List of heads of state 1990

Overview
◄◄ | ◄ | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | List of Heads of State 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | ► | ►►
Other events

Africa

Egypt
- Head of State: President Husni Mubarak (1981–2011) (1981–1982 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Atif Muhammad Nagib Sidqi (1986–1996)

Algeria
- Head of State: President Chadli Bendjedid (1979–1992)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mouloud Hamrouche (1989–1991)

Angola
- Head of State and Government: President José Eduardo dos Santos (1979–2017)

Equatorial Guinea

Head of State: President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (since 1979) (until 1982 Chairman of the Supreme Military Council)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Cristino Seriche Malabo Bioko (1982–1992)

Ethiopia
- Head of State: President Mengistu Haile Mariam ( 1974 , 1977–1991) (until 1987 Chairman of the Provisional Military Administrative Council)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hailu Yimenu (1989–1991) (acting)

Benin
- Head of State: President Mathieu Kérékou (1972–1991, 1996–2006 )
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nicéphore Soglo (March 12, 1990–1991) (President 1991–1996) (newly created office)

Botswana
- Head of State or Government: President Quett Masire (1980–1998)

Burkina Faso
- Head of State or Government: President Blaise Compaoré (1987-2014)

Burundi

Head of State: President Pierre Buyoya (1987–1993, 1996–2003 )

Head of Government: Prime Minister Adrien Sibomana (1988–1993)

Djibouti
- Head of State: President Hassan Gouled Aptidon (1977–1999) (1977 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Barkat Gourad Hamadou (1978-2001)

Ivory Coast
- Head of State: President Félix Houphouët-Boigny (1960–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Alassane Ouattara (November 7, 1990–1993) (President since 2010) (newly created office)

Gabon
- Head of State: President Omar Bongo (1967–2009)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Léon Mébiame (1975–3 May 1990)
  - Prime Minister Casimir Oyé-Mba (May 3, 1990–1994)

Gambia
- Head of State and Government: President Dawda Jawara (1970–1994) (Prime Minister 1965–1970)

Ghana
- Head of State and Government: Chairman of the Provisional National Defense Council Jerry Rawlings ( 1979 , 1981–2001) (from 1993 President)

Guinea
- Head of State and Government: President Lansana Conté (1984–2008)

Guinea-Bissau
- Head of State and Government: President João Bernardo Vieira ( 1980–1984 , 1984–1999, 2005–2009 ) (1978–1980 Prime Minister)

Cameroon
- Head of State or Government: President Paul Biya (since 1982)

Cape Verde
- Head of State: President Aristides Pereira (1975–1991)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Pedro Pires (1975–1991) (2001–2011 President)

Kenya
- Head of State and Government: President Daniel Arap Moi (1978–2002)

Comoros
- Head of State and Government: President Said Mohamed Djohar (1989–1995, 1996 ) (acting until March 20, 1990)

People's Republic of the Congo (1960–1970 Congo-Brazzaville ; from 1992 Republic of the Congo )
- Head of State: President Denis Sassou-Nguesso (1979–1992, since 1997)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Alphonse Poaty-Souchlaty (1989–3 December 1990)
  - Prime Minister Pierre Moussa (December 3, 1990–1991)

Lesotho
- Head of State:
  - King Moshoeshoe II ( 1966–1970 , 1970–12 November 1990, 1995–1996 )
    - Regent Mamohato ( 1970 , March 10, 1990– November 12, 1990, 1996 )
  - King Letsie III. (November 12, 1990–1995, since 1996 )
- Head of Government: Chairman of the Military Council Justin Metsing Lekhanya (1986–1991)

Liberia
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Samuel K. Doe (1980–9 September 1990) (until 1984 Chairman of the People's Council of Salvation)
  - controversial (September 9, 1990– November 22, 1990)
  - President of the Transitional Government of National Unity Amos Sawyer (November 22, 1990–1994)

Libya
- Revolutionary leader: Muammar al-Gaddafi (1969–2011) (1969–1979 General Secretary of the General People's Congress)
- Head of State:
  - General Secretary of the General People's Congress Miftah al-Usta Umar (1984–7 October 1990)
  - General Secretary of the General People's Congress Abd ar-Razzaq as-Sausa (October 7, 1990–1992)
- Head of Government:
  - General Secretary of the General People's Committee Umar Mustafa al-Muntasir (1987–7 October 1990)
  - General Secretary of the General People's Committee Abu Zaid Umar Durda (October 7, 1990–1994)

Madagascar

Head of State: President Didier Ratsiraka (1975–1993, 1997–2002 )

Head of Government: Prime Minister Victor Ramahatra (1988–1991)

Malawi
- Head of State and Government: President Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1966–1994) (Prime Minister 1964–1966)

Mali
- Head of State and Government: President Moussa Traoré (1968–1991)

Morocco
- Head of State: King Hassan II (1961–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Azzedine Laraki (1986–1992)

Mauritania

Head of State: President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya (1984–2005) (1981–1984, Prime Minister 1984–1992)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya ( 1981–1984 , 1984–1992) (1984–2005 President)

Mauritius

Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (1968–1992)
Governor General: Veerasamy Ringadoo (1986–1992) (1992 President)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth (1982–1995, 2000–2003, 2014–2017 ) (2003–2012 President)

Mozambique

Head of State: President Joaquim Alberto Chissano (1986-2005)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Mário Fernandes da Graça Machungo (1976–1994)

Namibia (independent since March 21, 1990)
- Head of State: President Sam Nujoma (March 21, 1990–2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hage Geingob (March 21, 1990–2002, 2012–2015 ) (President since 2015)

Niger

Head of State: President of the Supreme Military Council Ali Saibou (1987–1993) (President from 1989)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Aliou Mahamidou (March 2, 1990–1991)

Nigeria
- Head of State and Government: President of the Governing Council of the Armed Forces Ibrahim Babangida (1985–1993)

Rwanda
- Head of State and Government: President Juvénal Habyarimana (1973–1994)

Zambia
- Head of State: President Kenneth Kaunda (1964–1991)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Malimba Masheke (1989–1991)

Sao Tome and Principe
- Head of State: President Manuel Pinto da Costa (1975–1991, 2011–2016 )
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Celestino Rocha da Costa (1988–1991)

Senegal
- Head of State and Government: President Abdou Diouf (1981–2000) (1970–1980 Prime Minister)

Seychelles
- Head of State and Government: President France-Albert René (1977–2004) (1976–1977 Prime Minister)

Sierra Leone
- Head of State or Government: President Joseph Saidu Momoh (1985–1992)

Zimbabwe
- Head of State and Government: President Robert Mugabe (1987–2017) (1980–1987 Prime Minister)

Somalia
- Head of State: President Siad Barre (1969–1991)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Mohammed Ali Samatar (1987–3 September 1990)
  - Prime Minister Mohammed Hawadle Madar (September 3, 1990–1991)

South Africa
- Head of State and Government: President Frederik Willem de Klerk (1989–1994)

Sudan
- Head of State and Government: President of the Revolutionary Command Council for the Salvation of the Nation Umar al-Bashir (1989-2019) (from 1993 President)

Swaziland
- Head of State: King Mswati III. (since 1986)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Obed Dlamini (1989–1993)

Tanzania
- Head of State: President Ali Hassan Mwinyi (1985–1995)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Joseph Sinde Warioba (1985–9 November 1990)
  - Prime Minister John Malecela (November 9, 1990–1994)

Togo
- Head of State and Government: President Gnassingbé Eyadéma (1967–2005)

Chad
Head of State and Government:

President Hissène Habré (1982–1 December 1990) (1978–1979 Prime Minister)

President Jean Alingué Bawoyeu (December 1, 1990– December 2 , 1990) ( Acting ) (Prime Minister 1991–1992)

President Idriss Déby (since December 2, 1990)

Tunisia
- Head of State: President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali (1987-2011) (1987 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hamed Karoui (1989–1999)

Uganda

Head of State: President Yoweri Museveni (since 1986)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Samson Kisekka (1986–1991)

Western Sahara (controversial)

Head of State: President Mohamed Abdelaziz (1976-2016) (in exile)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahfoud Ali Beiba ( 1982–1985 , 1988–1993, 1995–1999 ) (in exile)

Zaïre (until 1964 Republic of the Congo, 1964–1971, since 1997 Democratic Republic of the Congo )
- Head of State: President Mobutu Sese Seko (1965–1997)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Kengo Wa Dondo ( 1982–1986 , 1988–4 May 1990, 1994–1997 )
  - Prime Minister Lunda Bululu (May 4, 1990–1991)

Central African Republic
- Head of State and Government: President André Kolingba (1981–1993) (until 1985 Chairman of the Military Committee for National Reconstruction)

America

North America

Canada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Governor General :
    - Jeanne Sauvé (1984–29 January 1990)
    - Ray Hnatyshyn (January 29, 1990-1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Brian Mulroney (1984–1993)

Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1988–1994)

United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President George HW Bush (1989–1993)

Central America

Antigua and Barbuda
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
  - Governor General Wilfred E. Jacobs (1981–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Vere Cornwall Bird (1981–1994)

Bahamas
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1973)
  - Governor General : Henry Milton Taylor (1988–1992)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lynden O. Pindling (1973–1992)

Barbados
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1966)
  - Governor General :
    - Hugh Springer (1984–6 June 1990)
    - Nita Barrow (June 6, 1990–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lloyd Erskine Sandiford (1987–1994)

Belize
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
  - Governor General : Minita Gordon (1981–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister George Cadle Price ( 1981–1984 , 1989–1993)

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Óscar Arias Sánchez (1986–8 May 1990, 2006–2010 )
  - President Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier (May 8, 1990–1994)

Dominica
- Head of State: President Clarence A. Seignoret (1983–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Eugenia Charles (1980–1995)

Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government: President Joaquín Balaguer ( 1960–1962, 1966–1978 , 1986–1996)

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Alfredo Cristiani Burkard (1989–1994)

Grenada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
  - Governor General : Paul Scoon (1978–1992)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ben Jones (1989–16 March 1990)
  - Prime Minister Nicholas Brathwaite ( 1983–1984 , March 16, 1990–1995)

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo (1986–1991)

Haiti
Head of State and Government:

President Prosper Avril (1988-10 March 1990)

President Hérard Abraham (March 10, 1990– March 13, 1990) ( Acting )

President Ertha Pascal-Trouillot (March 13, 1990–1991, 1991 ) (acting)

Honduras
- Head of State and Government:
  - President José Simón Azcona del Hoyo (1986–27 January 1990)
  - President Rafael Leonardo Callejas (January 27, 1990–1994)

Jamaica
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1962)
  - Governor General : Florizel Glasspole (1973–1991)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Michael Manley ( 1972–1980 , 1989–1992)

Cuba
Head of State and Head of Government: President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers Fidel Castro (1976-2008) (1959-1976 Prime Minister)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Daniel Ortega (1985–1990, since 2007 ) (1979–2005 member of the government junta for national reconstruction)
  - President Violeta Barrios de Chamorro (April 25, 1990–1997) (1979–1980 member of the government junta for national reconstruction)

Panama
- Head of State and Government: President Guillermo Endara Galimany (1989–1994)

St. Kitts and Nevis
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1983)
  - Governor General Clement Athelston Arrindell (1983–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kennedy Simmonds (1983–1995)

St. Lucia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
  - Governor General : Stanislaus A. James (1988–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister John Compton (1982–1996, 2006–2007 )

St. Vincent and the Grenadines
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
  - Governor General : David Jack (1989–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister James Fitz-Allen Mitchell (1984–2000)

Trinidad and Tobago
- Head of State: President Noor Hassanali (1987–1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Arthur NR Robinson (1986–1991)

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Menem (1989–1999)

Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Jaime Paz Zamora (1989–1993)

Brazil
- Head of State and Government:
  - President José Sarney (1985–15 March 1990)
  - President Fernando Collor de Mello (March 15, 1990–1992)

Chile
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Augusto Pinochet (1974–11 March 1990)
  - President Patricio Aylwin (March 11, 1990–1994)

Ecuador
- Head of State and Government: President Rodrigo Borja (1988–1992)

Guyana
- Head of State: President Hugh Desmond Hoyte (1985–1992) (1984–1985 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hamilton Green (1985–1992)

Colombia
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Virgilio Barco Vargas (1986–7 August 1990)
  - President César Gaviria (August 7, 1990–1994)

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Andrés Rodríguez (1989–1993)

Peru
- Head of State:
  - President Alan García (1985–28 July 1990, 2006–2011 )
  - President Alberto Fujimori (July 28, 1990–2000)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Guillermo Larco Cox ( 1987–1988 , 1989–28 July 1990)
  - Prime Minister Juan Carlos Hurtado Miller (July 28, 1990–1991)

Suriname
- Head of state:
  - President Ramsewak Shankar (1988–24 December 1990)
  - President Ivan Graanoogst (December 24, 1990– December 29, 1990)
  - President Johan Kraag (December 29, 1990–1991)
- Head of Government: Vice President Henck AE Arron ( 1975–1980 , 1988–24 December 1990)

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Julio María Sanguinetti (1985–1 March 1990, 1995–2000 )
  - President Luis Alberto Lacalle (March 1, 1990–1995)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Andrés Pérez ( 1974–1979 , 1989–1993)

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

Bangladesh
- Head of State:
  - President Hossain Mohammad Ershad ( 1982 , 1983– December 6, 1990)
  - President Shahabuddin Ahmed (December 6, 1990–1991, 1996–2001 ) (Acting)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Kazi Zafar Ahmed (1989–6 December 1990)
  - vacant (December 6, 1990–1991)

Bhutan
- Head of State and Government: King Jigme Singye Wangchuck (1972-2006)

Brunei
- Head of State and Government: Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (since 1967)

Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Head of State: President Lee Teng-hui (1988–2000)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Lee Huan (1989–30 May 1990)
  - Prime Minister Hau Pei-tsun (May 30, 1990–1993)

People's Republic of China
- Party leader: General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Jiang Zemin (1989–2002) (1993–2003 President)
- Head of State: President Yang Shangkun (1988–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Li Peng (1987–1998)

India
- Head of State: President R. Venkataraman (1987–1992)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Vishwanath Pratap Singh (1989-10 November 1990)
  - Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar (November 10, 1990–1991)

Indonesia
- Head of State and Government: President Suharto (1967–1998)

Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Akihito (1989-2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu (1989–1991)

Cambodia
- Head of State: Chairman of the State Council Heng Samrin (1979–1992) (until 1981 President of the Revolutionary People's Council)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hun Sen (since 1985)

North Korea
- Chairman of the National Defense Commission : Kim Il-sung (1948–1994)
- Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly : Kim Il-sung (1972–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Yon Hyong-muk (1988–1992)

South Korea
- Head of State: President Roh Tae-woo (1988–1993)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Kang Young-hoon (1988-27 December 1990)
  - Prime Minister Roh Jae-bong (December 27, 1990–1991)

Laos

Head of State: President Souphanouvong (1975–1991)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Kaysone Phomvihane (1975–1991) (1991–1992 President)

Malaysia
- Head of State: Supreme Ruler Azlan Shah (1989–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad (1981–2003, 2018–2020 )

Maldives
- Head of State or Government: President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom (1978–2008)

Myanmar
- Head of State: Chairman of the State Council for Peace and Development Saw Maung (1988–1992) (1988–1992 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Saw Maung (1988–1992) (1988–1992 Chairman of the State Council for Peace and Development)

Nepal
- Head of State: King Birendra (1972-2001)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Marich Man Singh Shrestha (1986–6 April 1990)
  - Prime Minister Lokendra Bahadur Chand ( 1983–1986 , April 6, 1990– April 19, 1990)
  - Prime Minister Krishna Prasad Bhattarai (April 19, 1990–1991, 1999–2000 )

Pakistan
- Head of State: President Ghulam Ishaq Khan (1988–1993)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto (1988–6 August 1990, 1993–1996 )
  - Prime Minister Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi (August 6, 1990– November 6, 1990) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif (November 6, 1990–1993, 1993, 1997–1999, 2013–2017 )

Philippines
- Head of State and Government: President Corazon Aquino (1986–1992)

Singapore
- Head of State: President Wee Kim Wee (1985–1993)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew (1959– November 28, 1990)
  - Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong (November 28, 1990-2004)

Sri Lanka

Head of State: President Ranasinghe Premadasa (1989–1993)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Dingiri Banda Wijetunge (1989–1993)

Sri Lanka
- Head of State: President Ranasinghe Premadasa (1989–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Dingiri Banda Wijetunga (1989–1993) (1993–1994 President)

Thailand
- Head of State: King Rama IX. Bhumibol Adulyadej (1946-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan (1988–1991)

Vietnam

Head of State: Chairman of the State Council Võ Chí Công (1987–1992)

Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Đỗ Mười (1988–1991)

Middle East

Bahrain
- Head of State: Emir Isa II. (1971–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa (since 1971)

Iraq
- Head of State and Government: President Saddam Hussein (1979-2003)

Iran
- Religious head: Supreme legal scholar Ali Chamene'i (since 1989) (Prime Minister 1981–1989)
- Head of State: President Akbar Hāschemi Rafsanjāni (1989–1997)

Israel
- Head of State: President Chaim Herzog (1983–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Yitzchak Shamir ( 1983–1984 , 1986–1992)

North Yemen (May 22, 1990 union with South Yemen)
- Head of State: President Ali Abdullah Salih (1978–22 May 1990) (1990–2012 President of Yemen)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abd al-Aziz Abd al-Ghani ( 1975–1980 , 1983–22 May 1990) (1994–1997 Prime Minister of Yemen)

South Yemen (May 22, 1990 union with North Yemen)
- Head of State: Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Council Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas (1986–22 May 1990) (Prime Minister 1985–1986; Prime Minister of Yemen 1990–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Yasin Said Numan (1986–22 May 1990)

Yemen
- Head of State: Chairman of the Presidential Council Ali Abdullah Salih (May 22, 1990–2012) (President from 1994) (President of North Yemen 1978–1990)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas (May 22, 1990–1994) (1985–1986 Prime Minister of South Yemen; 1986–1990 President of South Yemen)

Jordan
- Head of State: King Hussein (1952–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mudar Badran ( 1976–1979, 1980–1984 , 1989–1991)

Qatar
- Head of State and Government: Emir Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani (1972–1995)

Kuwait (annexed to Iraq on August 8, 1990–1991)
- Head of State: Emir Jabir III. (1977–2006) ( 1962–1963, 1965–1978 Prime Minister )
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Sa'ad al-Abdallah as-Salim as-Sabah (1978-2003) (2006 Emir)
  - Prime Minister Alaa Hussein Ali (August 4, 1990– August 8, 1990) (under Iraqi occupation)

Lebanon
- Head of State: President Élias Hrawi (1989–1998)
- Head of Government: (1988–1990 controversial)
  - Prime Minister Selim al-Hoss ( 1976–1980 , 1987–24 December 1990, 1998–2000 )
  - Prime Minister Omar Karami (December 24, 1990–1992, 2004–2005 )
  - Prime Minister Michel Aoun (1988–13 October 1990) (Head of the Military Government)

Oman
- Head of State and Government: Sultan Qaboos ibn Said (1970–2020)

Saudi Arabia
- Head of State and Government: King Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz (1982-2005)

Syria

Head of State: President Hafiz al-Assad (1971–2000) (1970–1971 Prime Minister)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahmud Zuabi (1987–2000)

Turkey
- Head of State: President Turgut Özal (1989–1993) (1983–1989 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Yıldırım Akbulut (1989–1991)

United Arab Emirates
- Head of State: President Zayid bin Sultan Al Nahyan (1971–2004) (1966–2004 Emir of Abu Dhabi)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Raschid bin Said Al Maktum (1979–7 October 1990) (1958–1990 Emir of Dubai)
  - Prime Minister Maktum bin Raschid Al Maktum ( 1971–1979 , November 20, 1990–2006) (1990–2006 Emir of Dubai)

Central Asia

Afghanistan
- Head of State: President Mohammed Najibullah (1987–1992)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Sultan Ali Keschtmand ( 1981–1988 , 1989–8 May 1990)
  - Prime Minister Fazal Haq Chaliqyar (May 8, 1990–1992)

Mongolia
- Head of State:
  - Chairman of the Great People's Chural Dschambyn Batmönch (1984–21 March 1990) (1974–1984 Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
  - President Punsalmaagiin Otschirbat (March 21, 1990–1997) (until September 3, 1990 Chairman of the Great People's Chural)
- Head of Government:
  - Chairman of the Council of Ministers Dumaagiin Sodnom (1984–21 March 1990)
  - Chairman of the Council of Ministers Sharavyn Gungaadordsch (March 21, 1990– September 11, 1990)
  - Prime Minister Daschiin Bjambasüren (September 11, 1990–1992)

Australia and Oceania

Australia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Governor General : Bill Hayden (1989–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Bob Hawke (1983-1991)

Cook Islands (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1965)
  - Queen's Representative:
    - Tangaroa Tangaroa (1984-19 December 1990)
    - Apenera Short (December 19, 1990-2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Geoffrey Henry ( 1983 , 1989–1999)

Fiji
- Head of State: President Penaia Ganilau (1987–1993) (1983–1987 Governor General)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kamisese Mara ( 1970–1987 , 1987–1992) (1993–2000 President)

Kiribati
- Head of State or Government: President Ieremia Tabai ( 1979–1982 , 1983–1991)

Marshall Islands
- Head of State and Government: President Amata Kabua (1986–1996)

Micronesia
Head of State or Government: President John Haglelgam (1987–1991)

Nauru
- Head of State and Government: President Bernard Dowiyogo ( 1976–1978 , 1989–1995, 1996, 1998–1999, 2000–2001, 2003, 2003 )

New Zealand
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Governor General :
    - Paul Reeves (1985-20 November 1990)
    - Catherine Tizard (November 20, 1990-1996)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Geoffrey Palmer (1989–4 September 1990)
  - Prime Minister Mike Moore (September 4, 1990– November 2, 1990)
  - Prime Minister Jim Bolger (November 2, 1990-1997)

Niue (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
  - Queen's Representative: Governor General of New Zealand
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert Rex (1974–1992)

Papua New Guinea
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1975)
  - Governor General :
    - Speaker of Parliament Dennis Young (1989–27 February 1990, 1991 ) (acting)
    - Serei Eri (February 27, 1990–1991)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Rabbie Namaliu (1988–1992)

Solomon Islands
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
  - Governor General : George Lepping (1988–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Solomon Mamaloni ( 1981–1984 , 1989–1993, 1994–1997 )

Tonga
- Head of State: King Taufaʻahau Tupou IV. (1970-2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Fatafehi Tu'ipelehake (1970–1991)

Tuvalu
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
  - Governor General :
    - Tupua Leupena (1986–1 October 1990)
    - Toaripi Lauti (October 1, 1990–1993) (Prime Minister 1978–1981)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Bikenibeu Paeniu (1989–1993, 1996–1999 )

Vanuatu
- Head of State: President Frederick Karlomuana Timakata ( 1984 , 1989–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Walter Hadye Lini (1980–1991)

Western Samoa (today Samoa )

Head of State: O le Ao o le Malo Tanumafili II. (1962-2007)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Tofilau Eti Alesana ( 1982–1985 , 1988–1998)

Europe

Albania
- Party leader: 1st Secretary of the Albanian Labor Party Ramiz Alia (1985–1991) (Head of State 1982–1992)
- Head of State: Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly Ramiz Alia (1982–1992) (1991–1992 President) (1985–1991 party leader)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Adil Çarçani (1981–1991)

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - President of France : François Mitterrand (1981–1995)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Joan Martí Alanís (1971-2003)
- Head of Government:
  - District President Josep Pintat- Solans (1984–12 January 1990)
  - District President Òscar Ribas Reig ( 1982–1984 , January 12, 1990–1994)

Belgium
- Head of State: King Baudouin I (1951–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Wilfried Martens ( 1979–1981 , 1981–1992)

Bulgaria

Party leader: General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party Petar Mladenow (1989–2 February 1990) (1989–1990 Head of State)

Head of State:

Chairman of the Council of State Petar Mladenow (November 17, 1989– July 6, 1990) (President from April 3) (1989–1990 party leader) (Prime Minister 1962–1971)

President Stanko Todorow (July 6, 1990– July 17, 1990) ( Acting ) (1971–1981 Head of Government)

President Nikolaj Todorov (July 17, 1990– August 1, 1990) (acting)

President Schelju Shelev (August 1, 1990–1997)

Head of Government:

Chairman of the Council of Ministers Georgi Atanasov (1986–8 February 1990)

Chairman of the Council of Ministers Andrei Lukanov (February 8, 1990– December 20, 1990)

Prime Minister Dimitar Popov (December 20, 1990–1991)

Denmark
- Head of State: Queen Margrethe II (since 1972)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Poul Schlüter (1982–1993)
- Faroe Islands (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
  - Representative of the Danish government: Reichsombudsman Bent Klinte (1988–1995)
  - Head of Government: Prime Minister Jógvan Sundstein (1989–1991)

Federal Republic of Germany
- Head of State: Federal President Richard von Weizsäcker (1984–1994)
- Head of Government: Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl (1982–1998)

German Democratic Republic (October 3, 1990 accession to the Federal Republic of Germany)
- Head of State:
  - Chairman of the Council of State Manfred Gerlach (1989–5 April 1990) (acting)
  - President of the People's Chamber Sabine Bergmann-Pohl (April 5, 1990– October 3, 1990)
- Head of Government:
  - Chairman of the Council of Ministers Hans Modrow (1989–12 April 1990)
  - Chairman of the Council of Ministers Lothar de Maizière (April 12, 1990– October 3, 1990)

Finland
- Head of State: President Mauno Koivisto (1982–1994) (1968–1970, 1979–1982 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Harri Holkeri (1987–1991)

France
- Head of State: President François Mitterrand (1981–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Michel Rocard (1988–1991)

Greece
- Head of State:
  - President Christos Sartzetakis (1985–4 May 1990)
  - President Konstantinos Karamanlis ( 1974, 1980–1985 , May 4, 1990–1995) (1955–1958, 1958–1961, 1961–1963, 1974–1980 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Xenophon Zolotas (1989–11 April 1990)
  - Prime Minister Konstantinos Mitsotakis (April 11, 1990–1993)

Ireland
- Head of State:
  - President Patrick Hillery (1976–3 December 1990)
  - President Mary Robinson (December 3, 1990–1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles J. Haughey ( 1979–1981, 1982 , 1987–1992)

Iceland
- Head of State: President Vigdís Finnbogadóttir (1980–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Steingrímur Hermannsson ( 1983–1987 , 1988–1991)

Italy
- Head of State: President Francesco Cossiga (1985–1992) (1979–1980 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti ( 1972–1973, 1976–1979 , 1989–1992)

Yugoslavia
- Head of State:
  - Chairman of the Presidium Janez Drnovšek (1989–15 May 1990)
  - Chairman of the Presidium Borisav Jović (May 15, 1990–1991)
- Head of government: President of the executive Federal Council Ante Marković (1989–1991)

Channel Islands
- guernsey
  - Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
    - Deputy Governor:
      - Alexander Boswell (1985-1990)
      - Michael Wilkins (1990-1994)
- jersey
  - Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
    - Deputy Governor:
      - William Pillar (1985-1990)
      - John Sutton (1990-1995)

Liechtenstein
- Head of State: Prince Hans-Adam II. (Since 1989)
- Head of Government : Hans Brunhart (1978–1993)

Lithuania (independent since March 11, 1990)
- Head of State: Chairman of the Constituent Assembly Vytautas Landsbergis (March 11, 1990–1992)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kazimiera Prunskienė (March 11, 1990–1991)

Luxembourg
- Head of State: Grand Duke Jean (1964–2000)
- Head of Government: Minister of State Jacques Santer (1984–1995)

Malta
- Head of State: President Ċensu Tabone (1989–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Edward Fenech Adami (1987–1996, 1998–2004 ) (2004–2009 President)

Isle of Man
- Head of State: Lord of Man Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Lieutenant Governor :
    - Laurence New (1985-1990)
    - Laurence Jones (1990-1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Miles Walker (1986-1996)

Monaco

Head of State: Prince : Rainier III. (1949-2005)

Head of Government: Minister of State Jean Ausseil (1985–1991)

Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Beatrix (1980-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers (1982–1994)

Norway
- Head of State: King Olav V (1957–1991)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Jan P. Syse (1989–3 November 1990)
  - Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland ( 1981, 1986–1989 , November 3, 1990–1996)

Austria
- Head of State: Federal President Kurt Waldheim (1986–1992)
- Head of Government: Federal Chancellor Franz Vranitzky (1986–1997)

Poland
- Party leader: 1st Secretary Mieczysław Rakowski (1989–27 January 1990) (1988–1989 Prime Minister)
- Head of State:
  - President Wojciech Jaruzelski (1985–22 December 1990) (Chairman of the Council of State until 1989), (1981–1990 party leader), (1981–1985 Prime Minister)
  - President Lech Wałęsa (December 22, 1990–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki (1989–1991)

Portugal
- Head of State: President Mário Soares (1986–1996) (1976–1978, Prime Minister 1983–1985)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva (1985–1995) (President since 2006)

Romania
- Head of State: President Ion Iliescu (1989–1996, 2000–2004 )
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Petre Roman (1989–1991) (provisional until June 20)

San Marino
- Head of State: Capitani Reggenti
  - Gloriana Ranocchini ( 1984 , October 1, 1989– April 1, 1990) and Leo Achilli (October 1, 1989– April 1, 1990)
  - Adolmiro Bartolini (April 1, 1990– October 1, 1990) and Ottaviano Rossi (April 1, 1990– October 1, 1990)
  - Cesare Antonio Gasperoni (October 1, 1990– April 1, 1991, 2005 ) and Roberto Bucci (October 1, 1990– April 1, 1991)

Sweden
- Head of State: King Carl XVI. Gustaf (since 1973)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson (1986–1991, 1994–1996 )

Switzerland
- Federal President : Arnold Koller (1990, 1997 )
- Federal Council :
  - Otto Stich (1984–1995)
  - Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (1984-1998)
  - Flavio Cotti (1987-1999)
  - Arnold Koller (1987-1999)
  - René Felber (1988–1993)
  - Adolf Ogi (1988-2000)
  - Kaspar Villiger (1989-2003)

Soviet Union
- Party leader: General Secretary of the CPSU Mikhail Gorbachev (1985–1991) (1988–1989 head of state)
- Head of State: Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev (1988–1991) (President from March 15) (1985–1991 party leader)
- Head of Government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Nikolai Ryschkow (1985–1991)

Spain
- Head of State: King Juan Carlos I (1975-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Felipe González (1982–1996)

Czechoslovakia
- Party leader: Chairman Ladislav Adamec ((1989–1 September 1990) 1988–1989 Prime Minister)
- Head of State: President Václav Havel (1989–1992)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Marián Čalfa (1989–1992)

Hungary
- Head of State:
  - President Mátyás Szűrös (1989–2 May 1990)
  - President Árpád Göncz (May 2, 1990–2000)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Miklós Németh (1988–23 May 1990)
  - Prime Minister József Antall (23 May 1990–1993)

Vatican city
- Head of State: Pope John Paul II (1978-2005)
- Head of Government:
  - President of the Governorate Sebastiano Baggio (1984–31 October 1990)
  - President of the Governorate Rosalio Lara (October 31, 1990–1997)

United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952) (crowned 1953)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (1979-28 November 1990)
  - Prime Minister John Major (November 28, 1990-1997)

Republic of Cyprus

Head of State and Government: President Georges Vassiliou (1988–1993)

Northern Cyprus (not internationally recognized)

Head of State: President Rauf Denktaş (1983-2005)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Derviş Eroğlu (1985–1994, 1996–2004, 2009–2010 ) (President since 2010)

Remarks

↑ ^a ^b The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are areas that are directly under the British Crown. They are not part of the UK.
↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares

[kronbesitz-1] The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are areas that are directly under the British Crown. They are not part of the UK.

[2] The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares