head of State: President Chandrika Kumaratunga (1994–2005) (1994 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike ( 1960–1965, 1970–1977 , 1994–2000)

Thailand
- Head of State: King Rama IX. Bhumibol Adulyadej (1946-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Chuan Leekpai ( 1992–1995 , 1997–2001)

Vietnam

Head of State: President Trần Đức Lương (1997-2006)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Phan Văn Khải (1997-2006)

Middle East

Armenia
- Head of State:
  - President Levon Ter-Petrosyan (1991–3 February 1998)
  - President Robert Kocharyan (February 4, 1998–2008) (acting until April 9, 1998) (1992–1994 Prime Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh, 1994–1997 President of Nagorno-Karabakh, 1997–1998 Prime Minister of Armenia)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Robert Kocharyan (1997–10 April 1998) (1992–1994 Prime Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh, 1994–1997 President of Nagorno-Karabakh, 1998–2008 President of Armenia)
  - Prime Minister Armen Darbinjan (April 10, 1998–1999)

Azerbaijan

Head of State: President Heidar Aliyev (1993-2003)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Artur Rasizadä (1996–2003, 2003–2018 )

Nagorno Karabakh (not internationally recognized)

Head of State: President Arkadi Ghukassjan (1997-2007)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Leonard Petrosyan (1994 – June 1998) (1997 President)

Prime Minister Shirajr Poghosjan (June 1998–1999)

Bahrain
- Head of State: Emir Isa II. (1971–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa (since 1971)

Georgia

Head of State: President Eduard Shevardnadze (1992-2003)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Niko Lekishvili (1996–7 August 1998)

Prime Minister Wascha Lortkipanidze (August 7, 1998–2000)

Abkhazia (not recognized internationally)

Head of State: President Wladislaw Ardsinba (1992-2005)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Sergei Bagapsch (1997–1999) (2005–2011 President)

South Ossetia (not internationally recognized)

Head of State: President of Parliament Ludwig Tschibirow (1993-2001)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Alexander Schawlochow (1996 – August 1998)

Prime Minister Merab Tschigojew (August 1998-2001)

Iraq
- Head of State and Government: President Saddam Hussein (1979-2003)

Iran
- Religious head: Supreme legal scholar Ali Chamene'i (since 1989) (Prime Minister 1981–1989)
- Head of State: President Mohammad Chātami (1997-2005)

Israel
- Head of State: President Ezer Weizmann (1993–2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu (1996–1999, since 2009 )

Yemen
- Head of State: Chairman of the Presidential Council Ali Abdullah Salih (1990–2012) (President from 1994) (1978–1990 President of North Yemen)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Faraj Said bin Ghanem (1997–29 April 1998)
  - Prime Minister Abdul Karim al-Iryani (April 29, 1998–2001) (1980–1983 Prime Minister of North Yemen)

Jordan
- Head of State: King Hussein (1952–1999)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Abdelsalam al-Majali ( 1993–1995 , 1997–20 August 1998)
  - Prime Minister Fayez at-Tarawneh (August 20, 1998–1999, 2012 )

Qatar
- Head of State: Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (1995–2013) (1995–1996 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdullah bin Chalifa Al Thani (1996-2007)

Kuwait

Head of State: Emir Jabir III. (1977–2006) ( 1962–1963, 1965–1978 Prime Minister )

Head of Government: Prime Minister Sa'ad al-Abdallah as-Salim as-Sabah (1978-2003) (2006 Emir)

Lebanon
- Head of State:
  - President Élias Hrawi (1989–23 November 1998)
  - President Émile Lahoud (November 24, 1998–2007)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Rafiq al-Hariri (1992–2 December 1998, 2000–2004 )
  - Prime Minister Selim al-Hoss ( 1976–1980, 1987–1990 , December 2, 1998–2000)

Oman
- Head of State and Government: Sultan Qaboos ibn Said (1970–2020)

Palestinian Territories
- Head of State and Government: President: Yasser Arafat (1994-2004)

Saudi Arabia
- Head of State and Government: King Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz (1982-2005)

Syria

Head of State: President Hafiz al-Assad (1971–2000) (1970–1971 Prime Minister)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahmud Zuabi (1987–2000)

Turkey
- Head of State: President Süleyman Demirel (1993–2000) (1965–1971, 1975–1977, 1977–1978, 1979–1980, 1991–1993 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mesut Yılmaz ( 1991, 1996 , 1997–1999)

United Arab Emirates
- Head of State: President Zayid bin Sultan Al Nahyan (1971–2004) (1966–2004 Emir of Abu Dhabi)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Maktum bin Raschid Al Maktum ( 1971–1979 , 1990–2006) (1990–2006 Emir of Dubai)

Central Asia

Afghanistan
- Head of State: Leader of the Faithful Mohammed Omar (1996-2001)
- Head of Government: Chairman of the Supreme Council Mohammad Rabbani (1996-2001)

Kazakhstan

Head of State: President Nursultan Nazarbayev (1991-2019)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Nurlan Balghymbajew (1997–1999)

Kyrgyzstan
- Head of State: President Askar Akayev (1991-2005)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Apas Jumagulov (1993–24 March 1998)
  - Prime Minister Kubanischbek Shumaliyev (March 24, 1998– December 23, 1998)
  - Prime Minister Boris Silajew (December 23, 1998– December 25, 1998, 1999 ) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Jumabek Ibraimov (December 25, 1998–1999)

Mongolia
- Head of State: President Natsagiin Bagabandi (1997-2005)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Mendsaichaniin Enchsaichan (1996–23 April 1998)
  - Prime Minister Tsachiagiin Elbegdordsch (April 23, 1998– December 9, 1998, 2004–2006 ) (President 2009–2017)
  - Prime Minister Janlawyn Narantsatsralt (December 9, 1998–1999)

Tajikistan

Head of State: President Emomalij Rahmonow (since 1992)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Yachjo Asimow (1996–1999)

Turkmenistan
- Head of State and Government: President Saparmyrat Nyýazow (1991–2006)

Uzbekistan

Head of State: President Islom Karimov (1991-2016)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Oʻtkir Sultonov (1995–2003)

Australia and Oceania

Australia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Governor General : William Deane (1996-2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister John Howard (1996-2007)

Cook Islands (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1965)
  - Queen's Representative: Apenera Short (1990-2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Geoffrey Henry ( 1983 , 1989–1999)

Fiji
- Head of State: President Kamisese Mara (1993–2000) (Prime Minister 1970–1987, 1987–1992)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka (1992–1999)

Kiribati
- Head of State and Government: President Teburoro Tito (1994–2003)

Marshall Islands
- Head of State and Government: President Imata Kabua (1997–2000)

Micronesia
- Head of State and Government: President Jacob Nena (1997–1999)

Nauru
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Kinza Clodumar (1997– June 18, 1998)
  - President Bernard Dowiyogo ( 1976–1978, 1989–1995, 1996 , June 18, 1998–1999, 2000–2001, 2003, 2003 )

New Zealand
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Governor General : Michael Hardie Boys (1996-2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jenny Shipley (1997–1999)

Niue (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
  - Queen's Representative: Governor General of New Zealand
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Frank Lui (1993–1999)

Palau
- Head of State and Government: President Kuniwo Nakamura (1994–2000)

Papua New Guinea
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1975)
  - Governor General : Silas Atopare (1997-2003)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Bill Skate (1997–1999)

Samoa
- Head of State: O le Ao o le Malo Tanumafili II. (1962-2007)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Tofilau Eti Alesana ( 1982–1985 , 1988–23 November 1998)
  - Prime Minister Sailele Tuilaʻepa Malielegaoi (since November 23, 1998)

Solomon Islands
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
  - Governor General : Moses Pitakaka (1994–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Bartholomew Ulufa'alu (1997–2000)

Tonga
- Head of State: King Taufaʻahau Tupou IV. (1970-2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Baron Vaea (1991-2000)

Tuvalu
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
  - Governor General :
    - Tulaga Manuella (1994-26 June 1998)
    - Tomasi Puapua (June 26, 1998-2003)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Bikenibeu Paeniu ( 1989–1993 , 1996–1999)

Vanuatu
- Head of State: President Jean-Marie Manatawai (1994–1999)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Serge Vohor ( 1995–1996 , 1996–30 March 1998, 2004, 2011 )
  - Prime Minister Donald Kalpokas ( 1991 , March 30, 1998–1999)

Europe

Albania
- Head of State: President Rexhep Meidani (1997-2002)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Fatos Nano ( 1991 , 1997–2 October 1998, 2002–2005 )
  - Prime Minister Pandeli Majko (October 2, 1998–1999, 2002 )

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - President of France : Jacques Chirac (1995-2007)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Joan Martí Alanís (1971-2003)
- Head of Government: District President Marc Forné Molné (1994-2005)

Belgium
- Head of State: King Albert II (1993-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jean-Luc Dehaene (1992–1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Head of State:
  - President of the State Presidium : Alija Izetbegović (1992–13 October 1998, 2000 ) (President until 1996)
  - President of the State Presidency Zivko Radišić (October 13, 1998–1999, 2000–2001 )
- State Presidency:
  - Bosniaks: Alija Izetbegović (October 13, 1998–2002)
  - Croatians: Ante Jelavić (October 13, 1998–2001)
  - Serbs: Živko Radišić (October 13, 1998–2002)
- Head of Government:
  - Co-Prime Minister Haris Silajdžić ( 1993–1996 , 1997–2000) (2006–2010 Member of the State Presidency)
  - Co-Prime Minister Boro Bosić (1997–1999)

Bulgaria
- Head of State: President Petar Stojanow (1997-2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ivan Kostov (1997-2001)

Denmark
- Head of State: Queen Margrethe II (since 1972)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen (1993–2001)
- Faroe Islands (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
  - Representative of the Danish government: Reichsombudsfrau Vibeke Larsen (1995–2001)
  - Head of Government:
    - Prime Minister Edmund Joensen (1994–15 May 1998)
    - Prime Minister Anfinn Kallsberg (May 15, 1998-2004)
- Greenland (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
  - Representative of the Danish government: Reichsombudsmann Gunnar Martens (1995–2002)
  - Head of Government: Prime Minister Jonathan Motzfeldt ( 1979–1991 , 1997–2002)

Germany
- Head of State: Federal President Roman Herzog (1994–1999)
- Head of Government:
  - Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl (1982-27 October 1998)
  - Federal Chancellor Gerhard Schröder (October 27, 1998-2005)

Estonia
- Head of State: President Lennart Meri (1992–2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mart Siimann (1997–1999)

Finland
- Head of State: President Martti Ahtisaari (1994–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Paavo Lipponen (1995-2003)

France
- Head of State: President Jacques Chirac (1995–2007) (1974–1976, Prime Minister 1986–1988)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lionel Jospin (1997-2002)

Greece
- Head of State: President Konstantinos Stefanopoulos (1995-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Konstantinos Simitis (1996-2004)

Ireland
- Head of State: President Mary McAleese (1997-2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Bertie Ahern (1997-2008)

Iceland
- Head of State: President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (1996–2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Davíð Oddsson (1991-2004)

Italy
- Head of State: President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (1992–1999)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Romano Prodi (1996–21 October 1998, 2006–2008 )
  - Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema (October 21, 1998–2000)

Yugoslavia
- Head of State: President Slobodan Milošević (1997–2000)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Radoje Kontić (1993–19 May 1998)
  - Prime Minister Momir Bulatović (May 19, 1998–2000)

Channel Islands
- guernsey
  - Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
    - Lieutenant Governor: John Coward (1994–2000)
- jersey
  - Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
    - Vice Governor: Michael Wilkes (1995–2000)

Croatia
- Head of State: President Franjo Tuđman (1991–1999)
- Head of Government: District President Zlatko Mateša (1995–2000)

Latvia
- Head of State: President Guntis Ulmanis (1993–1999)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Guntars Krasts (1997–26 November 1998)
  - Prime Minister Vilis Krištopans (November 26, 1998–1999)

Liechtenstein
- Head of State: Prince Hans-Adam II. (Since 1989)
- Head of Government : Mario Frick (1993-2001)

Lithuania
- Head of State:
  - President Algirdas Brazauskas (1992–25 February 1998) (2001–2006 Prime Minister)
  - President Valdas Adamkus (February 26, 1998–2003, 2004–2009 )
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Gediminas Vagnorius ( 1991–1992 , 1996–1999)

Luxembourg
- Head of State: Grand Duke Jean (1964–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker (1995-2013)

Malta
- Head of State: President Ugo Mifsud Bonniċi (1994–1999)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Alfred Sant (1996–6 September 1998)
  - Prime Minister Edward Fenech Adami ( 1987–1996 , September 6, 1998–2004) (2004–2009 President)

Isle of Man
- Head of State: Lord of Man Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Lieutenant Governor : Timothy Daunt (1995–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Donald Gelling (1996-2001, 2004-2006 )

Macedonia
- Head of State: President Kiro Gligorov (1991–1999)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Branko Crvenkovski (1992–30 November 1998, 2002–2004 ) (2004–2009 President)
  - Prime Minister Ljubčo Georgievski (November 30, 1998–2002)

Moldova

Head of State: President Petru Lucinschi (1997-2001)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Ion Ciubuc (1997–1999)

Transnistria (not internationally recognized)
President: Igor Smirnov (1991–2011)

Monaco

Head of State: Prince : Rainier III. (1949-2005)

Head of Government: Minister of State Michel Lévêque (1997–2000)

Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Beatrix (1980-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Wim Kok (1994–2002)

Norway
- Head of State: King Harald V (since 1991)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik (1997–2000, 2001–2005 )

Austria
- Head of State: Federal President Thomas Klestil (1992-2004)
- Head of Government: Federal Chancellor Viktor Klima (1997–2000)

Poland
- Head of State: President Aleksander Kwaśniewski (1995-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jerzy Buzek (1997-2001)

Portugal
- Head of State: President Jorge Sampaio (1996-2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister António Guterres (1995-2002)

Romania

Head of State: President Emil Constantinescu (1996–2000)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Victor Ciorbea (1996–30 March 1998)

Interior Minister Gavril Dejeu (March 30, 1998– April 17, 1998) (acting)

Prime Minister Radu Vasile (April 17, 1998–1999)

Russia
- Head of State: President Boris Yeltsin (1991–1999)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Viktor Tschernomyrdin (1992–23 March 1998, 23 August 1998–11 September 1998 )
  - Prime Minister Sergei Kirijenko (March 23, 1998– August 23, 1998)
  - Prime Minister Viktor Tschernomyrdin ( 1992–23 March 1998 , 23 August 1998–11 September 1998)
  - Prime Minister Yevgeny Primakov (September 11, 1998–1999)

San Marino
- Head of State: Capitani Reggenti
  - Luigi Mazza and (October 1, 1997– April 1, 1998) Marino Zanotti ( 1992–1993 , October 1, 1997– April 1, 1998)
  - Alberto Cecchetti ( 1975, 1994 , April 1, 1998– October 1, 1998, 2001–2002 ) and Loris Francini (April 1, 1998– October 1, 1998, 2006 )
  - Pietro Berti (October 1, 1998– April 1, 1999) and Paolo Bollini (October 1, 1998– April 1, 1999, 2004 )

Sweden
- Head of State: King Carl XVI. Gustaf (since 1973)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Göran Persson (1996-2006)

Switzerland
- Federal President : Flavio Cotti ( 1991 , 1998)
- Federal Council :
  - Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (1984-30 March 1998)
  - Flavio Cotti (1987-1999)
  - Arnold Koller (1987-1999)
  - Adolf Ogi (1988-2000)
  - Kaspar Villiger (1989-2003)
  - Ruth Dreifuss (1993-2002)
  - Moritz Leuenberger (1995-2010)
  - Pascal Couchepin (March 31, 1998–2009)

Slovakia
- Head of State:
  - President Michal Kováč (1993–2 March 1998)
  - Prime Minister Vladimír Mečiar (March 2, 1998– October 30, 1998) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Mikuláš Dzurinda (October 30, 1998–1999) (acting)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Vladimír Mečiar ( 1993–1994 , 1994–30 October 1998)
  - Prime Minister Mikuláš Dzurinda (October 30, 1998-2006)

Slovenia
- Head of State: President Milan Kučan (1991–2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Janez Drnovšek (1992–2000, 2000–2002 ) (2002–2007 President)

Spain
- Head of State: King Juan Carlos I (1975-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister José María Aznar (1996-2004)

Czech Republic
- Head of State: President Václav Havel (1993-2003)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Josef Tošovský (1997–17 July 1998)
  - Prime Minister Miloš Zeman (July 17, 1998–2002) (President since 2013)

Ukraine
- Head of State: President Leonid Kuchma (1994–2005) (Prime Minister 1992–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Valery Pustowoitenko (1997–1999)

Hungary
- Head of State: President Árpád Göncz (1990–2000)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Gyula Horn (1994–6 July 1998)
  - Prime Minister Viktor Orbán (July 6, 1998–2002, since 2010 )

Vatican city
- Head of State: Pope John Paul II (1978-2005)
- Head of Government:
  - Cardinal State Secretary Angelo Sodano (1990-2006)
  - President of the Governorate Edmund Casimir Szoka (1997–2006)

United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952) (crowned 1953)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Tony Blair (1997-2007)

Belarus
- Head of State: President Aljaksandr Lukashenka (since 1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sjarhej Linh (1996–2000) (provisional until February 19, 1997)

Republic of Cyprus

Head of State and Government: President Glafkos Klerides (1993-2003)

Northern Cyprus (not internationally recognized)

Head of State: President Rauf Denktaş (1983-2005)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Derviş Eroğlu ( 1985–1994 , 1996–2004, 2009–2010 ) (2010–2015 President)

Remarks

↑ ^a ^b The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are areas that are directly under the British Crown. They are not part of the UK.
↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares

[kronbesitz-1] The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are areas that are directly under the British Crown. They are not part of the UK.

[2] The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares