List of heads of state 1993
Overview
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Africa
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Egypt
- Head of State: President Husni Mubarak (1981–2011) (1981–1982 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Atif Muhammad Nagib Sidqi (1986–1996)
-
Algeria
- Head of State: Chairman of the High Council of State Ali Kafi (1992–1994)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Belaid Abdessalam (1992–21 August 1993)
- Prime Minister Redha Malek (August 21, 1993–1994)
-
Angola
- Head of State: President José Eduardo dos Santos (1979-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Marcolino Moco (1992–1996)
-
Equatorial Guinea
- Head of State: President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (since 1979) (until 1982 Chairman of the Supreme Military Council)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Silvestre Siale Bileka (1992–1996)
-
Ethiopia
- Head of State: President Meles Zenawi (1991–1995) (1995–2012 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Tamirat Layne (1991–1995)
-
Benin
- Head of State and Government: President Nicéphore Soglo (1991–1996) (Prime Minister 1990–1991)
-
Botswana
- Head of State or Government: President Quett Masire (1980–1998)
-
Burkina Faso
- Head of State: President Blaise Compaoré (1987-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Youssouf Ouédraogo (1992–1994)
-
Burundi
- Head of State:
- President Pierre Buyoya (1987–10 July 1993, 1996–2003 )
- President Melchior Ndadaye (July 10, 1993– October 21, 1993)
- President François Ngeze (October 21, 1993– October 27, 1993)
- Prime Minister Sylvie Kinigi (October 27, 1993–1994) (acting)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Adrien Sibomana (1988-10 July 1993)
- Prime Minister Sylvie Kinigi (July 10, 1993–1994)
- Head of State:
-
Djibouti
- Head of State: President Hassan Gouled Aptidon (1977–1999) (1977 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Barkat Gourad Hamadou (1978-2001)
-
Ivory Coast
- Head of State:
- President Félix Houphouët-Boigny (1960–7 December 1993)
- President Henri Konan Bédié (December 7, 1993–1999)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Alassane Ouattara (1990–11 December 1993) (President since 2010)
- Prime Minister Daniel Kablan Duncan (December 11, 1993–1999, 2012–2017 )
- Head of State:
-
Eritrea (independent since May 24, 1993)
- Head of State and Government: President Isayas Afewerki (since May 24, 1993)
-
Gabon
- Head of State: President Omar Bongo (1967–2009)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Casimir Oyé-Mba (1990–1994)
-
Gambia
- Head of State and Government: President Dawda Jawara (1970–1994) (Prime Minister 1965–1970)
-
Ghana
- Head of State or Government: President Jerry Rawlings ( 1979 , 1981-2001) (until January 7, 1993 Chairman of the Provisional National Defense Council)
-
Guinea
- Head of State and Government: President Lansana Conté (1984–2008)
-
Guinea-Bissau
- Head of State: President João Bernardo Vieira ( 1980–1984 , 1984–1999, 2005–2009 ) (1978–1980 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Carlos Correia (1991–1994, 1997–1998, 2008–2009, 2015–2016 )
-
Cameroon
- Head of State: President Paul Biya (since 1982)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Simon Achidi Achu (1992–1996)
-
Cape Verde
- Head of State: President António Monteiro (1991-2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Carlos Veiga (1991–2000)
-
Kenya
- Head of State and Government: President Daniel Arap Moi (1978–2002)
-
Comoros
- Head of State: President Said Mohamed Djohar (1989–1995, 1996 )
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Ibrahim Halidi (January 1, 1993– May 26, 1993)
- Prime Minister Said Ali Mohamed (May 26, 1993– June 19, 1993)
- Prime Minister Ahmed Ben Cheikh Attoumane (June 20, 1993–1994)
-
Republic of the Congo (1960–1970 Congo-Brazzaville ; 1970–1992 People's Republic of the Congo )
- Head of State: President Pascal Lissouba (1992–1997) (Prime Minister 1963–1966)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Claude Antoine Dacosta (1992–23 June 1993)
- Prime Minister Joachim Yhombi-Opango (June 23, 1993–1996) (President 1977–1979)
-
Lesotho
- Head of State: King Letsie III. (1990–1995, since 1996 )
- Head of Government:
- Chairman of the Military Council Elias Phisoana Ramaema (1991–2 April 1993)
- Prime Minister Ntsu Mokhehle (April 2, 1993–1994, 1994–1998 )
-
Liberia
- Head of State and Government: President of the Transitional Government of National Unity Amos Sawyer (1990–1994)
-
Libya
- Revolutionary leader: Muammar al-Gaddafi (1969–2011) (1969–1979 General Secretary of the General People's Congress)
- Head of State: General Secretary of the General People's Congress Zantani Muhammad az-Zantani (1992-2008)
- Head of Government: General Secretary of the General People's Committee Abu Zaid Umar Durda (1990–1994)
-
Madagascar
- Head of State:
- President Didier Ratsiraka (1975–27 March 1993, 1997–2002 )
- President Albert Zafy (March 27, 1993–1996)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Guy Razanamasy (1991–9 August 1993)
- Prime Minister Francisque Ravony (August 9, 1993–1995)
- Head of State:
-
Malawi
- Head of State and Government: President Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1966–1994) (Prime Minister 1964–1966)
-
Mali
- Head of State: President Alpha Oumar Konaré (1992–2002)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Younoussi Touré (1992–12 April 1993)
- Prime Minister Abdoulaye Sékou Sow (April 12, 1993–1994)
-
Morocco
- Head of State: King Hassan II (1961–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mohammed Karim Lamrani ( 1971–1972, 1983–1986 , 1992–1994)
-
Mauritania
- Head of State: President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya (1984–2005) (1981–1984, Prime Minister 1984–1992)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubacar (1992–1996, 1998–2003 )
-
Mauritius
- Head of State: President Cassam Uteem (1992–2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth (1982–1995, 2000–2003, 2014–2017 ) (2003–2012 President)
-
Mozambique
- Head of State: President Joaquim Alberto Chissano (1986-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mário Fernandes da Graça Machungo (1976–1994)
-
Namibia
- Head of State: President Sam Nujoma (1990-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hage Geingob (1990–2002, 2012–2015 ) (since 2015 President)
-
Niger
- Head of State:
- President Ali Saibou (1987–16 April 1993) (until 1989 President of the Supreme Military Council)
- President Mahamane Ousmane (April 16, 1993–1996)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Amadou Cheiffou (1991–17 April 1993)
- Prime Minister Mahamadou Issoufou (April 17, 1993–1994) (President since 2011)
- Head of State:
-
Nigeria
- Head of State and Government:
- President of the Governing Council of the Armed Forces Ibrahim Babangida (1985–26 August 1993)
- Interim President Ernest Shonekan (August 26, 1993– November 17, 1993)
- Chairman of the Provisional Government Council Sani Abacha (November 17, 1993–1998)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Rwanda
- Head of State: President Juvénal Habyarimana (1973–1994)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Dismas Nsengiyaremye (1992–18 July 1993)
- Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana (July 18, 1993–1994)
-
Zambia
- Head of State or Government: President Frederick Chiluba (1991–2002)
-
Sao Tome and Principe
- Head of State: President Miguel Trovoada (1991–1995, 1995–2001 ) (1975–1979 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Norberto d'Alva Costa Alegre (1992–1994)
-
Senegal
- Head of State: President Abdou Diouf (1981–2000) (Prime Minister 1970–1980)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Habib Thiam ( 1981–1983 , 1991–1998)
-
Seychelles
- Head of State and Government: President France-Albert René (1977–2004) (1976–1977 Prime Minister)
-
Sierra Leone
- Head of State: Chairman of the Supreme Council of State Valentine Strasser (1992–1996)
- Head of Government:
- Chairman of the Council of State Secretaries Solomon Musa (1992–5 July 1993)
- Chairman of the Council of State Secretaries Julius Maada Bio (July 5, 1993–1995) (1996 Chairman of the Supreme State Council)
-
Zimbabwe
- Head of State and Government: President Robert Mugabe (1987–2017) (1980–1987 Prime Minister)
-
Somalia
- Head of State: President Ali Mahdi Mohammed (1991–1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Umar Arteh Ghalib (1991–1993)
-
Somaliland (not internationally recognized)
- Head of State and Government:
- President Abd-ar-Rahman Ahmad Ali Tur (1991–16 May 1993)
- President Mohammed Haji Ibrahim Egal (May 16, 1993–2002) (1967–1969 Prime Minister of Somalia)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Somaliland (not internationally recognized)
-
South Africa
- Head of State and Government: President Frederik Willem de Klerk (1989–1994)
-
Sudan
- Head of State and Government: President Umar al-Bashir (1989–2019)
-
Swaziland
- Head of State: King Mswati III. (since 1986)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Obed Dlamini (1989–25 October 1993)
- Prime Minister Andreas Fakudze (October 25, 1993– November 4, 1993) (acting)
- Prime Minister Jameson Mbilini Dlamini (November 4, 1993–1996)
-
Tanzania
- Head of State: President Ali Hassan Mwinyi (1985–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister John Malecela (1990–1994)
-
Togo
- Head of State: President Gnassingbé Eyadéma (1967-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Joseph Kokou Koffigoh (1991–1994)
-
Chad
- Head of State: President Idriss Déby (since 1990)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Joseph Yodoyman (1992–7 April 1993)
- Prime Minister Fidèle Moungar (April 7, 1993– November 6, 1993)
- Prime Minister Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye (November 6, 1993–1995, 2007–2008 )
-
Tunisia
- Head of State: President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali (1987–2011) (Prime Minister 1987)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hamed Karoui (1989–1999)
-
Uganda
- Head of State: President Yoweri Museveni (since 1986)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister George Cosmas Adyebo (1991-1994)
-
Western Sahara (controversial)
- Head of State: President Mohamed Abdelaziz (1976-2016) (in exile)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Mahfoud Ali Beiba ( 1982–1985 , 1988–1993, 1995–1999 ) (in exile)
- Prime Minister Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun (September 19, 1993–1995, 1999–2003 ) (in exile)
-
Zaïre (until 1964 Congo-Léopoldville , 1964–1971, since 1997 Democratic Republic of the Congo )
- Head of State: President Mobutu Sese Seko (1965–1997)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Nguza Karl-I-Bond ( 1980–1981 , 1991–1992) Étienne Tshisekedi ( 1991 , 1992–18 March 1993, 1997 )
- Prime Minister Faustin Birindwa (March 18, 1993–1994)
-
Central African Republic
- Head of State:
- President André Kolingba (1981–22 October 1993)
- President Ange-Félix Patassé (October 22, 1993–2003) (Prime Minister 1976–1978)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Timothée Malendoma (1992–26 February 1993)
- Prime Minister Enoch Derant Lakoué (February 26, 1993– October 25, 1993)
- Prime Minister Jean-Luc Mandaba (October 25, 1993–1995)
- Head of State:
America
North America
-
Canada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
- Governor General : Ray Hnatyshyn (1990–1995)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Brian Mulroney (1984-25 June 1993)
- Prime Minister Kim Campbell (June 25, 1993– November 4, 1993)
- Prime Minister Jean Chrétien (November 4, 1993–2003)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
-
Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1988–1994)
-
United States of America
- Head of State and Government:
- President George HW Bush (1989–20 January 1993)
- President Bill Clinton (January 20, 1993–2001)
- Head of State and Government:
Central America
-
Antigua and Barbuda
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
-
Governor General
- Wilfred E. Jacobs (1981-10 June 1993)
- James Carlisle (June 10, 1993-2007)
-
Governor General
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Vere Cornwall Bird (1981–1994)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
-
Bahamas
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1973)
- Governor General : Clifford Darling (1992–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hubert Ingraham (1992–2002, 2007–2012 )
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1973)
-
Barbados
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1966)
- Governor General : Nita Barrow (1990–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lloyd Erskine Sandiford (1987–1994)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1966)
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Belize
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
-
Governor General :
- Minita Gordon (1981-17 November 1993)
- Colville Young (since November 17, 1993)
-
Governor General :
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister George Cadle Price ( 1981-1984 , 1989-3 July 1993)
- Prime Minister Manuel Esquivel ( 1984–1989 , July 3, 1993–1998)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
-
Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier (1990–1994)
-
Dominica
- Head of State:
- President Clarence A. Seignoret (1983–24 October 1993)
- President Crispin Sorhaindo (October 25, 1993–1998)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Eugenia Charles (1980–1995)
- Head of State:
-
Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government: President Joaquín Balaguer ( 1960–1962, 1966–1978 , 1986–1996)
-
El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Alfredo Cristiani Burkard (1989–1994)
-
Grenada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
- Governor General : Reginald Palme (1992–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nicholas Brathwaite ( 1983–1984 , 1990–1995)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
-
Guatemala
- Head of State and Government:
- President Jorge Serrano Elias (1991–1 June 1993)
- President Gustavo Adolfo Espina Salguero (June 1, 1993– June 5, 1993)
- President Ramiro de León Carpio (June 6, 1993–1996)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Haiti
- Head of State:
- President Marc Bazin (June 15, 1992–1993) (acting)
- President Jean-Bertrand Aristide ( 1991 , June 15, 1993–1994, 1994–1996, 2001–2004 )
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Marc Bazin (1992–30 August 1993)
- Prime Minister Robert Malval (August 30, 1993–1994)
- Head of State:
-
Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President Rafael Leonardo Callejas (1990–1994)
-
Jamaica
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1962)
- Governor General : Howard Cooke (1991-2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Percival J. Patterson (1992–2006)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1962)
-
Cuba
- Head of State and Head of Government: President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers Fidel Castro (1976-2008) (1959-1976 Prime Minister)
-
Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Violeta Barrios de Chamorro (1990–1997) (1979–1980 member of the government junta for national reconstruction)
-
Panama
- Head of State and Government: President Guillermo Endara Galimany (1989–1994)
-
St. Kitts and Nevis
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1983)
- Governor General Clement Athelston Arrindell (1983–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kennedy Simmonds (1983–1995)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1983)
-
St. Lucia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
- Governor General : Stanislaus A. James (1988–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister John Compton (1982–1996, 2006–2007 )
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
-
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
- Governor General : David Jack (1989–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister James Fitz-Allen Mitchell (1984–2000)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
-
Trinidad and Tobago
- Head of State: President Noor Hassanali (1987–1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Patrick Manning (1991–1995, 2001–2010 )
South America
-
Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Menem (1989–1999)
-
Bolivia
- Head of State and Government:
- President Jaime Paz Zamora (1989–6 Aug 1993)
- President Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada (Aug. 6, 1993–1997, 2002–2003 )
- Head of State and Government:
-
Brazil
- Head of State and Government: President Itamar Franco (1992–1995)
-
Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Patricio Aylwin (1990–1994)
-
Ecuador
- Head of State and Government: President Sixto Durán Ballén (1992–1996)
-
Guyana
- Head of State: President Cheddi Jagan (1992–1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sam Hinds (1992–1997, 1997–1999, 1999–2015 ) (1997 President)
-
Colombia
- Head of State and Government: President César Gaviria (1990–1994)
-
Paraguay
- Head of State and Government:
- President Andrés Rodríguez (1989–15 August 1993)
- President Juan Carlos Wasmosy (August 15, 1993–1998)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Peru
- Head of State: President Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Óscar de la Puente Raygada (1992–28 August 1993)
- Prime Minister Alfonso Bustamante y Bustamante (August 28, 1993–1994)
-
Suriname
- Head of State: President Ronald Venetiaan (1991–1996, 2000–2010 )
- Head of Government: Vice-President Jules Ratankumar Ajodhia (1991–1996, 2000–2005 )
-
Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President Luis Alberto Lacalle (1990–1995)
-
Venezuela
- Head of State and Government:
- President Carlos Andrés Pérez ( 1974–1979 , 1989–31 August 1993) (suspended from May 21)
- President of Parliament Octavio Lepage (May 21, 1993– June 5, 1993) (acting)
- President Ramón José Velásquez (June 5, 1993–1994) (acting until October 31)
- Head of State and Government:
Asia
East, South and Southeast Asia
-
Bangladesh
- Head of State: President Abdur Rahman Biswas (1991–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Khaleda Zia (1991–1996, 2001–2006 )
-
Bhutan
- Head of State and Government: King Jigme Singye Wangchuck (1972-2006)
-
Brunei
- Head of State and Government: Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (since 1967)
-
Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Head of State: President Lee Teng-hui (1988–2000)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Hau Pei-tsun (1990-10 February 1993)
- Prime Minister Lien Chan (February 10, 1993–1997)
-
People's Republic of China
- Head of State:
- President Yang Shangkun (1988–27 March 1993)
- President Jiang Zemin (March 27, 1993–2003)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Li Peng (1987–1998)
- Head of State:
-
India
- Head of State: President Shankar Dayal Sharma (1992–1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao (1991–1996)
-
Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Akihito (1989-2019)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Miyazawa Kiichi (1991–9 August 1993)
- Prime Minister Morihiro Hosokawa (August 9, 1993–1994)
-
Cambodia
- Head of State:
- Chairman of the State Council Chea Sim (1992–14 June 1993)
- Head of State: Norodom Sihanouk ( 1960–1970, 1975–1976 , June 14, 1993– September 24, 1993) ( 1941–1955, 1993–2004 King )
- King Norodom Sihanouk ( 1941–1955 , 1993–2004) (1960–1970, 1975–1976, 1993 President)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hun Sen (since 1985)
- Head of State:
-
North Korea
- Chairman of the National Defense Commission : Kim Il-sung (1948–1994)
- Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly : Kim Il-sung (1972–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kang Song-san ( 1984–1986 , 1992–1997)
-
South Korea
- Head of State:
- President Roh Tae-woo (1988– February 25, 1993)
- President Kim Young-sam (February 25, 1993–1998)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Hyun Seung-jong (1992–25 February 1993)
- Prime Minister Hwang In-sung (February 25, 1993– December 17, 1993)
- Prime Minister Lee Hoi-chang (December 17, 1993–1994)
- Head of State:
-
Laos
- Head of State: President Nouhak Phoumsavanh (1992–1998)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Khamtay Siphandone (1991–1998)
-
Malaysia
- Head of State: Supreme Ruler Azlan Shah (1989–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad (1981–2003, 2018–2020 )
-
Maldives
- Head of State or Government: President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom (1978–2008)
-
Myanmar
- Head of State: Chairman of the State Council for Peace and Development Than Shwe (1992–2011) (Prime Minister 1992–2003)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Than Shwe (1992–2003) (1992–2011 Chairman of the State Council for Peace and Development)
-
Nepal
- Head of State: King Birendra (1972-2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala (1991–1994, 1998–1999, 2000–2001, 2006–2008 )
-
Pakistan
- Head of State:
- President Ghulam Ishaq Khan (1988– July 18, 1993)
- President Wasim Sajjad (July 18, 1993– November 14, 1993, 1997–1998 ) ( Acting )
- President Faruk Ahmad Khan Leghari (November 14, 1993–1997)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif (1990–18 April 1993, 1993, 1997–1999, 2013–2017 )
- Prime Minister Balakh Sher Mazari (April 18, 1993– May 26, 1993) (acting)
- Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif ( 1990–1993 , May 26, 1993– July 18, 1993, 1997–1999, 2013–2017 )
- Prime Minister Moin Qureshi (July 18, 1993– October 19, 1993) (acting)
- Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto ( 1988–1990 , October 19, 1993–1996)
- Head of State:
-
Philippines
- Head of State and Government: President Fidel Ramos (1992–1998)
-
Singapore
- Head of State:
- President Wee Kim Wee (1985–1 September 1993)
- President Ong Teng Cheong (September 1, 1993–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong (1990-2004)
- Head of State:
-
Sri Lanka
- Head of State:
- President Ranasinghe Premadasa (1989–1 May 1993)
- President Dingiri Banda Wijetunga (May 1, 1993–1994) (Prime Minister 1989–1993)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Dingiri Banda Wijetunga (1989–7 May 1993) (1993–1994 President)
- Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe (May 7, 1993–1994, 2001–2004, 2015–2018, 2018–2019 )
- Head of State:
-
Thailand
- Head of State: King Rama IX. Bhumibol Adulyadej (1946-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Chuan Leekpai (1992–1995, 1997–2001 )
-
Vietnam
- Head of State: President Lê Đức Anh (1992–1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Võ Văn Kiệt ( 1988 , 1991–1997) (until 1992 Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Middle East
-
Armenia
- Head of State: President Levon Ter-Petrosyan (1991–1998)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Khosrov Arutyunyan (1992-2. February 1993),
- Prime Minister Hrant Bagratjan ( 1991–1992 , February 2, 1993–1996) (provisional until February 12, 1993)
-
Azerbaijan
- Head of State:
- President Abulfas Eltschibei (1992–24 June 1993)
- President Heidar Aliyev (June 24, 1993–2003)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Rahim Husseinow (1992–26 January 1993)
- Prime Minister Ali Massimov (January 26, 1993– April 28, 1993)
- Prime Minister Panach Husseinow (April 28, 1993– June 7, 1993)
- Prime Minister Surat Husseinow (June 27, 1993–1994)
-
Nagorno Karabakh (not internationally recognized)
- Head of State:
- President of Parliament Georgi Petrosyan (1992–14 June 1993) (acting)
- President of Parliament Garen Baburjan (June 14, 1993–1994) (acting)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert Kocharyan ( 1992– December 1994) (1994–1997 President of Nagorno-Karabakh, 1997–1998, 2000 Prime Minister of Armenia, 1998–2008 President of Armenia)
- Head of State:
- Head of State:
-
Bahrain
- Head of State: Emir Isa II. (1971–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa (since 1971)
-
Georgia
- Head of State: President Eduard Shevardnadze (1992-2003)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Tengis Sigua ( 1991 , 1992–1993)
- President Eduard Shevardnadze (August 6, 1993– August 20, 1993) (acting)
- Prime Minister Otar Pazazia (August 20, 1993–1995)
-
Abkhazia (not recognized internationally)
- Head of State: President Wladislaw Ardsinba (1992-2005)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Wascha Sarandija (1992–12 December 1993)
- Prime Minister Socrat Djindscholija (1993–1994)
-
South Ossetia (not internationally recognized)
- Head of State:
- Speaker of Parliament Tores Kulumbegow ( 1992– October 1993)
- President of Parliament Ludwig Tschibirow (October 1993-2001)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Oleg Teseev (1991–27 September 1993)
- Prime Minister Gerasim Khugayev (November 1993–1994, 2001–2003 )
- Head of State:
-
Iraq
- Head of State: President Saddam Hussein (1979–2003) (1979–1991, Prime Minister 1994–2003)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Muhammad Hamza az-Zubaidi (1991–5 September 1993)
- Prime Minister Ahmad Hussain Chudair as-Sammara´i (September 5, 1993–1994)
-
Iran
- Religious head: Supreme legal scholar Ali Chamene'i (since 1989) (Prime Minister 1981–1989)
- Head of State: President Akbar Hāschemi Rafsanjāni (1989–1997)
-
Israel
- Head of State:
- President Chaim Herzog (1983-13 May 1993)
- President Ezer Weizmann (May 13, 1993–2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Yitzchak Rabin ( 1974–1977 , 1992–1995)
- Head of State:
-
Yemen
- Head of State: Chairman of the Presidential Council Ali Abdullah Salih (1990–2012) (President from 1994) (1978–1990 President of North Yemen)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas (1990–1994) (1985–1986 Prime Minister of South Yemen; 1986–1990 President of South Yemen)
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Jordan
- Head of State: King Hussein (1952–1999)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Zaid ibn Shaker ( 1989 , 1991–29 May 1993, 1995–1996 )
- Prime Minister Abdelsalam al-Majali (May 29, 1993–1995, 1997–1998 )
-
Qatar
- Head of State and Government: Emir Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani (1972–1995)
-
Kuwait
- Head of State: Emir Jabir III. (1977–2006) ( 1962–1963, 1965–1978 Prime Minister )
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sa'ad al-Abdallah as-Salim as-Sabah (1978-2003) (2006 Emir)
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Lebanon
- Head of State: President Élias Hrawi (1989–1998)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Rafiq al-Hariri (1992–1998, 2000–2004 )
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Saudi Arabia
- Head of State and Government: King Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz (1982-2005)
-
Syria
- Head of State: President Hafiz al-Assad (1971–2000) (1970–1971 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahmud Zuabi (1987–2000)
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Turkey
- Head of State:
- President Turgut Özal (1989–17 April 1993) (1983–1989 Prime Minister)
- Chairman of the National Assembly Hüsamettin Cindoruk (April 17, 1993– May 16, 1993) (acting)
- President Süleyman Demirel (May 16, 1993–2000) (1965–1971, 1975–1977, 1977–1978, 1979–1980, 1991–1993 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel ( 1965–1971, 1975–1977, 1977–1978, 1979–1980 , 1991–16 May 1993) (1993–2000 President)
- Prime Minister Erdal İnönü (May 16, 1993– June 25, 1993) (acting)
- Prime Minister Tansu Çiller (June 25, 1993–1996)
- Head of State:
-
United Arab Emirates
- Head of State: President Zayid bin Sultan Al Nahyan (1971–2004) (1966–2004 Emir of Abu Dhabi)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Maktum bin Raschid Al Maktum ( 1971–1979 , 1990–2006) (1990–2006 Emir of Dubai)
Central Asia
-
Afghanistan
- Head of State: Chairman of the Islamic Council Burhānuddin Rabbāni (1992–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Gulbuddin Hekmatyār (1993–1994, 1996 )
-
Kazakhstan
- Head of State: President Nursultan Nazarbayev (1991-2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sergei Tereschchenko (1991–1994)
-
Kyrgyzstan
- Head of State: President Askar Akayev (1991-2005)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Tursunbek Tschyngyschew (1992–13 December 1993)
- Prime Minister Almanbet Matubraimov (December 13, 1993– December 14, 1993)
- Prime Minister Apas Dschumagulow (December 14, 1993–1998)
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Mongolia
- Head of State: President Punsalmaagiin Otschirbat (1990–1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Puntsagiin Jasrai (1992–1996)
-
Tajikistan
- Head of State: President Emomalij Rahmonow (since 1992)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Abdumalik Abdulladzhanov (1992–18 December 1993)
- Prime Minister Abduzhalil Samadov (December 18, 1993–1994)
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Turkmenistan
- Head of State and Government: President Saparmyrat Nyýazow (1991–2006)
-
Uzbekistan
- Head of State: President Islom Karimov (1991-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdulxashim Mutalov (1992–1995)
Australia and Oceania
-
Australia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
- Governor General : Bill Hayden (1989–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Paul Keating (1991–1996)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
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Cook Islands (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1965)
- Queen's Representative: Apenera Short (1990-2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Geoffrey Henry ( 1983 , 1989–1999)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1965)
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Fiji
- Head of State:
- President Penaia Ganilau (1987–16 December 1993) (1983–1987 Governor General)
- President Kamisese Mara (December 16, 1993–2000) (Prime Minister 1970–1987, 1987–1992)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka (1992–1999)
- Head of State:
-
Kiribati
- Head of State and Government: President Teatao Teannaki (1991–1994)
-
Marshall Islands
- Head of State and Government: President Amata Kabua (1986–1996)
-
Micronesia
- Head of State or Government: President Bailey Olter (1991–1997)
-
Nauru
- Head of State and Government: President Bernard Dowiyogo ( 1976–1978 , 1989–1995, 1996, 1998–1999, 2000–2001, 2003, 2003 )
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New Zealand
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
- Governor General : Catherine Tizard (1990–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jim Bolger (1990–1997)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
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Niue (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
- Queen's Representative: Governor General of New Zealand
- Head of Government: Prime Minister
- Young Vivian (1992–9 March 1993, 2002–2008 ) (acting)
- Prime Minister Frank Lui (March 9, 1993–1999)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
-
Papua New Guinea
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1975)
- Governor General : Wiwa Korowi (1991–1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Paias Wingti ( 1985–1988 , 1992–1994)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1975)
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Solomon Islands
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
- Governor General : George Lepping (1988–1994)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Solomon Mamaloni ( 1981–1984 , 1989–18 June 1993, 1994–1997 )
- Prime Minister Francis Billy Hilly (June 18, 1993–1994)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
-
Tonga
- Head of State: King Taufaʻahau Tupou IV. (1970-2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Baron Vaea (1991-2000)
-
Tuvalu
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
-
Governor General :
- Toaripi Lauti (1990–1 December 1993) (1978–1981 Prime Minister)
- Tomu Sione (December 1, 1993–1994)
-
Governor General :
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Bikenibeu Paeniu (1989-10 December 1993, 1996-1999 )
- Prime Minister Kamuta Latasi (December 10, 1993–1996)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
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Vanuatu
- Head of State: President Frederick Karlomuana Timakata ( 1984 , 1989–1994)
- Head of Government: Maxime Carlot Korman (1991–1995, 1996 )
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Western Samoa (today Samoa )
- Head of State: O le Ao o le Malo Tanumafili II. (1962-2007)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Tofilau Eti Alesana ( 1982–1985 , 1988–1998)
Europe
-
Albania
- Head of State: President Sali Berisha (1992–1997) (2005–2013 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Aleksandër Meksi (1992–1997)
-
Andorra
-
Co-princes :
- President of France : François Mitterrand (1981–1995)
- Bishop of Urgell : Joan Martí Alanís (1971-2003)
- Head of Government: District President Òscar Ribas Reig ( 1982–1984 , 1990–1994)
-
Co-princes :
-
Belgium
- Head of State:
- King Baudouin I (1951–31 July 1993)
- Prime Minister Jean-Luc Dehaene (July 31, 1993– August 9, 1993) (acting)
- King Albert II (August 9, 1993–2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jean-Luc Dehaene (1992–1999)
- Head of State:
-
Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Head of State: President : Alija Izetbegović (1992–1998, 2000 ) (from 1996 Chairman of the State Presidium)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Mile Akmadžić (1992–25 October 1993)
- Prime Minister Haris Silajdžić (October 25, 1993–1996, 1997–2000 ) (2008, 2010 Chairman of the State Presidency)
-
Bulgaria
- Head of State: President Schelju Schelew (1990–1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lyuben Berow (1992–1994)
-
Denmark
- Head of State: Queen Margrethe II (since 1972)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Poul Schlüter (1982–25 January 1993)
- Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen (January 25, 1993–2001)
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Faroe Islands (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
- Representative of the Danish government: Reichsombudsman Bent Klinte (1988–1995)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Atli P. Dam ( 1970–1881, 1985–1989 , 1991–18 January 1993)
- Prime Minister Marita Petersen (January 18, 1993–1994)
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Greenland (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
- Representative of the Danish government: Reichsombudsmann Steen Spore (1992–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lars-Emil Johansen (1991–1997)
-
Germany
- Head of State: Federal President Richard von Weizsäcker (1984–1994)
- Head of Government: Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl (1982–1998)
-
Estonia
- Head of State: President Lennart Meri (1992–2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mart Laar (1992–1994, 1999–2002 )
-
Finland
- Head of State: President Mauno Koivisto (1982–1994) (1968–1970, 1979–1982 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Esko Aho (1991–1995)
-
France
- Head of State: President François Mitterrand (1981–1995)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Pierre Bérégovoy (1992-29 March 1993)
- Prime Minister Édouard Balladur (March 29, 1993–1995)
-
Greece
- Head of State: President Konstantinos Karamanlis ( 1974, 1980–1985 , 1990–1995) (1955–1958, 1958–1961, 1961–1963, 1974–1980 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Konstantinos Mitsotakis (1990–13 October 1993)
- Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou ( 1981–1989 , October 13, 1993–1996)
-
Ireland
- Head of State: President Mary Robinson (1990–1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Albert Reynolds (1992–1994)
-
Iceland
- Head of State: President Vigdís Finnbogadóttir (1980–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Davíð Oddsson (1991-2004)
-
Italy
- Head of State: President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (1992–1999)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Giuliano Amato (1992–29 April 1993, 2000–2001 )
- Prime Minister Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (April 29, 1993–1994) (President 1999–2006)
-
Yugoslavia
- Head of State:
- President Dobrica Ćosić (1992–1 June 1993)
- President Miloš Radulović (June 1, 1993– June 25, 1993) (acting)
- President Zoran Lilić (June 25, 1993–1997)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Milan Panić (1992–9 February 1993)
- Prime Minister Radoje Kontić (February 9, 1993–1998)
- Head of State:
-
Channel Islands
-
guernsey
- Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
- Lieutenant Governor: Michael Wilkins (1990-1994)
- Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
-
jersey
- Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
- Lieutenant Governor: John Sutton (1990–1995)
- Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
-
guernsey
-
Croatia
- Head of State: President Franjo Tuđman (1991–1999)
- Head of Government:
- District President Hrvoje Šarinić (1992–29 March 1993)
- District President Nikica Valentić (March 29, 1993–1995)
-
Latvia
- Head of State:
- Speaker of Parliament Anatolijs Gorbunovs (1991–8 July 1993) (acting)
- President Guntis Ulmanis (July 8, 1993–1999)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Ivars Godmanis (1991–3 August 1993, 2007–2009 )
- Prime Minister Valdis Birkavs (August 3, 1993–1994)
- Head of State:
-
Liechtenstein
- Head of State: Prince Hans-Adam II. (Since 1989)
-
Head of Government :
- Hans Brunhart (1978–26 May 1993)
- Prime Minister Markus Büchel (May 26, 1993– December 15, 1993)
- Prime Minister Mario Frick (December 15, 1993–2001)
-
Lithuania
- Head of State: President Algirdas Brazauskas (1992–1998) (Prime Minister 2001–2006)
- Head of Government:
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Bronislovas Lubys (1992-10 March 1993)
- Prime Minister Adolfas Šleževičius (March 10, 1993–1996)
-
Luxembourg
- Head of State: Grand Duke Jean (1964–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jacques Santer (1984–1995)
-
Malta
- Head of State: President Ċensu Tabone (1989–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Edward Fenech Adami (1987–1996, 1998–2004 ) (2004–2009 President)
-
Isle of Man
- Head of State: Lord of Man Elizabeth II (since 1952)
- Lieutenant Governor : Laurence Jones (1990–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Miles Walker (1986-1996)
- Head of State: Lord of Man Elizabeth II (since 1952)
-
Macedonia
- Head of State: President Kiro Gligorov (1991–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Branko Crvenkovski (1992–1998, 2002–2004 ) (2004–2009 President)
-
Moldova
- Head of State: President Mircea Ion Snegur (1991–1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Andrei Sangheli (1992–1997)
-
Transnistria (not internationally recognized)
- President: Igor Smirnov (1991–2011)
-
Monaco
- Head of State: Prince : Rainier III. (1949-2005)
- Head of Government: Minister of State Jacques Dupont (1991–1994)
-
Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Beatrix (1980-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers (1982–1994)
-
Norway
- Head of State: King Harald V (since 1991)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland ( 1981, 1986–1989 , 1990–1996)
-
Austria
- Head of State: Federal President Thomas Klestil (1992-2004)
- Head of Government: Federal Chancellor Franz Vranitzky (1986–1997)
-
Poland
- Head of State: President Lech Wałęsa (1990–1995)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Hanna Suchocka (1992–26 October 1993)
- Prime Minister Waldemar Pawlak ( 1992 , October 26, 1993–1995)
-
Portugal
- Head of State: President Mário Soares (1986–1996) (1976–1978, Prime Minister 1983–1985)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva (1985–1995) (President since 2006)
-
Romania
- Head of State: President Ion Iliescu (1989–1996, 2000–2004 )
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nicolae Văcăroiu (1992–1996)
-
Russia
- Head of State: President Boris Yeltsin (1991–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Viktor Tschernomyrdin (1992–1998)
-
San Marino
- Head of State: Capitani Reggenti
- Romeo Morri (October 1, 1992– April 1, 1993) and Marino Zanotti (October 1, 1992– April 1, 1993, 1997–1998 )
- Patrizia Busignani (April 1, 1993– October 1, 1993) and Salvatore Tonelli (April 1, 1993– October 1, 1993)
- Gian Luigi Berti (October 1, 1993– April 1, 1994) and Paride Andreoli (October 1, 1993– April 1, 1994, 1997 )
- Head of State: Capitani Reggenti
-
Sweden
- Head of State: King Carl XVI. Gustaf (since 1973)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Carl Bildt (1991–1994)
-
Switzerland
- Federal President : Adolf Ogi (1993, 2000 )
-
Federal Council :
- Otto Stich (1984–1995)
- Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (1984-1998)
- Flavio Cotti (1987-1999)
- Arnold Koller (1987-1999)
- René Felber (1988–31 March 1993)
- Adolf Ogi (1988-2000)
- Kaspar Villiger (1989-2003)
- Ruth Dreifuss (April 1, 1993–2002)
-
Slovakia (independent since January 1, 1993)
- Head of State:
- Prime Minister Vladimír Mečiar (January 1, 1993– March 2, 1993) (acting)
- President Michal Kováč (March 2, 1993–1998)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Vladimír Mečiar (January 1, 1993–1994, 1994–1998 )
- Head of State:
-
Slovenia
- Head of State: President Milan Kučan (1991–2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Janez Drnovšek (1992–2000, 2000–2002 ) (2002–2007 President)
-
Spain
- Head of State: King Juan Carlos I (1975-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Felipe González (1982–1996)
-
Czech Republic (independent since January 1, 1993)
- Head of State:
- Prime Minister Václav Klaus (January 1, 1993– February 2, 1993, 2003–2013 ) (acting)
- President Václav Havel (February 2, 1993–2003)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Václav Klaus (January 1, 1993–1997) (2003–2013 President)
- Head of State:
-
Ukraine
- Head of State: President Leonid Kravchuk (1991–1994)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Leonid Kuchma (1992–22 September 1993) (1994–2005 President)
- Prime Minister Juchym Swjahilskyj (September 22, 1993–1994) (acting)
-
Hungary
- Head of State: President Árpád Göncz (1990–2000)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister József Antall (1990–12 December 1993)
- Prime Minister Péter Boross (December 12, 1993–1994)
-
Vatican city
- Head of State: Pope John Paul II (1978-2005)
- Head of Government:
- Cardinal State Secretary Angelo Sodano (1990-2006)
- President of the Governorate Rosalio Lara (1990–14 October 1997)
-
United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952) (crowned 1953)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister John Major (1990–1997)
-
Belarus
- Head of State: Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Stanislau Schuschkewitsch (1991–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Vyachazlau Kebitsch (1991–1994)
-
Republic of Cyprus
- Head of State and Government:
- President Georges Vassiliou (1988–28 February 1993)
- President Glafkos Klerides (February 28, 1993–2003)
-
Northern Cyprus (not internationally recognized)
- Head of State: President Rauf Denktaş (1983-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Derviş Eroğlu (1985–1994, 1996–2004, 2009–2010 ) (2010–2015 President)
- Head of State and Government: