List of Heads of State 1997
Overview
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Other events
Africa
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Egypt
- Head of State: President Husni Mubarak (1981–2011) (1981–1982 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kamal al-Ganzuri (1996–1999, 2011–2012 )
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Algeria
- Head of State: President Liamine Zéroual (1994–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia (1995–1998, 2003–2006, 2008–2012, 2017–2019 )
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Angola
- Head of State: President José Eduardo dos Santos (1979-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Fernando José de França Dias Van Dúnem ( 1991–1992 , 1996–1999)
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Equatorial Guinea
- Head of State: President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (since 1979) (until 1982 Chairman of the Supreme Military Council)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ángel Serafín Seriche Dougan (1996-2001)
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Ethiopia
- Head of State: President Negasso Gidada (1995-2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Meles Zenawi (1995–2012) (1991–1995 President)
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Benin
- Head of State: President Mathieu Kérékou ( 1972–1991 , 1996–2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Adrien Houngbédji (1996–1998)
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Botswana
- Head of State or Government: President Quett Masire (1980–1998)
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Burkina Faso
- Head of State: President Blaise Compaoré (1987-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kadré Désiré Ouédraogo (1996–2000)
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Burundi
- Head of State: President Pierre Buyoya ( 1987–1993 , 1996–2003)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Pascal-Firmin Ndimira (1996–1998)
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Djibouti
- Head of State: President Hassan Gouled Aptidon (1977–1999) (1977 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Barkat Gourad Hamadou (1978-2001)
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Ivory Coast
- Head of State: President Henri Konan Bédié (1993–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Daniel Kablan Duncan (1993–1999, 2012–2017 )
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Eritrea
- Head of State and Government: President Isayas Afewerki (since 1993)
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Gabon
- Head of State: President Omar Bongo (1967–2009)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Paulin Obame Nguema (1994–1999)
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Gambia
- Head of State and Government: President Yahya Jammeh (1994–2017) (until 1996 Chairman of the Provisional Government Council of the Army)
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Ghana
- Head of State and Government: President Jerry Rawlings ( 1979 , 1981-2001) (until 1993 Chairman of the Provisional National Defense Council)
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Guinea
- Head of State: President Lansana Conté (1984–2008)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sidya Touré (1996–1999)
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Guinea-Bissau
- Head of State: President João Bernardo Vieira ( 1980–1984 , 1984–1999, 2005–2009 ) (Prime Minister 1978–1980)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Manuel Saturnino da Costa (1994–6 June 1997)
- Prime Minister Carlos Correia ( 1991–1994 , June 6, 1997–1998, 2008–2009, 2015–2016 )
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Cameroon
- Head of State: President Paul Biya (since 1982)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Peter Mafany Musonge (1996-2004)
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Cape Verde
- Head of State: President António Monteiro (1991-2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Carlos Veiga (1991–2000)
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Kenya
- Head of State and Government: President Daniel Arap Moi (1978–2002)
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Comoros
- Head of State: President Mohammed Taki Abdoulkarim ( 1995 , 1996–1998) (1995 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
- v Ahmed Abdou (1996–9 September 1997)
- Prime Minister Nourdine Bourhane (September 9, 1997–1998)
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Democratic Republic of the Congo (until 1964 Congo-Léopoldville , 1964–1971 Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1971–17 May 1997 Zaïre )
- Head of State:
- President Mobutu Sese Seko (1965– May 16, 1997)
- President Laurent-Désiré Kabila (May 17, 1997–2001)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Kengo Wa Dondo ( 1982–1986, 1988–1990 , 1994–2 April 1997)
- Prime Minister Étienne Tshisekedi ( 1991, 1992–1993 , April 2, 1997– April 9, 1997)
- Prime Minister Likulia Bolongo (April 9, 1997– May 16, 1997) (office abolished)
- Head of State:
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Republic of the Congo (1960–1970 Congo-Brazzaville ; 1970–1992 People's Republic of the Congo )
- Head of State:
- President Pascal Lissouba (1992–15 October 1997) (Prime Minister 1963–1966)
- President Denis Sassou-Nguesso ( 1979–1992 , since October 25, 1997)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Charles David Ganao (1996–8 September 1997)
- Prime Minister Bernard Kolélas (September 18, 1997– October 15, 1997) (office abolished)
- Head of State:
-
Lesotho
- Head of State: King Letsie III. ( 1990–1995 , since 1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ntsu Mokhehle ( 1993–1994 , 1994–1998)
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Liberia
- Head of State and Government:
- State Councilor Ruth Perry (1996–2 August 1997)
- President Charles Taylor (August 2, 1997–2003)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Libya
- Revolutionary leader: Muammar al-Gaddafi (1969–2011) (1969–1979 General Secretary of the General People's Congress)
- Head of State: General Secretary of the General People's Congress Zantani Muhammad az-Zantani (1992-2008)
- Head of Government:
- General Secretary of the General People's Committee Abd al-Madschid al-Qaʿud (1994–29 December 1997)
- General Secretary of the General People's Committee Muhammad Ahmad al-Manqush (December 29, 1997–2000)
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Madagascar
- Head of State:
- Prime Minister Norbert Ratsirahonana (1996–1997) (acting) (1996–1997 Prime Minister)
- President Didier Ratsiraka ( 1975–1993 , February 9, 1997–2002)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Norbert Ratsirahonana (1996–21 February 1997) (1996–1997 President)
- Prime Minister Pascal Rakotomavo (February 21, 1997–1998)
- Head of State:
-
Malawi
- Head of State and Government: President Bakili Muluzi (1994-2004)
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Mali
- Head of State: President Alpha Oumar Konaré (1992–2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta (1994–2000)
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Morocco
- Head of State: King Hassan II (1961–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdellatif Filali (1994–1998)
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Mauritania
- Head of State: President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya (1984–2005) (1981–1984, Prime Minister 1984–1992)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Cheikh El Avia Ould Mohamed Khouna (1996–18 December 1997, 1998–2003 )
- Prime Minister Mohamed Lemine Ould Guig (December 18, 1997–1998)
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Mauritius
- Head of State: President Cassam Uteem (1992–2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Navin Ramgoolam (1995–2000, 2005–2014 )
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Mozambique
- Head of State: President Joaquim Alberto Chissano (1986-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Pascoal Mocumbi (1994-2004)
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Namibia
- Head of State: President Sam Nujoma (1990-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hage Geingob (1990–2002, 2012–2015 ) (since 2015 President)
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Niger
- Head of State: President Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara (1996–1999)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Amadou Boubacar Cissé ( 1995 , 1996-27 November 1997)
- Prime Minister Ibrahim Hassane Mayaki (November 27, 1997–2000)
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Nigeria
- Head of State and Government: Chairman of the Provisional Government Council Sani Abacha (1993–1998)
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Rwanda
- Head of State: President Pasteur Bizimungu (1994-2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Pierre-Célestin Rwigema (1995–2000)
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Zambia
- Head of State or Government: President Frederick Chiluba (1991–2002)
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Sao Tome and Principe
- Head of State: President Miguel Trovoada ( 1991–1995 , 1995–2001) (1975–1979 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Raul Bragança Neto (1996–1999)
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Senegal
- Head of State: President Abdou Diouf (1981-2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Habib Thiam ( 1981–1983 , 1991–1998)
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Seychelles
- Head of State and Government: President France-Albert René (1977–2004) (1976–1977 Prime Minister)
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Sierra Leone
- Head of State and Government:
- President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah (1996-25 May 1997, 1998-2007 )
- Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of the Armed Forces Johnny Paul Koroma (May 25, 1997–1998)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Zimbabwe
- Head of State and Government: President Robert Mugabe (1987–2017) (1980–1987 Prime Minister)
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Somalia
- Head of State and Government:
- President Ali Mahdi Mohammed (1991–3 Jan 1997)
- President vacant (January 3, 1997–2000)
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Somaliland (not internationally recognized)
- Head of State and Government: President Mohammed Haji Ibrahim Egal (1993–2002) (1967–1969 Prime Minister of Somalia)
- Head of State and Government:
-
South Africa
- Head of State or Government: President Nelson Mandela (1994–1999)
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Sudan
- Head of State and Government: President Umar al-Bashir (1989–2019)
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Swaziland
- Head of State: King Mswati III. (since 1986)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini (1996–2003, 2008–2018 )
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Tanzania
- Head of State: President Benjamin Mkapa (1995-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Frederick Sumaye (1995-2005)
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Togo
- Head of State: President Gnassingbé Eyadéma (1967-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kwassi Klutse (1996–1999)
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Chad
- Head of State: President Idriss Déby (since 1990)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Koibla Djimasta (1995–17 May 1997)
- Prime Minister Nassour Guelendouksia Ouaido (May 17, 1997–1999)
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Tunisia
- Head of State: President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali (1987–2011) (Prime Minister 1987)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hamed Karoui (1989–1999)
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Uganda
- Head of State: President Yoweri Museveni (since 1986)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kintu Musoke (1994–1999)
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Western Sahara (controversial)
- Head of State: President Mohamed Abdelaziz (1976-2016) (in exile)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahfoud Ali Beiba ( 1982–1985, 1988–1993 , 1995–1999) (in exile)
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Central African Republic
- Head of State: President Ange-Félix Patassé (1993–2003) (Prime Minister 1976–1978)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Jean-Paul Ngoupandé (1996–30 January 1997)
- Prime Minister Michel Gbezera-Bria (January 30, 1997–1999)
America
North America
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Canada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
- Governor General : Roméo LeBlanc (1995–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jean Chrétien (1993-2003)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
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Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Ernesto Zedillo (1994–2000)
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United States of America
- Heads of State or Government: President Bill Clinton (1993-2001)
Central America
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Antigua and Barbuda
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
- Governor General James Carlisle (1993-2007)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lester Bird (1994-2004)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
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Bahamas
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1973)
- Governor General : Orville Alton Turnquest (1995-2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hubert Ingraham (1992–2002, 2007–2012 )
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1973)
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Barbados
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1966)
- Governor General : Clifford Husbands (1996-2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Owen Arthur (1994–2008)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1966)
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Belize
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
- Governor General : Colville Young (since 1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Manuel Esquivel ( 1984–1989 , 1993–1998)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
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Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President José María Figueres Olsen (1994–1998)
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Dominica
- Head of State: President Crispin Sorhaindo (1993–1998)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Edison James (1995-2000)
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Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government: President Leonel Fernández (1996–2000, 2004–2012 )
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El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Armando Calderón Sol (1994–1999)
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Grenada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
- Governor General : Daniel Williams (1996-2008)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Keith Mitchell (1995–2008, since 2013 )
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
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Guatemala
- Head of State and Government: President Álvaro Arzú Irigoyen (1996–2000)
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Haiti
- Head of State: President René Préval (1996–2001, 2006–2011 )
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Rosny Smarth ( 1996–20 October 1997)
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Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Roberto Reina (1994–1998)
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Jamaica
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1962)
- Governor General : Howard Cooke (1991-2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Percival J. Patterson (1992–2006)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1962)
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Cuba
- Head of State and Head of Government: President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers Fidel Castro (1976-2008) (1959-1976 Prime Minister)
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Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government:
- President Violeta Barrios de Chamorro (1990–10 January 1997) (1979–1980 member of the government junta for national reconstruction)
- President Arnoldo Alemán (January 10, 1997–2002)
- Head of State and Government:
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Panama
- Head of State and Government: President Ernesto Pérez Balladares (1994–1999)
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St. Kitts and Nevis
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1983)
- Governor General : Cuthbert Sebastian (1996–2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Denzil Douglas (1995-2015)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1983)
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St. Lucia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
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Governor General :
- George Mallet (1996–17 September 1997)
- Pearlette Louisy (September 17, 1997-2017)
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Governor General :
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Vaughan Allen Lewis (1996–24 May 1997)
- Prime Minister Kenneth Anthony (May 24, 1997-2006, 2011-2016 )
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
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St. Vincent and the Grenadines
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
- Governor General : Charles Antrobus (1996–2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister James Fitz-Allen Mitchell (1984–2000)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
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Trinidad and Tobago
- Head of State:
- President Noor Hassanali (1987-19 March 1997)
- President Arthur NR Robinson (March 19, 1997–2003) (Prime Minister 1986–1991)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Basdeo Panday (1995-2001)
- Head of State:
South America
-
Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Menem (1989–1999)
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Bolivia
- Head of State and Government:
- President Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada (1993–6 August 1997, 2002–2003 )
- President Hugo Banzer Suárez ( 1971–1978 , August 6, 1997–2001)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Brazil
- Head of State and Government: President Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995–2003)
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Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (1994–2000)
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Ecuador
- Head of State and Government:
- President Abdalá Bucaram (1996–6 February 1997)
- President Fabián Alarcón (February 6, 1997– February 9, 1997, 1997–1998 ) (acting)
- Vice-President Rosalía Arteaga (February 9, 1997– February 11, 1997) (acting)
- President Fabián Alarcón ( 1997 , February 11, 1997–1998) (acting)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Guyana
- Head of State:
- President Cheddi Jagan (1992–7 March 1997)
- President Sam Hinds (March 7, 1997– December 19, 1997)
- President Janet Jagan (December 19, 1997–1999)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Sam Hinds (1992–7 March 1997, 22 December 1997–1999, 1999–2015 )
- Prime Minister Janet Jagan (March 17, 1997– December 22, 1997)
- Prime Minister Sam Hinds ( 1992–7 March 1997 , 22 December 1997–1999, 1999–2015 )
- Head of State:
-
Colombia
- Head of State and Government: President Ernesto Samper (1994–1998)
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Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Juan Carlos Wasmosy (1993–1998)
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Peru
- Head of State: President Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Alberto Pandolfi (1996–1998, 1998–1999 )
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Suriname
- Head of State and Government: President Jules Albert Wijdenbosch (1996–2000)
- Head of Government: Vice President Pretapnarian Shawh Radhakishun ( 1986–1987 , 1996–2000)
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Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President Julio María Sanguinetti ( 1985–1990 , 1995–2000)
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Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Rafael Caldera (1994–1999)
Asia
East, South and Southeast Asia
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Bangladesh
- Head of State: President Shahabuddin Ahmed ( 1990–1991 , 1996–2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina (1996–2001, since 2009 )
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Bhutan
- Head of State and Government: King Jigme Singye Wangchuck (1972-2006)
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Brunei
- Head of State and Government: Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (since 1967)
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Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Head of State: President Lee Teng-hui (1988–2000)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Lien Chan (1993–1 September 1997)
- Prime Minister Vincent Siew (September 1, 1997–2000)
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People's Republic of China
- Head of State: President Jiang Zemin (1993-2003)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Li Peng (1987–1998)
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India
- Head of State:
- President Shankar Dayal Sharma (1992– July 25, 1997)
- President KR Narayanan (July 25, 1997–2002)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister H. D. Deve Gowda (1996–21 April 1997)
- Prime Minister Inder Kumar Gujral (April 21, 1997–1998)
- Head of State:
-
Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Akihito (1989-2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ryūtarō Hashimoto (1996–1998)
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Cambodia
- Head of State: King Norodom Sihanouk ( 1941–1955 , 1993–2004) (1960–1970, 1975–1976, 1991–1993 President)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hun Sen (since 1985)
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North Korea
- Chairman of the National Defense Commission : Kim Jong-il (1994–2011)
- Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly : Yang Hyong-sop (1994–1998)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Kang Song-san ( 1984–1986 , 1992–21 February 1997)
- Prime Minister Hong Song-nam (February 21, 1997–2003)
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South Korea
- Head of State: President Kim Young-sam (1993–1998)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Lee Soo-sung (1995–4 March 1997)
- Prime Minister Goh Kun (March 4, 1997–1998, 2003–2004 )
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Laos
- Head of State: President Nouhak Phoumsavanh (1992–1998)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Khamtay Siphandone (1991–1998)
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Malaysia
- Head of State: Supreme Ruler Tuanku Jaafar (1994–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad (1981–2003, 2018–2020 )
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Maldives
- Head of State or Government: President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom (1978–2008)
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Myanmar
- Head of State: Chairman of the State Council for Peace and Development Than Shwe (1992–2011) (Prime Minister 1992–2003)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Than Shwe (1992–2003) (1992–2011 Chairman of the State Council for Peace and Development)
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Nepal
- Head of State: King Birendra (1972-2001)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba (1995–12 March 1997, 2001–2002, 2004–2005, 2017–2018 )
- Prime Minister Lokendra Bahadur Chand ( 1983–1986, 1990 , March 12, 1997– October 7, 1997, 2002–2003 )
- Prime Minister Surya Bahadur Thapa ( 1963–1964, 1965–1969, 1979–1983 , October 7, 1997–1998, 2003–2004 )
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Pakistan
- Head of State:
- President Faruk Ahmad Khan Leghari (1993–2 December 1997)
- President Wasim Sajjad ( 1993 , December 2, 1997– January 1, 1998) (acting)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Miraj Khalid (1996–17 February 1997) (acting)
- Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif ( 1990–1993, 1993 , February 17, 1997–1999, 2013–2017 )
- Head of State:
-
Philippines
- Head of State and Government: President Fidel Ramos (1992–1998)
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Singapore
- Head of State: President Ong Teng Cheong (1993–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong (1990-2004)
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Sri Lanka
- Head of State: President Chandrika Kumaratunga (1994–2005) (1994 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike ( 1960–1965, 1970–1977 , 1994–2000)
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Thailand
- Head of State: King Rama IX. Bhumibol Adulyadej (1946-2016)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Chavalit Yongchaiyudh (1996–9 November 1997)
- Prime Minister Chuan Leekpai ( 1992–1995 , November 9, 1997–2001)
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Vietnam
- Head of State:
- President Lê Đức Anh (1992–24 September 1997)
- President Trần Đức Lương (September 24, 1997–2006)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Võ Văn Kiệt (1992–25 September 1997) (until 1992 Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
- Prime Minister Phan Văn Khải (September 25, 1997-2006)
- Head of State:
Middle East
-
Armenia
- Head of State: President Levon Ter-Petrosyan (1991–1998)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Armen Zarkissyan (1996–20 March 1997, President since 2018 )
- Prime Minister Robert Kocharyan (March 20, 1997–1998, 2000 ) (1992–1994 Prime Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh, 1994–1997 President of Nagorno-Karabakh, 1998–2008 President of Armenia)
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Azerbaijan
- Head of State: President Heidar Aliyev (1993-2003)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Artur Rasizadä (1996–2003, 2003–2018 )
-
Nagorno Karabakh (not internationally recognized)
- Head of State:
- President Robert Kocharyan (1994–20 March 1997) (1992–1994 Prime Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh, 1997–1998, 2000 Prime Minister of Armenia, 1998–2008 President of Armenia)
- President Leonard Petrosjan (March 20, 1997– September 8, 1997) (acting) (Prime Minister 1994–1998)
- President Arkadi Ghukassjan (September 8, 1997–2007)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Leonard Petrosyan (1994 – June 1998)
- Head of State:
-
Bahrain
- Head of State: Emir Isa II. (1971–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa (since 1971)
-
Georgia
- Head of State: President Eduard Shevardnadze (1992-2003)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Niko Lekishvili (1996–1998)
-
Abkhazia (not recognized internationally)
- Head of State: President Wladislaw Ardsinba (1992-2005)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Gennadi Gagulija (1995–29 April 1997, 2002–2003 )
- Prime Minister Sergei Bagapsch (April 29, 1997–1999) (President 2005–2011)
-
South Ossetia (not internationally recognized)
- Head of State: President of Parliament Ludwig Tschibirow (1993-2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Alexander Schawlochow (1996–1998)
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Iraq
- Head of State and Government: President Saddam Hussein (1979-2003)
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Iran
- Religious head: Supreme legal scholar Ali Chamene'i (since 1989) (Prime Minister 1981–1989)
- Head of State:
- President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (1989–3 August 1997)
- President Mohammad Chātami (August 3, 1997–2005)
-
Israel
- Head of State: President Ezer Weizmann (1993–2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu (1996–1999, since 2009 )
-
Yemen
- Head of State: Chairman of the Presidential Council Ali Abdullah Salih (1990–2012) (President from 1994) (1978–1990 President of North Yemen)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Abd al-Aziz Abd al-Ghani (1994–14 May 1997) (1975–1980, 1983–1990 Prime Minister of North Yemen)
- Prime Minister Faraj Said bin Ghanem (May 14, 1997–1998)
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Jordan
- Head of State: King Hussein (1952–1999)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Abdelkarim al-Kabariti (1996–19 March 1997)
- Prime Minister Abdelsalam al-Majali ( 1993–1995 , March 19, 1997–1998)
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Qatar
- Head of State: Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (1995–2013) (1995–1996 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdullah bin Chalifa Al Thani (1996-2007)
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Kuwait
- Head of State: Emir Jabir III. (1977–2006) ( 1962–1963, 1965–1978 Prime Minister )
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sa'ad al-Abdallah as-Salim as-Sabah (1978-2003) (2006 Emir)
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Lebanon
- Head of State: President Élias Hrawi (1989–1998)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Rafiq al-Hariri (1992–1998, 2000–2004 )
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Palestinian Territories
- Head of State and Government: President: Yasser Arafat (1994-2004)
-
Saudi Arabia
- Head of State and Government: King Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz (1982-2005)
-
Syria
- Head of State: President Hafiz al-Assad (1971–2000) (1970–1971 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahmud Zuabi (1987–2000)
-
Turkey
- Head of State: President Süleyman Demirel (1993–2000) (1965–1971, 1975–1977, 1977–1978, 1979–1980, 1991–1993 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Necmettin Erbakan (1996–30 June 1997)
- Prime Minister Mesut Yılmaz ( 1991, 1996 , June 30, 1997–1999)
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United Arab Emirates
- Head of State: President Zayid bin Sultan Al Nahyan (1971–2004) (1966–2004 Emir of Abu Dhabi)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Maktum bin Raschid Al Maktum ( 1971–1979 , 1990–2006) (1990–2006 Emir of Dubai)
Central Asia
-
Afghanistan
- Head of State: Leader of the Faithful Mohammed Omar (1996-2001)
- Head of Government: Chairman of the Supreme Council Mohammad Rabbani (1996-2001)
-
Kazakhstan
- Head of State: President Nursultan Nazarbayev (1991-2019)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Akeschan Kaschegeldin (1994-10 October 1997)
- Prime Minister Nurlan Balghymbayev (October 10, 1997–1999)
-
Kyrgyzstan
- Head of State: President Askar Akayev (1991-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Apas Dschumagulow (1993–1998)
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Mongolia
- Head of State:
- President Punsalmaagiin Otschirbat (1990-20 June 1997)
- President Natsagiin Bagabandi (June 20, 1997–2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mendsaichaniin Enchsaichan (1996–1998)
- Head of State:
-
Tajikistan
- Head of State: President Emomalij Rahmonow (since 1992)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Yachjo Asimow (1996–1999)
-
Turkmenistan
- Head of State and Government: President Saparmyrat Nyýazow (1991–2006)
-
Uzbekistan
- Head of State: President Islom Karimov (1991-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Oʻtkir Sultonov (1995–2003)
Australia and Oceania
-
Australia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
- Governor General : William Deane (1996-2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister John Howard (1996-2007)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
-
Cook Islands (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1965)
- Queen's Representative: Apenera Short (1990-2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Geoffrey Henry ( 1983 , 1989–1999)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1965)
-
Fiji
- Head of State: President Kamisese Mara (1993–2000) (Prime Minister 1970–1987, 1987–1992)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka (1992–1999)
-
Kiribati
- Head of State and Government: President Teburoro Tito (1994–2003)
-
Marshall Islands
- Head of State and Government:
- President Kunio Lemari (1996–14 January 1997) (acting)
- President Imata Kabua (January 14, 1997–2000)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Micronesia
- Head of State and Government:
- President Bailey Olter (1991–8 May 1997) (incapacitated November 8, 1996)
- President Jacob Nena (May 8, 1997–1999) (acting 1996– May 8 , 1997)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Nauru
- Head of State and Government:
- President Ruben Kun (1996–12 February 1997)
- President Kinza Clodumar (February 12, 1997–1998)
- Head of State and Government:
-
New Zealand
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
- Governor General : Michael Hardie Boys (1996-2001)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Jim Bolger (1990-8 December 1997)
- Prime Minister Jenny Shipley (December 8, 1997-1999)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
-
Niue (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
- Queen's Representative: Governor General of New Zealand
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Frank Lui (1993–1999)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
-
Palau
- Head of State and Government: President Kuniwo Nakamura (1994–2000)
-
Papua New Guinea
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1975)
-
Governor General :
- Wiwa Korowi (1991-20 November 1997)
- Silas Atopare (November 20, 1997-2003)
-
Governor General :
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Julius Chan ( 1980–1982 , 1994–22 July 1997)
- Prime Minister Bill Skate (July 22, 1997-1999)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1975)
-
Samoa (until January 4, 1997 Western Samoa)
- Head of State: O le Ao o le Malo Tanumafili II. (1962-2007)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Tofilau Eti Alesana ( 1982–1985 , 1988–1998)
-
Solomon Islands
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
- Governor General : Moses Pitakaka (1994–1999)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Solomon Mamaloni ( 1981-1984, 1989-1993 , 1994-27 August 1997)
- Prime Minister Bartholomew Ulufa'alu (August 27, 1997-2000)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
-
Tonga
- Head of State: King Taufaʻahau Tupou IV. (1970-2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Baron Vaea (1991-2000)
-
Tuvalu
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
- Governor General : Tulaga Manuella (1994–1998)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Bikenibeu Paeniu ( 1989–1993 , 1996–1999)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
-
Vanuatu
- Head of State: President Jean-Marie Manatawai (1994–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Serge Vohor ( 1995–1996 , 1996–1998, 2004, 2011 )
Europe
-
Albania
- Head of State:
- President Sali Berisha (1992–24 July 1997) (2005–2013 Prime Minister)
- President Rexhep Meidani (July 24, 1997–2002)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Aleksandër Meksi (1992–11 March 1997)
- Prime Minister Bashkim Fino (March 11, 1997– July 24, 1997)
- Prime Minister Fatos Nano ( 1991 , July 24, 1997–1998, 2002–2005 )
- Head of State:
-
Andorra
-
Co-princes :
- President of France : Jacques Chirac (1995-2007)
- Bishop of Urgell : Joan Martí Alanís (1971-2003)
- Head of Government: District President Marc Forné Molné (1994-2005)
-
Co-princes :
-
Belgium
- Head of State: King Albert II (1993-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jean-Luc Dehaene (1992–1999)
-
Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Head of State: Chairman of the State Presidium : Alija Izetbegović (1992–1998, 2000 ) (President until 1996)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Hasan Muratović (1996–3 January 1997)
- Co-Prime Minister Haris Silajdžić ( 1993–1996 , January 3, 1997–2000) (2006–2010 Member of the State Presidency)
- Co-Prime Minister Boro Bosić (January 3, 1997–1999)
-
Bulgaria
- Head of State:
- President Schelju Shelev (1990–22 January 1997)
- President Petar Stoyanov (January 22, 1997–2002)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Schan Widenow (1995–12 February 1997)
- Prime Minister Stefan Sofijanski (February 12, 1997– May 21, 1997) (acting)
- Prime Minister Ivan Kostov (May 21, 1997–2001)
- Head of State:
-
Denmark
- Head of State: Queen Margrethe II (since 1972)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen (1993–2001)
-
Faroe Islands (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
- Representative of the Danish government: Reichsombudsfrau Vibeke Larsen (1995–2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Edmund Joensen (1994–1998)
-
Greenland (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
- Representative of the Danish government: Reichsombudsmann Gunnar Martens (1995–2002)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Lars-Emil Johansen (1991–19 September 1997)
- Prime Minister Jonathan Motzfeldt ( 1979–1991 , September 19, 1997–2002)
-
Germany
- Head of State: Federal President Roman Herzog (1994–1999)
- Head of Government: Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl (1982–1998)
-
Estonia
- Head of State: President Lennart Meri (1992–2001)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Tiit Vähi ( 1992 , 1995–17 March 1997)
- Prime Minister Mart Siimann (March 17, 1997–1999)
-
Finland
- Head of State: President Martti Ahtisaari (1994–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Paavo Lipponen (1995-2003)
-
France
- Head of State: President Jacques Chirac (1995–2007) (1974–1976, Prime Minister 1986–1988)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Alain Juppé (1995–3 June 1997)
- Prime Minister Lionel Jospin (June 3, 1997–2002)
-
Greece
- Head of State: President Konstantinos Stefanopoulos (1995-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Konstantinos Simitis (1996-2004)
-
Ireland
- Head of State:
- President Mary Robinson (1990– September 12, 1997)
- Presidency Committee: (September 12, 1997– November 10, 1997) (acting)
- Chief Justice: Liam Hamilton
- Chairman of the House of Commons: Séamus Pattison
- Senate Chairman: Liam T. Cosgrave (until September 17)
- Senate Chairman: Brian Mullooly (from September 17)
- President Mary McAleese (Nov. 11, 1997–2011)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister John Bruton (1994–26 June 1997)
- Prime Minister Bertie Ahern (June 26, 1997–2008)
- Head of State:
-
Iceland
- Head of State: President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (1996–2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Davíð Oddsson (1991-2004)
-
Italy
- Head of State: President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (1992–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Romano Prodi (1996–1998, 2006–2008 )
-
Yugoslavia
- Head of State:
- President Zoran Lilić (1993–23 July 1997)
- President Srđa Bozović (June 25, 1997– July 23 , 1997)
- President Slobodan Milošević (July 23, 1997–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Radoje Kontić (1993–1998)
- Head of State:
-
Channel Islands
-
guernsey
- Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
- Lieutenant Governor: John Coward (1994–2000)
- Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
-
jersey
- Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
- Vice Governor: Michael Wilkes (1995–2000)
- Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
-
guernsey
-
Croatia
- Head of State: President Franjo Tuđman (1991–1999)
- Head of Government: District President Zlatko Mateša (1995–2000)
-
Latvia
- Head of State: President Guntis Ulmanis (1993–1999)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Andris Šķēle (1995–7 August 1997, 1999–2000 )
- Prime Minister Guntars Krasts (August 7, 1997–1998)
-
Liechtenstein
- Head of State: Prince Hans-Adam II. (Since 1989)
- Head of Government : Mario Frick (1993-2001)
-
Lithuania
- Head of State: President Algirdas Brazauskas (1992–1998) (Prime Minister 2001–2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Gediminas Vagnorius ( 1991–1992 , 1996–1999)
-
Luxembourg
- Head of State: Grand Duke Jean (1964–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker (1995-2013)
-
Malta
- Head of State: President Ugo Mifsud Bonniċi (1994–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Alfred Sant (1996–1998)
-
Isle of Man
- Head of State: Lord of Man Elizabeth II (since 1952)
- Lieutenant Governor : Timothy Daunt (1995–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Donald Gelling (1996-2001, 2004-2006 )
- Head of State: Lord of Man Elizabeth II (since 1952)
-
Macedonia
- Head of State: President Kiro Gligorov (1991–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Branko Crvenkovski (1992–1998, 2002–2004 ) (2004–2009 President)
-
Moldova
- Head of State:
- President Mircea Ion Snegur (1991– January 15, 1997)
- President Petru Lucinschi (January 15, 1997–2001)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Andrei Sangheli (1992–24 January 1997)
- Prime Minister Ion Ciubuc (January 24, 1997–1999)
-
Transnistria (not internationally recognized)
- President: Igor Smirnov (1991–2011)
- Head of State:
-
Monaco
- Head of State: Prince : Rainier III. (1949-2005)
- Head of Government:
- Minister of State Paul Dijoud (1994–3 February 1997)
- Minister of State Michel Lévêque (February 3, 1997–2000)
-
Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Beatrix (1980-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Wim Kok (1994–2002)
-
Norway
- Head of State: King Harald V (since 1991)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Thorbjørn Jagland (1996–17 October 1997)
- Prime Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik (October 17, 1997–2000, 2001–2005 )
-
Austria
- Head of State: Federal President Thomas Klestil (1992-2004)
- Head of Government:
- Federal Chancellor Franz Vranitzky (1986–28 January 1997)
- Federal Chancellor Viktor Klima (January 28, 1997–2000)
-
Poland
- Head of State: President Aleksander Kwaśniewski (1995-2005)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz (1996–17 October 1997)
- Prime Minister Marek Belka (October 17, 1997– October 31, 1997) (acting)
- Prime Minister Jerzy Buzek (October 31, 1997-2001)
-
Portugal
- Head of State: President Jorge Sampaio (1996-2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister António Guterres (1995-2002)
-
Romania
- Head of State: President Emil Constantinescu (1996–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Victor Ciorbea (1996–1998)
-
Russia
- Head of State: President Boris Yeltsin (1991–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Viktor Tschernomyrdin (1992–1998, 1998 )
-
San Marino
- Head of State: Capitani Reggenti
- Maurizio Rattini (October 1, 1996– April 1, 1997) and Gian Carlo Venturini (October 1, 1996– April 1, 1997)
- Paride Andreoli and ( 1993–1994 , April 1, 1997– October 1, 1997) Pier Marino Mularoni (April 1, 1997– October 1, 1997)
- Luigi Mazza and (October 1, 1997– April 1, 1998) Marino Zanotti ( 1992–1993 , October 1, 1997– April 1, 1998)
- Head of State: Capitani Reggenti
-
Sweden
- Head of State: King Carl XVI. Gustaf (since 1973)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Göran Persson (1996-2006)
-
Switzerland
- Federal President : Arnold Koller ( 1990 , 1997)
-
Federal Council :
- Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (1984-1998)
- Flavio Cotti (1987-1999)
- Arnold Koller (1987-1999)
- Adolf Ogi (1988-2000)
- Kaspar Villiger (1989-2003)
- Ruth Dreifuss (1993-2002)
- Moritz Leuenberger (1995-2010)
-
Slovakia
- Head of State: President Michal Kováč (1993–1998)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Vladimír Mečiar ( 1993–1994 , 1994–1998)
-
Slovenia
- Head of State: President Milan Kučan (1991–2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Janez Drnovšek (1992–2000, 2000–2002 ) (2002–2007 President)
-
Spain
- Head of State: King Juan Carlos I (1975-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister José María Aznar (1996-2004)
-
Czech Republic
- Head of State: President Václav Havel (1993-2003)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Václav Klaus (1993–17 December 1997) (2003–2013 President)
- Prime Minister Josef Tošovský (December 17, 1997–1998)
-
Ukraine
- Head of State: President Leonid Kuchma (1994–2005) (Prime Minister 1992–1993)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Pavlo Lasarenko (1996–19 June 1997)
- Prime Minister Wassyl Durdynez (June 19, 1997– July 16, 1997)
- Prime Minister Valery Pustowoitenko (July 16, 1997–1999)
-
Hungary
- Head of State: President Árpád Göncz (1990–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Gyula Horn (1994–1998)
-
Vatican city
- Head of State: Pope John Paul II (1978-2005)
- Head of Government:
- Cardinal State Secretary Angelo Sodano (1990-2006)
- President of the Governorate Rosalio Lara (1990–14 October 1997)
- President of the Governorate Edmund Casimir Szoka (October 15, 1997– 2006)
-
United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952) (crowned 1953)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister John Major (1990–2 May 1997)
- Prime Minister Tony Blair (May 2, 1997-2007)
-
Belarus
- Head of State: President Aljaksandr Lukashenka (since 1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sjarhej Linh (1996–2000) (provisional until February 19, 1997)
-
Republic of Cyprus
- Head of State and Government: President Glafkos Klerides (1993-2003)
-
Northern Cyprus (not internationally recognized)
- Head of State: President Rauf Denktaş (1983-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Derviş Eroğlu ( 1985–1994 , 1996–2004, 2009–2010 ) (2010–2015 President)