List of heads of state 1992
Overview
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Africa
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Egypt
- Head of State: President Husni Mubarak (1981–2011) (1981–1982 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Atif Muhammad Nagib Sidqi (1986–1996)
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Algeria
- Head of State:
- President Chadli Bendjedid (1979–11 January 1992)
- Chairman of the Constitutional Council Abdelmalek Benhabylès (January 11, 1992– January 14, 1992)
- Chairman of the High Council of State Muhammad Boudiaf (January 14, 1992– June 29, 1992)
- Chairman of the High Council of State Ali Kafi (July 2, 1992–1994)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Sid Ahmed Ghozali (1991–8 July 1992)
- Prime Minister Belaid Abdessalam (July 8, 1992–1993)
- Head of State:
-
Angola
- Head of State: President José Eduardo dos Santos (1979-2017)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Fernando José de França Dias Van Dúnem (1991–2 December 1992, 1996–1999 )
- Prime Minister Marcolino Moco (December 2, 1992–1996)
-
Equatorial Guinea
- Head of State: President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (since 1979) (until 1982 Chairman of the Supreme Military Council)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Cristino Seriche Malabo Bioko (1982–4 March 1992)
- Prime Minister Silvestre Siale Bileka (March 4, 1992–1996)
-
Ethiopia
- Head of State: President Meles Zenawi (1991–1995) (1995–2012 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Tamirat Layne (1991–1995)
-
Benin
- Head of State and Government: President Nicéphore Soglo (1991–1996) (Prime Minister 1990–1991)
-
Botswana
- Head of State or Government: President Quett Masire (1980–1998)
-
Burkina Faso
- Head of State: President Blaise Compaoré (1987-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Youssouf Ouédraogo (June 16, 1992–1994) (newly created office)
-
Burundi
- Head of State: President Pierre Buyoya (1987–1993, 1996–2003 )
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Adrien Sibomana (1988–1993)
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Djibouti
- Head of State: President Hassan Gouled Aptidon (1977–1999) (1977 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Barkat Gourad Hamadou (1978-2001)
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Ivory Coast
- Head of State: President Félix Houphouët-Boigny (1960–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Alassane Ouattara (1990–1993) (President since 2010)
-
Gabon
- Head of State: President Omar Bongo (1967–2009)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Casimir Oyé-Mba (1990–1994)
-
Gambia
- Head of State and Government: President Dawda Jawara (1970–1994) (Prime Minister 1965–1970)
-
Ghana
- Head of State and Government: Chairman of the Provisional National Defense Council Jerry Rawlings ( 1979 , 1981–2001) (from 1993 President)
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Guinea
- Head of State and Government: President Lansana Conté (1984–2008)
-
Guinea-Bissau
- Head of State: President João Bernardo Vieira ( 1980–1984 , 1984–1999, 2005–2009 ) (Prime Minister 1978–1980)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Carlos Correia (1991–1994, 1997–1998, 2008–2009, 2015–2016 )
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Cameroon
- Head of State: President Paul Biya (since 1982)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Sadou Hayatou (1991–9 April 1992)
- Prime Minister Simon Achidi Achu (April 9, 1992–1996)
-
Cape Verde
- Head of State: President António Monteiro (1991-2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Carlos Veiga (1991–2000)
-
Kenya
- Head of State and Government: President Daniel Arap Moi (1978–2002)
-
Comoros
- Head of State: President Said Mohamed Djohar (1989–1995, 1996 )
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Mohammed Taki Abdoulkarim (January 7, 1992– July 15, 1992) (1995, President 1996–1998) (new office created in 1992)
- Prime Minister vacant (July 15, 1992–1993)
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Republic of the Congo (1960–1970 Congo-Brazzaville ; 1970–15 March 1992 People's Republic of the Congo )
- Head of State:
- President Denis Sassou-Nguesso (1979–31 August 1992, since 1997)
- President Pascal Lissouba (August 31, 1992–1997) (Prime Minister 1963–1966)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister André Milongo (1991–2 September 1992)
- Prime Minister Stéphane Maurice Bongho-Nouarra (September 2, 1992– December 6 , 1992)
- Prime Minister Claude Antoine Dacosta (December 6, 1992–1993)
- Head of State:
-
Lesotho
- Head of State: King Letsie III. (1990–1995, since 1996 )
- Head of Government: Chairman of the Military Council Elias Phisoana Ramaema (1991–1993)
-
Liberia
- Head of State and Government: President of the Transitional Government of National Unity Amos Sawyer (1990–1994)
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Libya
- Revolutionary leader: Muammar al-Gaddafi (1969–2011) (1969–1979 General Secretary of the General People's Congress)
- Head of State:
- Secretary General of the General People's Congress Abd ar-Razzaq as-Sausa (1990–18 November 1992)
- General Secretary of the General People's Congress Zantani Muhammad az-Zantani (November 18, 1992–2008)
- Head of Government: General Secretary of the General People's Committee Abu Zaid Umar Durda (1990–1994)
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Madagascar
- Head of State: President Didier Ratsiraka (1975–1993, 1997–2002 )
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Guy Razanamasy (1991–1993)
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Malawi
- Head of State and Government: President Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1966–1994) (Prime Minister 1964–1966)
-
Mali
- Head of State:
- Chairman of the Transitional Committee Amadou Toumani Touré (1991–8 June 1992, 2002–2012 )
- President Alpha Oumar Konaré (June 8, 1992–2002)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Soumana Sacko (1991–9 June 1992)
- Prime Minister Younoussi Touré (June 9, 1992–1993)
- Head of State:
-
Morocco
- Head of State: King Hassan II (1961–1999)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Azzedine Laraki (1986–11 August 1992)
- Prime Minister Mohammed Karim Lamrani ( 1971–1972, 1983–1986 , August 11, 1992–1994)
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Mauritania
- Head of State: President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya (1984–2005) (1981–1984, Prime Minister 1984–1992)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya ( 1981–1984 , 1984–18 April 1992) (1984–2005 President)
- Prime Minister Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubacar (April 18, 1992–1996)
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Mauritius (since March 12, 1992 Republic)
- Head of State:
-
Queen Elizabeth II (1968–12 March 1992)
- Governor General: Veerasamy Ringadoo (1986–12 March 1992) (1992 President)
- President Veerasamy Ringadoo (March 12, 1992– June 30, 1992) (1986–1992 Governor General)
- President Cassam Uteem (June 30, 1992–2002)
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Queen Elizabeth II (1968–12 March 1992)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth (1982–1995, 2000–2003, 2014–2017 ) (2003–2012 President)
- Head of State:
-
Mozambique
- Head of State: President Joaquim Alberto Chissano (1986-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mário Fernandes da Graça Machungo (1976–1994)
-
Namibia
- Head of State: President Sam Nujoma (1990-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hage Geingob (1990–2002, 2012–2015 ) (since 2015 President)
-
Niger
- Head of State: President Ali Saibou (1987–1993) (until 1989 President of the Supreme Military Council)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Amadou Cheiffou (1991–1993)
-
Nigeria
- Head of State and Government: President of the Governing Council of the Armed Forces Ibrahim Babangida (1985–1993)
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Rwanda
- Head of State: President Juvénal Habyarimana (1973–1994)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Sylvestre Nsanzimana (1991–2 April 1992)
- Prime Minister Dismas Nsengiyaremye (April 2, 1992–1993)
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Zambia
- Head of State or Government: President Frederick Chiluba (1991–2002)
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Sao Tome and Principe
- Head of State: President Miguel Trovoada (1991–1995, 1995–2001 ) (1975–1979 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Daniel Lima dos Santos Daio (1991–16 May 1992)
- Prime Minister Norberto d'Alva Costa Alegre (May 16, 1992–1994)
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Senegal
- Head of State: President Abdou Diouf (1981–2000) (Prime Minister 1970–1980)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Habib Thiam ( 1981–1983 , 1991–1998)
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Seychelles
- Head of State and Government: President France-Albert René (1977–2004) (1976–1977 Prime Minister)
-
Sierra Leone
- Head of State:
- President Joseph Saidu Momoh (1985– April 29, 1992)
- Chairman of the Provisional National Defense Council Yahya Kanu (April 29, 1992)
- Chairman of the Supreme Council of State Valentine Strasser (May 1, 1992–1996)
- Head of Government:
- Chairman of the Council of State Secretaries John Benjamin (July 1992 – November 1992)
- Chairman of the Council of State Secretaries Solomon Musa (November 1992–1993)
- Head of State:
-
Zimbabwe
- Head of State and Government: President Robert Mugabe (1987–2017) (1980–1987 Prime Minister)
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Somalia
- Head of State: President Ali Mahdi Mohammed (1991–1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Umar Arteh Ghalib (1991–1993)
-
Somaliland (not internationally recognized)
- Head of State and Government: President Abd-ar-Rahman Ahmad Ali Tur (1991–1993)
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Somaliland (not internationally recognized)
-
South Africa
- Head of State and Government: President Frederik Willem de Klerk (1989–1994)
-
Sudan
- Head of State and Government: President of the Revolutionary Command Council for the Salvation of the Nation Umar al-Bashir (1989-2019) (from 1993 President)
-
Swaziland
- Head of State: King Mswati III. (since 1986)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Obed Dlamini (1989–1993)
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Tanzania
- Head of State: President Ali Hassan Mwinyi (1985–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister John Malecela (1990–1994)
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Togo
- Head of State: President Gnassingbé Eyadéma (1967-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Joseph Kokou Koffigoh (1991–1994)
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Chad
- Head of State: President Idriss Déby (since 1990)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Jean Alingué Bawoyeu (1991–20 May 1992) (1990 President)
- Prime Minister Joseph Yodoyman (May 20, 1992–1993)
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Tunisia
- Head of State: President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali (1987-2011) (1987 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hamed Karoui (1989–1999)
-
Uganda
- Head of State: President Yoweri Museveni (since 1986)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister George Cosmas Adyebo (1991-1994)
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Western Sahara (controversial)
- Head of State: President Mohamed Abdelaziz (1976-2016) (in exile)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahfoud Ali Beiba ( 1982–1985 , 1988–1993, 1995–1999 ) (in exile)
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Zaïre (until 1964 Congo-Léopoldville , 1964–1971, since 1997 Democratic Republic of the Congo )
- Head of State: President Mobutu Sese Seko (1965–1997)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Nguza Karl-I-Bond ( 1980–1981 , 1991–15 August 1992)
- Prime Minister Étienne Tshisekedi ( 1991 , August 15, 1992–1993, 1997 )
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Central African Republic
- Head of State: President André Kolingba (1981–1993)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Edouard Franck (1991–4 December 1992)
- Prime Minister Timothée Malendoma (December 4, 1992–1993)
America
North America
-
Canada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
- Governor General : Ray Hnatyshyn (1990–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Brian Mulroney (1984–1993)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
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Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1988–1994)
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United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President George HW Bush (1989–1993)
Central America
-
Antigua and Barbuda
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
- Governor General Wilfred E. Jacobs (1981–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Vere Cornwall Bird (1981–1994)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
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Bahamas
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1973)
-
Governor General :
- Henry Milton Taylor (1988–1 January 1992)
- Clifford Darling (January 2, 1992-1995)
-
Governor General :
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Lynden O. Pindling (1973–21 August 1992)
- Prime Minister Hubert Ingraham (August 21, 1992–2002, 2007–2012 )
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1973)
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Barbados
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1966)
- Governor General : Nita Barrow (1990–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lloyd Erskine Sandiford (1987–1994)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1966)
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Belize
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
- Governor General : Minita Gordon (1981–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister George Cadle Price ( 1981–1984 , 1989–1993)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
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Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier (1990–1994)
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Dominica
- Head of State: President Clarence A. Seignoret (1983–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Eugenia Charles (1980–1995)
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Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government: President Joaquín Balaguer ( 1960–1962, 1966–1978 , 1986–1996)
-
El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Alfredo Cristiani Burkard (1989–1994)
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Grenada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
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Governor General :
- Paul Scoon (1978–6 August 1992)
- Reginald Palme (August 6, 1992–1996)
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Governor General :
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nicholas Brathwaite ( 1983–1984 , 1990–1995)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
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Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Jorge Serrano Elias (1991–1993)
-
Haiti
- Head of State:
- President Joseph Nérette (1991–19 June 1992) ( Acting )
- President Marc Bazin (June 19, 1992–1993) (acting)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Jean-Jacques Honorat (1991–19 June 1992)
- Prime Minister Marc Bazin (June 19, 1992–1993)
- Head of State:
-
Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President Rafael Leonardo Callejas (1990–1994)
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Jamaica
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1962)
- Governor General : Howard Cooke (1991-2006)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Michael Manley ( 1972–1980 , 1989–30 March 1992)
- Prime Minister Percival J. Patterson (March 30, 1992-2006)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1962)
-
Cuba
- Head of State and Head of Government: President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers Fidel Castro (1976-2008) (1959-1976 Prime Minister)
-
Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Violeta Barrios de Chamorro (1990–1997) (1979–1980 member of the government junta for national reconstruction)
-
Panama
- Head of State and Government: President Guillermo Endara Galimany (1989–1994)
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St. Kitts and Nevis
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1983)
- Governor General Clement Athelston Arrindell (1983–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kennedy Simmonds (1983–1995)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1983)
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St. Lucia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
- Governor General : Stanislaus A. James (1988–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister John Compton (1982–1996, 2006–2007 )
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
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St. Vincent and the Grenadines
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
- Governor General : David Jack (1989–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister James Fitz-Allen Mitchell (1984–2000)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
-
Trinidad and Tobago
- Head of State: President Noor Hassanali (1987–1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Patrick Manning (1991–1995, 2001–2010 )
South America
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Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Menem (1989–1999)
-
Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Jaime Paz Zamora (1989–1993)
-
Brazil
- Head of State and Government:
- President Fernando Collor de Mello (1990–29 December 1992) (suspended from October 2, 1992)
- President Itamar Franco (October 2, 1992–1995) (until December 29, 1992 acting)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Patricio Aylwin (1990–1994)
-
Ecuador
- Head of State and Government:
- President Rodrigo Borja (1988-10 August 1992)
- President Sixto Durán Ballén (August 10, 1992–1996)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Guyana
- Head of State:
- President Hugh Desmond Hoyte (1985–9 October 1992) (1984–1985 Prime Minister)
- President Cheddi Jagan (October 9, 1992–1997)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Hamilton Green (1985–9 October 1992)
- Prime Minister Sam Hinds (October 9, 1992–1997, 1997–1999, 1999–2015 ) (1997 President)
- Head of State:
-
Colombia
- Head of State and Government: President César Gaviria (1990–1994)
-
Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Andrés Rodríguez (1989–1993)
-
Peru
- Head of State: President Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Alfonso de los Heros (1991–6 April 1992)
- Prime Minister Óscar de la Puente Raygada (April 6, 1992–1993)
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Suriname
- Head of State: President Ronald Venetiaan (1991–1996, 2000–2010 )
- Head of Government: Vice-President Jules Ratankumar Ajodhia (1991–1996, 2000–2005 )
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Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President Luis Alberto Lacalle (1990–1995)
-
Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Andrés Pérez ( 1974–1979 , 1989–1993)
Asia
East, South and Southeast Asia
-
Bangladesh
- Head of State: President Abdur Rahman Biswas (1991–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Khaleda Zia (1991–1996, 2001–2006 )
-
Bhutan
- Head of State and Government: King Jigme Singye Wangchuck (1972-2006)
-
Brunei
- Head of State and Government: Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (since 1967)
-
Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Head of State: President Lee Teng-hui (1988–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hau Pei-tsun (1990–1993)
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People's Republic of China
- Party leader: General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Jiang Zemin (1989–2002) (1993–2003 President)
- Head of State: President Yang Shangkun (1988–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Li Peng (1987–1998)
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India
- Head of State:
- President R. Venkataraman (1987– July 25, 1992)
- President Shankar Dayal Sharma (July 25, 1992–1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao (1991–1996)
- Head of State:
-
Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Akihito (1989-2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Miyazawa Kiichi (1991–1993)
-
Cambodia
- Head of State:
- Chairman of the State Council Heng Samrin (1979–6 April 1992) (until 1981 President of the Revolutionary People's Council)
- Chairman of the State Council Chea Sim (April 6, 1992– June 14, 1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hun Sen (since 1985)
- Head of State:
-
North Korea
- Chairman of the National Defense Commission : Kim Il-sung (1948–1994)
- Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly : Kim Il-sung (1972–1994)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Yon Hyong-muk (1988–11 December 1992)
- Prime Minister Kang Song-san ( 1984–1986 , December 11, 1992–1997)
-
South Korea
- Head of State: President Roh Tae-woo (1988–1993)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Chung Won-shik (1991–8 October 1992)
- Prime Minister Hyun Seung-jong (October 8, 1992–1993)
-
Laos
- Head of State:
- President Kaysone Phomvihane (1991–21 November 1992) (1975–1991 Prime Minister)
- President Nouhak Phoumsavanh (November 21, 1992–1998)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Khamtay Siphandone (1991–1998)
- Head of State:
-
Malaysia
- Head of State: Supreme Ruler Azlan Shah (1989–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad (1981–2003, 2018–2020 )
-
Maldives
- Head of State or Government: President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom (1978–2008)
-
Myanmar
- Head of State:
- Chairman of the State Council for Peace and Development Saw Maung (1988–29 April 1992) (1988–1992 Prime Minister)
- Chairman of the State Council for Peace and Development Than Shwe (April 29, 1992–2011) (Prime Minister 1992–2003)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Saw Maung (1988–23 April 1992) (1988–1992 Chairman of the State Council for Peace and Development)
- Prime Minister Than Shwe (April 24, 1992–2003) (1992–2011 Chairman of the State Council for Peace and Development)
- Head of State:
-
Nepal
- Head of State: King Birendra (1972-2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala (1991–1994, 1998–1999, 2000–2001, 2006–2008 )
-
Pakistan
- Head of State: President Ghulam Ishaq Khan (1988–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif (1990–1993, 1993, 1997–1999, 2013–2017 )
-
Philippines
- Head of State and Government:
- President Corazon Aquino (1986–30 June 1992)
- President Fidel Ramos (June 30, 1992–1998)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Singapore
- Head of State: President Wee Kim Wee (1985–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong (1990-2004)
-
Sri Lanka
- Head of State: President Ranasinghe Premadasa (1989–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Dingiri Banda Wijetunga (1989–1993) (1993–1994 President)
-
Thailand
- Head of State: King Rama IX. Bhumibol Adulyadej (1946-2016)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Anand Panyarachun (1991–7 April 1992, 1992 )
- Prime Minister Suchinda Kraprayoon (April 7, 1992– May 24, 1992)
- Prime Minister Meechai Ruchuphan (May 24, 1992– June 10, 1992) (acting)
- Prime Minister Anand Panyarachun ( 1991–1992 , June 10, 1992– September 23, 1992)
- Prime Minister Chuan Leekpai (September 23, 1992–1995, 1997–2001 )
-
Vietnam
- Head of State:
- Chairman of the State Council Võ Chí Công (1987-22 September 1992)
- President Lê Đức Anh (September 22, 1992–1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Võ Văn Kiệt ( 1988 , 1991–1997) (until September 24, 1992 Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
- Head of State:
Middle East
-
Armenia
- Head of State: President Levon Ter-Petrosyan (1991–1998)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Gagik Harutjunjan (1991–30 July 1992, 1993–1996 )
- Prime Minister Khosrov Arutjunyan (July 30, 1992–1993)
-
Azerbaijan
- Head of State:
- President Ayaz Mutallibov (1991–6 March 1992, 1992 )
- President of Parliament Jagub Mamedow (March 6, 1992– May 14, 1992, 1992 ) (acting)
- President Ayaz Mutallibov ( 1991–1992 , May 14, 1992– May 18, 1992)
- Speaker of Parliament Issa Gambarow (May 18, 1992– June 16, 1992) (acting)
- President Abulfas Eltschibei (June 16, 1992–1993)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Hassan Hassanow (1991–7 April 1992)
- Prime Minister Feirus Mustafayev (April 7, 1992– May 18, 1992) (acting)
- Prime Minister Rahim Husseinow (May 18, 1992–1993)
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Nagorno-Karabakh (January 6, 1992 declaration of independence) (not internationally recognized)
- Head of State:
- Speaker of Parliament Artur Mkrtchyan (January 7, 1992– April 14, 1992)
- President of Parliament Georgi Petrosjan (April 14, 1992–1993) (acting)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Oleg Jessajan (January 8, 1992 – August 1992)
- Prime Minister Robert Kocharyan (August 1992–1994) (1994–1997 President of Nagorno-Karabakh, 1997–1998, 2000 Prime Minister of Armenia, 1998–2008 President of Armenia)
- Head of State:
- Head of State:
-
Bahrain
- Head of State: Emir Isa II. (1971–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa (since 1971)
-
Georgia
- Head of State:
- President Sviad Gamsakhurdia (1991–6 January 1992)
- Leader of the Jaba Iosseliani Military Council (January 6, 1992– March 10, 1992)
- Military Council Leader Tengis Kitowani (January 6, 1992– March 10, 1992)
- President Eduard Shevardnadze (March 10, 1992–2003)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Bessarion Guguschwilii (1991–6 January 1992)
- Prime Minister Tengis Sigua ( 1991 , January 6, 1992–1993)
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Abkhazia (independent since July 23, 1992) (not internationally recognized)
- Head of State: President Wladislaw Ardsinba (July 23, 1992–2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Wascha Sarandija (July 23, 1992–1993)
-
South Ossetia (not internationally recognized)
- Head of State:
- Speaker of Parliament Snaur Gassiev (1991 – January 1992)
- Speaker of Parliament Tores Kulumbegow (January 1992–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Oleg Tesejew (1991–1993)
- Head of State:
- Head of State:
-
Iraq
- Head of State: President Saddam Hussein (1979–2003) (1979–1991, Prime Minister 1994–2003)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Muhammad Hamza az-Zubaidi (1991–1993)
-
Iran
- Religious head: Supreme legal scholar Ali Chamene'i (since 1989) (Prime Minister 1981–1989)
- Head of State: President Akbar Hāschemi Rafsanjāni (1989–1997)
-
Israel
- Head of State: President Chaim Herzog (1983–1993)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Yitzchak Shamir ( 1983–1984 , 1986–13 July 1992)
- Prime Minister Yitzchak Rabin ( 1974–1977 , July 13, 1992–1995)
-
Yemen
- Head of State: Chairman of the Presidential Council Ali Abdullah Salih (1990–2012) (President from 1994) (1978–1990 President of North Yemen)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas (1990–1994) (1985–1986 Prime Minister of South Yemen; 1986–1990 President of South Yemen)
-
Jordan
- Head of State: King Hussein (1952–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Zaid ibn Shaker ( 1989 , 1991–1993, 1995–1996 )
-
Qatar
- Head of State and Government: Emir Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani (1972–1995)
-
Kuwait
- Head of State: Emir Jabir III. (1977–2006) ( 1962–1963, 1965–1978 Prime Minister )
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sa'ad al-Abdallah as-Salim as-Sabah (1978-2003) (2006 Emir)
-
Lebanon
- Head of State: President Élias Hrawi (1989–1998)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Omar Karami (1990–13 May 1992, 2004–2005 )
- Prime Minister Rashid as-Solh ( 1974–1975 , May 13, 1992– October 31, 1992)
- Prime Minister Rafiq al-Hariri (October 31, 1992–1998, 2000–2004 )
-
Saudi Arabia
- Head of State and Government: King Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz (1982-2005)
-
Syria
- Head of State: President Hafiz al-Assad (1971–2000) (1970–1971 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahmud Zuabi (1987–2000)
-
Turkey
- Head of State: President Turgut Özal (1989–1993) (1983–1989 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel ( 1965–1971, 1975–1977, 1977–1978, 1979–1980 , 1991–1993) (1993–2000 President)
-
United Arab Emirates
- Head of State: President Zayid bin Sultan Al Nahyan (1971–2004) (1966–2004 Emir of Abu Dhabi)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Maktum bin Raschid Al Maktum ( 1971–1979 , 1990–2006) (1990–2006 Emir of Dubai)
Central Asia
-
Afghanistan
- Head of State:
- President Mohammed Najibullah (1987– April 16, 1992)
- President Abdul Rahim Hatef (April 16, 1992– April 28, 1992) ( Acting )
- President Sibghatullah Modschaddedi (April 28, 1992– June 28, 1992) (acting)
- Chairman of the Islamic Council Burhānuddin Rabbāni (June 28, 1992–1996)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Fazal Haq Chaliqyar (1990–15 April 1992)
- Prime Minister Abdul Sabur Farid (July 6, 1992l – August 15, 1992)
- Head of State:
-
Kazakhstan
- Head of State: President Nursultan Nazarbayev (1991-2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sergei Tereschchenko (1991–1994)
-
Kyrgyzstan
- Head of State: President Askar Akayev (1991-2005)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Andrei Iordan (1991–10 February 1992) (acting)
- Prime Minister Tursunbek Tschyngyschew (February 10, 1992–1993)
-
Mongolia
- Head of State: President Punsalmaagiin Otschirbat (1990–1997)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Daschiin Bjambasüren (1990–21 July 1992)
- Prime Minister Puntsagiin Jasrai (July 21, 1992–1996)
-
Tajikistan
- Head of State:
- President Rahmon Nabiev ( 1991 , 1991–7 September 1992)
- President Akbarscho Iskandrov ( 1991 , September 7, 1992– November 19 , 1992) (acting)
- President Emomalij Rahmonow (since November 19, 1992)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Isatullo Chajojew (1991–9 January 1992)
- Prime Minister Akbar Mirsojew (January 9, 1992– September 21, 1992)
- Prime Minister Abdumalik Abdulladzhanov (September 21, 1992–1993)
- Head of State:
-
Turkmenistan
- Head of State and Government: President Saparmyrat Nyýazow (1991–2006)
-
Uzbekistan
- Head of State: President Islom Karimov (1991-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdulxashim Mutalov (April 13, 1992–1995)
Australia and Oceania
-
Australia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
- Governor General : Bill Hayden (1989–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Paul Keating (1991–1996)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
-
Cook Islands (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1965)
- Queen's Representative: Apenera Short (1990-2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Geoffrey Henry ( 1983 , 1989–1999)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1965)
-
Fiji
- Head of State: President Penaia Ganilau (1987–1993) (1983–1987 Governor General)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Kamisese Mara ( 1970–1987 , 1987–2 June 1992) (1993–2000 President)
- Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka (June 2, 1992–1999)
-
Kiribati
- Head of State and Government: President Teatao Teannaki (1991–1994)
-
Marshall Islands
- Head of State and Government: President Amata Kabua (1986–1996)
-
Micronesia
- Head of State or Government: President Bailey Olter (1991–1997)
-
Nauru
- Head of State and Government: President Bernard Dowiyogo ( 1976–1978 , 1989–1995, 1996, 1998–1999, 2000–2001, 2003, 2003 )
-
New Zealand
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
- Governor General : Catherine Tizard (1990–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jim Bolger (1990–1997)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
-
Niue (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
- Queen's Representative: Governor General of New Zealand
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Robert Rex (1974-12 December 1992)
- Prime Minister Young Vivian (December 12, 1992–1993, 2002–2008 ) (Acting)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
-
Papua New Guinea
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1975)
- Governor General : Wiwa Korowi (1991–1997)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Rabbie Namaliu (1988–17 July 1992)
- Prime Minister Paias Wingti ( 1985–1988 , July 17, 1992–1994)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1975)
-
Solomon Islands
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
- Governor General : George Lepping (1988–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Solomon Mamaloni ( 1981–1984 , 1989–1993, 1994–1997 )
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
-
Tonga
- Head of State: King Taufaʻahau Tupou IV. (1970-2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Baron Vaea (1991-2000)
-
Tuvalu
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
- Governor General : Toaripi Lauti (1990–1993) (1978–1981 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Bikenibeu Paeniu (1989–1993, 1996–1999 )
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
-
Vanuatu
- Head of State: President Frederick Karlomuana Timakata ( 1984 , 1989–1994)
- Head of Government: Maxime Carlot Korman (1991–1995, 1996 )
-
Western Samoa (today Samoa )
- Head of State: O le Ao o le Malo Tanumafili II. (1962-2007)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Tofilau Eti Alesana ( 1982–1985 , 1988–1998)
Europe
-
Albania
- Head of State:
- President Ramiz Alia (1982–3 April 1992) (until 1991 Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly) (1985–1991 party leader)
- Speaker of Parliament Kastriot Islami (April 3, 1992– April 6, 1992) (acting)
- President of Parliament Pjetër Arbnori (April 6, 1992– April 9, 1992) (acting)
- President Sali Berisha (April 9, 1992–1997) (Prime Minister 2005–2013)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Vilson Ahmeti (1991-13 April 1992)
- Prime Minister Aleksandër Meksi (April 13, 1992–1997)
- Head of State:
-
Andorra
-
Co-princes :
- President of France : François Mitterrand (1981–1995)
- Bishop of Urgell : Joan Martí Alanís (1971-2003)
- Head of Government: District President Òscar Ribas Reig ( 1982–1984 , 1990–1994)
-
Co-princes :
-
Belgium
- Head of State: King Baudouin I (1951–1993)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Wilfried Martens ( 1979–1981 , 1981–7 March 1992)
- Prime Minister Jean-Luc Dehaene (March 7, 1992–1999)
-
Bosnia and Herzegovina (independent since March 3, 1992)
- Head of State: President : Alija Izetbegović (March 3, 1992–1998, 2000 ) (Chairman of the State Presidium from 1996)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Jure Pelivan (March 3, 1992– November 9 , 1992)
- Prime Minister Mile Akmadžić (November 9, 1992–1993)
-
Bulgaria
- Head of State: President Schelju Schelew (1990–1997)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister (1991–30 December 1992)
- Prime Minister Lyuben Berow (December 30, 1992–1994)
-
Denmark
- Head of State: Queen Margrethe II (since 1972)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Poul Schlüter (1982–1993)
-
Faroe Islands (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
- Representative of the Danish government: Reichsombudsman Bent Klinte (1988–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Atli P. Dam ( 1970–1881, 1985–1989 , 1991–1993)
-
Greenland (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
- Representative of the Danish government:
- Reichsombudsman Torben Hede Pedersen (1979-13 July 1992)
- Reichsombudsman Steen Spore (August 1, 1992–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lars-Emil Johansen (1991–1997)
- Representative of the Danish government:
-
Germany
- Head of State: Federal President Richard von Weizsäcker (1984–1994)
- Head of Government: Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl (1982–1998)
-
Estonia
- Head of State: President Lennart Meri (October 6, 1992–2001)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Edgar Savisaar (1991–29 January 1992)
- Prime Minister Tiit Vähi (January 29 - October 21, 1992, 1995–1997 )
- Prime Minister Mart Laar (October 21, 1992–1994, 1999–2002 )
-
Finland
- Head of State: President Mauno Koivisto (1982–1994) (1968–1970, 1979–1982 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Esko Aho (1991–1995)
-
France
- Head of State: President François Mitterrand (1981–1995)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Édith Cresson (1991–2 April 1992)
- Prime Minister Pierre Bérégovoy (April 2, 1992–1993)
-
Greece
- Head of State: President Konstantinos Karamanlis ( 1974, 1980–1985 , 1990–1995) (1955–1958, 1958–1961, 1961–1963, 1974–1980 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Konstantinos Mitsotakis (1990–1993)
-
Ireland
- Head of State: President Mary Robinson (1990–1997)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Charles J. Haughey ( 1979–1981, 1982 , 1987–11 February 1992)
- Prime Minister Albert Reynolds (February 11, 1992–1994)
-
Iceland
- Head of State: President Vigdís Finnbogadóttir (1980–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Davíð Oddsson (1991-2004)
-
Italy
- Head of State:
- President Francesco Cossiga (1985–28 April 1992) (1979–1980 Prime Minister)
- Senate President Giovanni Spadolini (April 28, 1992– May 28, 1992) (acting)
- President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (May 28, 1992–1999)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti ( 1972–1973, 1976–1979 , 1989–28 June 1992)
- Prime Minister Giuliano Amato (June 28, 1992–1993, 2000–2001 )
- Head of State:
-
Yugoslavia
- Head of State:
- Chairman of the Presidium Branko Kostić (1991–15 June 1992) (acting)
- President Dobrica Ćosić (June 15, 1992–1993)
- Head of Government:
- President of the Executive Federal Council Aleksandar Mitrović (1991–14 July 1992) (acting)
- Prime Minister Milan Panić (July 14, 1992–1993)
- Head of State:
-
Channel Islands
-
guernsey
- Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
- Lieutenant Governor: Michael Wilkins (1990-1994)
- Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
-
jersey
- Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
- Lieutenant Governor: John Sutton (1990–1995)
- Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
-
guernsey
-
Croatia
- Head of State: President Franjo Tuđman (1991–1999)
- Head of Government:
- District President Franjo Gregurić (1991–8 September 1992)
- District President Hrvoje Šarinić (September 8, 1992–1993)
-
Latvia
- Head of State: Speaker of Parliament Anatolijs Gorbunovs (August 21, 1991–1993) (acting)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ivars Godmanis (August 21, 1991–1993, 2007–2009 )
-
Liechtenstein
- Head of State: Prince Hans-Adam II. (Since 1989)
- Head of Government : Hans Brunhart (1978–1993)
-
Lithuania
- Head of State:
- Chairman of the Constituent Assembly Vytautas Landsbergis (1990-25 November 1992)
- Chairman of the Supreme Council of Algirdas Brazauskas (November 25, 1992–1998) (Prime Minister 2001–2006)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Gediminas Vagnorius (1991–21 July 1992, 1996–1999 )
- Prime Minister Aleksandras Abišala (July 21, 1992– December 2, 1992)
- Prime Minister Bronislovas Lubys (December 2, 1992–1993)
- Head of State:
-
Luxembourg
- Head of State: Grand Duke Jean (1964–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jacques Santer (1984–1995)
-
Malta
- Head of State: President Ċensu Tabone (1989–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Edward Fenech Adami (1987–1996, 1998–2004 ) (2004–2009 President)
-
Isle of Man
- Head of State: Lord of Man Elizabeth II (since 1952)
- Lieutenant Governor : Laurence Jones (1990–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Miles Walker (1986-1996)
- Head of State: Lord of Man Elizabeth II (since 1952)
-
Macedonia
- Head of State: President Kiro Gligorov (1991–1999)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Nikola Kljusev (1991–17 August 1992)
- Prime Minister Branko Crvenkovski (August 17, 1992–1998, 2002–2004 ) (2004–2009 President)
-
Moldova
- Head of State: President Mircea Ion Snegur (1991–1997)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Valeriu Muravschi (1991–1 July 1992)
- Prime Minister Andrei Sangheli (July 1, 1992–1997)
-
Transnistria (not internationally recognized)
- President: Igor Smirnov (1991–2011)
-
Monaco
- Head of State: Prince : Rainier III. (1949-2005)
- Head of Government: Minister of State Jacques Dupont (1991–1994)
-
Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Beatrix (1980-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers (1982–1994)
-
Norway
- Head of State: King Harald V (since 1991)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland ( 1981, 1986–1989 , 1990–1996)
-
Austria
- Head of State:
- Federal President Kurt Waldheim (1986–8 July 1992)
- Federal President Thomas Klestil (July 8, 1992-2004)
- Head of Government: Federal Chancellor Franz Vranitzky (1986–1997)
- Head of State:
-
Poland
- Head of State: President Lech Wałęsa (1990–1995)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Jan Olszewski (1991–5 June 1992)
- Prime Minister Waldemar Pawlak (June 5, 1992– July 8, 1992, 1993–1995 )
- Prime Minister Hanna Suchocka (July 8, 1992–1993)
-
Portugal
- Head of State: President Mário Soares (1986–1996) (1976–1978, Prime Minister 1983–1985)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva (1985–1995) (President since 2006)
-
Romania
- Head of State: President Ion Iliescu (1989–1996, 2000–2004 )
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Theodor Stolojan (1991–4 November 1992)
- Prime Minister Nicolae Văcăroiu (November 4, 1992–1996)
-
Russia
- Head of State: President Boris Yeltsin (1991–1999)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Yegor Gaidar (June 15, 1992– December 14, 1992)
- Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin (December 14, 1992–1998)
-
San Marino
- Head of State: Capitani Reggenti
- Edda Ceccoli (October 1, 1991– April 1, 1992) and Marino Riccardi (October 1, 1991– April 1, 1992, 2004 )
- Germano De Biagi ( 1979–1980, 1983–1984 , April 1, 1992– October 1, 1992) and Ernesto Benedettini (April 1, 1992– October 1, 1992, 2008–2009 )
- Romeo Morri (October 1, 1992– April 1, 1993) and Marino Zanotti (October 1, 1992– April 1, 1993, 1997–1998 )
- Head of State: Capitani Reggenti
-
Sweden
- Head of State: King Carl XVI. Gustaf (since 1973)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Carl Bildt (1991–1994)
-
Switzerland
- Federal President : René Felber (1992)
-
Federal Council :
- Otto Stich (1984–1995)
- Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (1984-1998)
- Flavio Cotti (1987-1999)
- Arnold Koller (1987-1999)
- René Felber (1988–1993)
- Adolf Ogi (1988-2000)
- Kaspar Villiger (1989-2003)
-
Slovenia
- Head of State: President Milan Kučan (1991–2002)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Lojze Peterle (1991–14 May 1992)
- Prime Minister Janez Drnovšek (May 14, 1992–2000, 2000–2002 ) (2002–2007 President)
-
Spain
- Head of State: King Juan Carlos I (1975-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Felipe González (1982–1996)
-
Czechoslovakia (dissolution December 31, 1992)
- Head of State: President Václav Havel (1989–1992)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Marián Čalfa (1989–1992)
-
Ukraine
- Head of State: President Leonid Kravchuk (1991–1994)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Witold Fokin (1991–2 October 1992)
- Prime Minister Valentin Symonenko (October 2, 1992– October 13, 1992) (acting)
- Prime Minister Leonid Kuchma (October 13, 1992–1993) (1994–2005 President)
-
Hungary
- Head of State: President Árpád Göncz (1990–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister József Antall (1990–1993)
-
Vatican city
- Head of State: Pope John Paul II (1978-2005)
- Head of Government:
- Cardinal State Secretary Angelo Sodano (1990-2006)
- President of the Governorate Rosalio Lara (1990–1997)
-
United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952) (crowned 1953)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister John Major (1990–1997)
-
Belarus
- Head of State: Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Stanislau Schuschkewitsch (1991–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Vyachazlau Kebitsch (1991–1994)
-
Republic of Cyprus
- Head of State and Government: President Georges Vassiliou (1988–1993)
-
Northern Cyprus (not internationally recognized)
- Head of State: President Rauf Denktaş (1983-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Derviş Eroğlu (1985–1994, 1996–2004, 2009–2010 ) (2010–2015 President)