List of Heads of State 1991

Overview
◄◄ | ◄ | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | List of Heads of State 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | ► | ►►
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Africa

Egypt
- Head of State: President Husni Mubarak (1981–2011) (1981–1982 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Atif Muhammad Nagib Sidqi (1986–1996)

Algeria
- Head of State: President Chadli Bendjedid (1979–1992)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Mouloud Hamrouche (1989–5 June 1991)
  - Prime Minister Sid Ahmed Ghozali (June 5, 1991–1992)

Angola
- Head of State: President José Eduardo dos Santos (1979-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Fernando José de França Dias Van Dúnem (July 19, 1991–1992, 1996–1999 )

Equatorial Guinea

Head of State: President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (since 1979) (until 1982 Chairman of the Supreme Military Council)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Cristino Seriche Malabo Bioko (1982–1992)

Ethiopia

Head of State:

President Mengistu Haile Mariam ( 1974 , 1977–21 May 1991) (until 1987 Chairman of the Provisional Military Administrative Council)

President Tesfaye Gebre Kidan (May 21, 1991– May 28, 1991) ( Acting )

President Meles Zenawi (May 28, 1991–1995) (Prime Minister 1995–2012)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Hailu Yimenu (1989–26 April 1991) (acting)

Prime Minister Tesfaye Dinka (April 26, 1991– June 6, 1991) (acting)

Prime Minister Tamirat Layne (June 6, 1991–1995)

Benin
- Head of State:
  - President Mathieu Kérékou (1972–4 April 1991, 1996–2006 )
  - President Nicéphore Soglo (April 4, 1991–1996) (Prime Minister 1990–1991)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nicéphore Soglo (1990–4 April 1991) (1991–1996 President) (office abolished)

Botswana
- Head of State or Government: President Quett Masire (1980–1998)

Burkina Faso
- Head of State or Government: President Blaise Compaoré (1987-2014)

Burundi

Head of State: President Pierre Buyoya (1987–1993, 1996–2003 )

Head of Government: Prime Minister Adrien Sibomana (1988–1993)

Djibouti
- Head of State: President Hassan Gouled Aptidon (1977–1999) (1977 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Barkat Gourad Hamadou (1978-2001)

Ivory Coast
- Head of State: President Félix Houphouët-Boigny (1960–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Alassane Ouattara (1990–1993) (President since 2010)

Gabon
- Head of State: President Omar Bongo (1967–2009)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Casimir Oyé-Mba (1990–1994)

Gambia
- Head of State and Government: President Dawda Jawara (1970–1994) (Prime Minister 1965–1970)

Ghana
- Head of State and Government: Chairman of the Provisional National Defense Council Jerry Rawlings ( 1979 , 1981–2001) (from 1993 President)

Guinea
- Head of State and Government: President Lansana Conté (1984–2008)

Guinea-Bissau
- Head of State: President João Bernardo Vieira ( 1980–1984 , 1984–1999, 2005–2009 ) (1978–1980 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Carlos Correia (December 27, 1991–1994, 1997–1998, 2008–2009, 2015–2016 )

Cameroon
- Head of State: President Paul Biya (since 1982)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sadou Hayatou (April 26, 1991–1992) (newly created office)

Cape Verde
- Head of State:
  - President Aristides Pereira (1975–22 March 1991)
  - President António Monteiro (March 22, 1991–2001)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Pedro Pires (1975–4 April 1991) (2001–2011 President)
  - Prime Minister Carlos Veiga (April 4, 1991–2000)

Kenya
- Head of State and Government: President Daniel Arap Moi (1978–2002)

Comoros
- Head of State and Government: President Said Mohamed Djohar (1989–1995, 1996 )

People's Republic of the Congo (1960–1970 Congo-Brazzaville ; from 1992 Republic of the Congo )
- Head of State: President Denis Sassou-Nguesso (1979–1992, since 1997)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Pierre Moussa (1990–8 January 1991)
  - Prime Minister Louis Sylvain Goma ( 1975-1984 , January 8, 1991– June 8, 1991)
  - Prime Minister André Milongo (June 8, 1991–1992)

Lesotho
- Head of State: King Letsie III. (1990–1995, since 1996 )
- Head of Government:
  - Military Council Chairman Justin Metsing Lekhanya (1986–2 Jan 1991)
  - Chairman of the Military Council Elias Phisoana Ramaema (January 2, 1991–1993)

Liberia
- Head of State and Government: President of the Transitional Government of National Unity Amos Sawyer (1990–1994)

Libya
- Revolutionary leader: Muammar al-Gaddafi (1969–2011) (1969–1979 General Secretary of the General People's Congress)
- Head of State: General Secretary of the General People's Congress Abd ar-Razzaq as-Sausa (1990–1992)
- Head of Government: General Secretary of the General People's Committee Abu Zaid Umar Durda (1990–1994)

Madagascar
- Head of State: President Didier Ratsiraka (1975–1993, 1997–2002 )
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Victor Ramahatra (1988–8 August 1991)
  - Prime Minister Guy Razanamasy (August 8, 1991–1993)

Malawi
- Head of State and Government: President Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1966–1994) (Prime Minister 1964–1966)

Mali
- Head of State:
  - President Moussa Traoré (1968–26 March 1991)
  - Chairman of the Transitional Committee Amadou Toumani Touré (March 26, 1991–1992, 2002–2012 )
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Soumana Sacko (April 2, 1991–1992) (newly created office)

Morocco
- Head of State: King Hassan II (1961–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Azzedine Laraki (1986–1992)

Mauritania

Head of State: President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya (1984–2005) (1981–1984, Prime Minister 1984–1992)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya ( 1981–1984 , 1984–1992) (1984–2005 President)

Mauritius

Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (1968–1992)
Governor General: Veerasamy Ringadoo (1986–1992) (1992 President)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth (1982–1995, 2000–2003, 2014–2017 ) (2003–2012 President)

Mozambique

Head of State: President Joaquim Alberto Chissano (1986-2005)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Mário Fernandes da Graça Machungo (1976–1994)

Namibia
- Head of State: President Sam Nujoma (1990-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hage Geingob (1990–2002, 2012–2015 ) (since 2015 President)

Niger
- Head of State: President Ali Saibou (1987–1993) (until 1989 President of the Supreme Military Council)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Aliou Mahamidou (1990–27 October 1991)
  - Prime Minister Amadou Cheiffou (October 27, 1991–1993)

Nigeria
- Head of State and Government: President of the Governing Council of the Armed Forces Ibrahim Babangida (1985–1993)

Rwanda
- Head of State: President Juvénal Habyarimana (1973–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sylvestre Nsanzimana (October 12, 1991–1992) (new office created in 1991)

Zambia
- Head of State:
  - President Kenneth Kaunda (1964– November 2, 1991)
  - President Frederick Chiluba (November 2, 1991–2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Malimba Masheke (1989–31 August 1991) (office abolished in 1991)

Sao Tome and Principe
- Head of State:
  - President Manuel Pinto da Costa (1975–4 March 1991, 2011–2016 )
  - President of the Parliament Leonel Mário d'Alva (March 4, 1991– April 3, 1991) (acting)
  - President Miguel Trovoada (April 3, 1991–1995, 1995–2001 ) (Prime Minister 1975–1979)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Celestino Rocha da Costa (1988–7 February 1991)
  - Prime Minister Daniel Lima dos Santos Daio (February 7, 1991–1992)

Senegal
- Head of State: President Abdou Diouf (1981–2000) (Prime Minister 1970–1980)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Habib Thiam ( 1981–1983 , April 8, 1991–1998) (newly created office)

Seychelles
- Head of State and Government: President France-Albert René (1977–2004) (1976–1977 Prime Minister)

Sierra Leone
- Head of State or Government: President Joseph Saidu Momoh (1985–1992)

Zimbabwe
- Head of State and Government: President Robert Mugabe (1987–2017) (1980–1987 Prime Minister)

Somalia
- Head of State:
  - President Siad Barre (1969–27 January 1991)
  - President Ali Mahdi Mohammed (January 29, 1991–1997)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Mohammed Hawadle Madar (1990–24 January 1991)
  - Prime Minister Umar Arteh Ghalib (January 24, 1991–1993)
  - Somaliland (independent since May 18, 1991) (not internationally recognized)
    - Head of State and Government: President Abd-ar-Rahman Ahmad Ali Tur (May 28, 1991–1993)

South Africa
- Head of State and Government: President Frederik Willem de Klerk (1989–1994)

Sudan
- Head of State and Government: President of the Revolutionary Command Council for the Salvation of the Nation Umar al-Bashir (1989-2019) (from 1993 President)

Swaziland
- Head of State: King Mswati III. (since 1986)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Obed Dlamini (1989–1993)

Tanzania
- Head of State: President Ali Hassan Mwinyi (1985–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister John Malecela (1990–1994)

Togo
- Head of State: President Gnassingbé Eyadéma (1967-2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Joseph Kokou Koffigoh (August 27, 1991–1994) (newly created office)

Chad
- Head of State: President Idriss Déby (since 1990)
- Prime Minister Jean Alingué Bawoyeu (March 4, 1991–1992) (newly created office) (1990 President)

Tunisia
- Head of State: President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali (1987-2011) (1987 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hamed Karoui (1989–1999)

Uganda
- Head of State: President Yoweri Museveni (since 1986)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Samson Kisekka (1986-22 January 1991)
  - Prime Minister George Cosmas Adyebo (January 22, 1991–1994)

Western Sahara (controversial)

Head of State: President Mohamed Abdelaziz (1976-2016) (in exile)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahfoud Ali Beiba ( 1982–1985 , 1988–1993, 1995–1999 ) (in exile)

Zaïre (until 1964 Congo-Léopoldville , 1964–1971, since 1997 Democratic Republic of the Congo )
- Head of State: President Mobutu Sese Seko (1965–1997)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Lunda Bululu (1990–1 April 1991)
  - Prime Minister Mulumba Lukoji (April 1, 1991– September 29, 1991)
  - Prime Minister Étienne Tshisekedi (September 29, 1991– November 1, 1991, 1992–1993, 1997 )
  - Prime Minister Bernardin Mungul Diaka (November 1, 1991– November 25, 1991)
  - Prime Minister Nguza Karl-I-Bond ( 1980–1981 , November 25, 1991–1992)

Central African Republic
- Head of State: President André Kolingba (1981–1993) (until 1985 Chairman of the Military Committee for National Reconstruction)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Edouard Franck (March 15, 1991–1992) (newly created office)

America

North America

Canada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Governor General : Ray Hnatyshyn (1990–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Brian Mulroney (1984–1993)

Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1988–1994)

United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President George HW Bush (1989–1993)

Central America

Antigua and Barbuda
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
  - Governor General Wilfred E. Jacobs (1981–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Vere Cornwall Bird (1981–1994)

Bahamas
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1973)
  - Governor General : Henry Milton Taylor (1988–1992)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lynden O. Pindling (1973–1992)

Barbados
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1966)
  - Governor General : Nita Barrow (1990–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lloyd Erskine Sandiford (1987–1994)

Belize
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
  - Governor General : Minita Gordon (1981–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister George Cadle Price ( 1981–1984 , 1989–1993)

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier (1990–1994)

Dominica
- Head of State: President Clarence A. Seignoret (1983–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Eugenia Charles (1980–1995)

Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government: President Joaquín Balaguer ( 1960–1962, 1966–1978 , 1986–1996)

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Alfredo Cristiani Burkard (1989–1994)

Grenada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
  - Governor General : Paul Scoon (1978–1992)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nicholas Brathwaite ( 1983–1984 , 1990–1995)

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo (1986–14 January 1991)
  - President Jorge Serrano Elias (January 14, 1991–1993)

Haiti

Head of State:

President Ertha Pascal-Trouillot (1990–7 January 1991, 1991 ) (acting)

President Roger Lafontant (January 7, 1991– January 7, 1991) ( Acting )

President Ertha Pascal-Trouillot ( 1990–1991 , January 7, 1991– February 7, 1991) (acting)

President Jean-Bertrand Aristide (February 7, 1991– September 30, 1991, 1993–1994, 1994–1996, 2001–2004 )

Chairman of the Raoul Cédras military junta (October 1, 1991– October 8, 1991)

President Joseph Nérette (October 8, 1991–1992) (Acting)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister René Préval (February 11, 1991– October 11, 1991) (1996–2001, President 2006–2011)

Prime Minister Jean-Jacques Honorat (October 11, 1991–1992)

Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President Rafael Leonardo Callejas (1990–1994)

Jamaica

Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1962)
Governor General :

Florizel Glasspole (1973–31 March 1991)

Supreme Court Chairman Edward Zacca (March 31, 1991– August 1, 1991) ( Acting )

Howard Cooke (August 1, 1991-2006)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Michael Manley ( 1972–1980 , 1989–1992)

Cuba
Head of State and Head of Government: President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers Fidel Castro (1976-2008) (1959-1976 Prime Minister)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Violeta Barrios de Chamorro (1990–1997) (1979–1980 member of the government junta for national reconstruction)

Panama
- Head of State and Government: President Guillermo Endara Galimany (1989–1994)

St. Kitts and Nevis
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1983)
  - Governor General Clement Athelston Arrindell (1983–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kennedy Simmonds (1983–1995)

St. Lucia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
  - Governor General : Stanislaus A. James (1988–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister John Compton (1982–1996, 2006–2007 )

St. Vincent and the Grenadines
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
  - Governor General : David Jack (1989–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister James Fitz-Allen Mitchell (1984–2000)

Trinidad and Tobago
- Head of State: President Noor Hassanali (1987–1997)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Arthur NR Robinson (1986–17 December 1991)
  - Prime Minister Patrick Manning (December 17, 1991–1995, 2001–2010 )

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Menem (1989–1999)

Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Jaime Paz Zamora (1989–1993)

Brazil
- Head of State and Government: President Fernando Collor de Mello (1990–1992)

Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Patricio Aylwin (1990–1994)

Ecuador
- Head of State and Government: President Rodrigo Borja (1988–1992)

Guyana
- Head of State: President Hugh Desmond Hoyte (1985–1992) (1984–1985 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hamilton Green (1985–1992)

Colombia
- Head of State and Government: President César Gaviria (1990–1994)

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Andrés Rodríguez (1989–1993)

Peru
- Head of State: President Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Juan Carlos Hurtado Miller (1990–15 February 1991)
  - Prime Minister Carlos Torres y Torres Lara (February 15, 1991 - November 6, 1991)
  - Prime Minister Alfonso de los Heros (November 6, 1991–1992)

Suriname
- Head of state:
  - President Johan Kraag (1990–15 September 1991)
  - President Ronald Venetiaan (September 15, 1991–1996, 2000–2010 )
- Head of Government:
  - Vice-President Jules Albert Wijdenbosch ( 1987–1988 , January 7, 1991– September 16, 1991) (President 1996–2000)
  - Vice-President Jules Ratankumar Ajodhia (September 16, 1991–1996, 2000–2005 )

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President Luis Alberto Lacalle (1990–1995)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Carlos Andrés Pérez ( 1974–1979 , 1989–1993)

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

Bangladesh
- Head of State:
  - President Shahabuddin Ahmed (1990-10 October 1991, 1996-2001 ) (Acting)
  - President Abdur Rahman Biswas (October 10, 1991–1996)
- Head of Government:
  - vacant (1990–20 March 1991)
  - Prime Minister Khaleda Zia (March 20, 1991–1996, 2001–2006 )

Bhutan
- Head of State and Government: King Jigme Singye Wangchuck (1972-2006)

Brunei
- Head of State and Government: Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (since 1967)

Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Head of State: President Lee Teng-hui (1988–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hau Pei-tsun (1990–1993)

People's Republic of China
- Party leader: General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Jiang Zemin (1989–2002) (1993–2003 President)
- Head of State: President Yang Shangkun (1988–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Li Peng (1987–1998)

India
- Head of State: President R. Venkataraman (1987–1992)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar (1990–21 July 1991)
  - Prime Minister PV Narasimha Rao (July 21, 1991–1996)

Indonesia
- Head of State and Government: President Suharto (1967–1998)

Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Akihito (1989-2019)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu (1989–6 November 1991)
  - Prime Minister Miyazawa Kiichi (November 6, 1991–1993)

Cambodia
- Head of State: Chairman of the State Council Heng Samrin (1979–1992) (until 1981 President of the Revolutionary People's Council)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hun Sen (since 1985)

North Korea
- Chairman of the National Defense Commission : Kim Il-sung (1948–1994)
- Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly : Kim Il-sung (1972–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Yon Hyong-muk (1988–1992)

South Korea
- Head of State: President Roh Tae-woo (1988–1993)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Roh Jae-bong (1990–24 May 1991)
  - Prime Minister Chung Won-shik (May 24, 1991–1992)

Laos
- Head of State:
  - President Souphanouvong (1975–15 August 1991)
  - President Phoumi Vongvichit (1986–15 August 1991) (acting)
  - President Kaysone Phomvihane (August 15, 1991–1992) (Prime Minister 1975–1991)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Kaysone Phomvihane (1975–15 August 1991) (1991–1992 President)
  - Prime Minister Khamtay Siphandone (August 15, 1991–1998)

Malaysia
- Head of State: Supreme Ruler Azlan Shah (1989–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad (1981–2003, 2018–2020 )

Maldives
- Head of State or Government: President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom (1978–2008)

Myanmar
- Head of State: Chairman of the State Council for Peace and Development Saw Maung (1988–1992) (1988–1992 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Saw Maung (1988–1992) (1988–1992 Chairman of the State Council for Peace and Development)

Nepal
- Head of State: King Birendra (1972-2001)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Krishna Prasad Bhattarai (1990–26 May 1991, 1999–2000 )
  - Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala (May 26, 1991–1994, 1998–1999, 2000–2001, 2006–2008 )

Pakistan
- Head of State: President Ghulam Ishaq Khan (1988–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif (1990–1993, 1993, 1997–1999 , 2013–2017 )

Philippines
- Head of State and Government: President Corazon Aquino (1986–1992)

Singapore
- Head of State: President Wee Kim Wee (1985–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong (1990-2004)

Sri Lanka
- Head of State: President Ranasinghe Premadasa (1989–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Dingiri Banda Wijetunga (1989–1993) (1993–1994 President)

Thailand
- Head of State: King Rama IX. Bhumibol Adulyadej (1946-2016)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan (1988–23 February 1991)
  - Prime Minister Sunthorn Kongsompong (February 23, 1991– March 7, 1991) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Anand Panyarachun (March 7, 1991–1992, 1992 )

Vietnam
- Head of State: Chairman of the State Council Võ Chí Công (1987–1992)
- Head of Government:
  - Chairman of the Council of Ministers Đỗ Mười (1988–8 August 1991)
  - Chairman of the Council of Ministers Võ Văn Kiệt ( 1988 , August 8, 1991–1997) (Prime Minister since 1992)

Middle East

Armenia (independent since September 21, 1991)
- Head of State: President Levon Ter-Petrosyan (September 21, 1991–1998) (Chairman of the Supreme Soviet until November 21, 1991)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Wasken Manukjan (September 21, 1991– November 22, 1991) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Gagik Harutjunjan (November 22, 1991–1992, 1993–1996 )

Azerbaijan (independent since August 30, 1991)

Head of State: President Ayaz Mutallibov (August 30, 1991–1992, 1992 )

Head of Government: Prime Minister Hassan Hassanow (August 30, 1991–1992)

Bahrain
- Head of State: Emir Isa II. (1971–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa (since 1971)

Georgia (independent since April 9, 1991)

Head of State: President Swiad Gamsachurdia (April 9, 1991–1992)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Tengis Sigua (April 9, 1991– August 18, 1991, 1992–1993 )

Prime Minister Murman Omanidze (August 18, 1991– August 23, 1991) (acting)

Prime Minister Bessarion Guguschwilii (August 21, 1991–1992)

South Ossetia (independent since November 28, 1991) (not internationally recognized)

Head of State: Speaker of Parliament Snaur Gassiev (November 28, 1991–1992)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Oleg Tesejew (November 28, 1991–1993)

Iraq
- Head of State: President Saddam Hussein (1979–2003) (1979–1991, Prime Minister 1994–2003)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Saddam Hussein (1979–23 March 1991, 1994–2003 ) (1979–2003 President)
  - Prime Minister Saadun Hammadi (March 23, 1991– September 13, 1991)
  - Prime Minister Muhammad Hamza az-Zubaidi (September 13, 1991–1993)

Iran
- Religious head: Supreme legal scholar Ali Chamene'i (since 1989) (Prime Minister 1981–1989)
- Head of State: President Akbar Hāschemi Rafsanjāni (1989–1997)

Israel
- Head of State: President Chaim Herzog (1983–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Yitzchak Shamir ( 1983–1984 , 1986–1992)

Yemen
- Head of State: Chairman of the Presidential Council Ali Abdullah Salih (1990–2012) (President from 1994) (1978–1990 President of North Yemen)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas (1990–1994) (1985–1986 Prime Minister of South Yemen; 1986–1990 President of South Yemen)

Jordan
- Head of State: King Hussein (1952–1999)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Mudar Badran ( 1976–1979, 1980–1984 , 1989–19 June 1991)
  - Prime Minister Taher al-Masri (June 19, 1991– November 21, 1991)
  - Prime Minister Zaid ibn Shaker ( 1989 , November 21, 1991–1993, 1995–1996 )

Qatar
- Head of State and Government: Emir Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani (1972–1995)

Kuwait (annexed from Iraq 1990-27 February 1991)

Head of State: Emir Jabir III. (1977–2006) ( 1962–1963, 1965–1978 Prime Minister )

Head of Government: Prime Minister Sa'ad al-Abdallah as-Salim as-Sabah (1978-2003) (2006 Emir)

Lebanon
- Head of State: President Élias Hrawi (1989–1998)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Omar Karami (1990–1992, 2004–2005 )

Oman
- Head of State and Government: Sultan Qaboos ibn Said (1970–2020)

Saudi Arabia
- Head of State and Government: King Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz (1982-2005)

Syria

Head of State: President Hafiz al-Assad (1971–2000) (1970–1971 Prime Minister)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahmud Zuabi (1987–2000)

Turkey
- Head of State: President Turgut Özal (1989–1993) (1983–1989 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Yıldırım Akbulut (1989–23 June 1991)
  - Prime Minister Mesut Yılmaz (June 23, 1991– November 20, 1991, 1996, 1997–1999 )
  - Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel ( 1965–1971, 1975–1977, 1977–1978, 1979–1980 , November 20, 1991–1993) (1993–2000 President)

United Arab Emirates
- Head of State: President Zayid bin Sultan Al Nahyan (1971–2004) (1966–2004 Emir of Abu Dhabi)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Maktum bin Raschid Al Maktum ( 1971–1979 , 1990–2006) (1990–2006 Emir of Dubai)

Central Asia

Afghanistan

Head of State: President Mohammed Najibullah (1987–1992)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Fazal Haq Chaliqyar (1990–1992)

Kazakhstan (independent since December 16)

Head of State: President Nursultan Nazarbayev (December 16, 1991–2019)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Sergei Tereschchenko (December 16, 1991–1994)

Kyrgyzstan (independent since August 31)
- Head of State: President Askar Akayev (August 31, 1991-2005)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Nassirdin Isanov (August 31, 1991– November 29, 1991)
  - Prime Minister Andrei Iordan (November 29, 1991–1992) (acting)

Mongolia
- Head of State: President Punsalmaagiin Otschirbat (1990–1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Daschiin Bjambasüren (1990–1992)

Tajikistan (independent since September 9th)

Head of State:

President Kadriddin Aslonov (September 9, 1991– September 23, 1991) (acting)

President Rahmon Nabiev (September 23, 1991– October 27, 1991, 1991–1992 ) ( Acting )

President Akbarscho Iskandrov (October 27, 1991– December 2, 1991 , 1992–1992) ( Acting )

President Rahmon Nabiev ( 1991 , December 2, 1991–1992)

Head of Government:
Prime Minister Isatullo Chajojew (September 9, 1991–1992)

Turkmenistan (independent since October 27)
- Head of State and Government: President Saparmyrat Nyýazow (October 27, 1991–2006)

Uzbekistan (independent since December 25th)
- Head of State or Government: President Islom Karimov (December 25, 1991–2016)

Australia and Oceania

Australia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Governor General : Bill Hayden (1989–1996)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Bob Hawke (1983-20 December 1991)
  - Prime Minister Paul Keating (December 20, 1991–1996)

Cook Islands (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1965)
  - Queen's Representative: Apenera Short (1990-2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Geoffrey Henry ( 1983 , 1989–1999)

Fiji
- Head of State: President Penaia Ganilau (1987–1993) (1983–1987 Governor General)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kamisese Mara ( 1970–1987 , 1987–1992) (1993–2000 President)

Kiribati
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Ieremia Tabai ( 1979–1982 , 1983–4 July 1991)
  - President Teatao Teannaki (July 4, 1991–1994)

Marshall Islands
- Head of State and Government: President Amata Kabua (1986–1996)

Micronesia
- Head of State and Government:
  - President John Haglelgam (1987–11 May 1991)
  - President Bailey Olter (May 11, 1991–1997)

Nauru
- Head of State and Government: President Bernard Dowiyogo ( 1976–1978 , 1989–1995, 1996, 1998–1999, 2000–2001, 2003, 2003 )

New Zealand
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Governor General : Catherine Tizard (1990–1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jim Bolger (1990–1997)

Niue (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
  - Queen's Representative: Governor General of New Zealand
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert Rex (1974–1992)

Papua New Guinea
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1975)
  - Governor General :
    - Serei Eri (1990–4 October 1991)
    - Speaker of Parliament Dennis Young ( 1989–1990 , October 4, 1991– November 18, 1991) (acting)
    - Wiwa Korowi (November 18, 1991–1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Rabbie Namaliu (1988–1992)

Solomon Islands
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
  - Governor General : George Lepping (1988–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Solomon Mamaloni ( 1981–1984 , 1989–1993, 1994–1997 )

Tonga
- Head of State: King Taufaʻahau Tupou IV. (1970-2006)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Fatafehi Tu'ipelehake (1970-21 August 1991)
  - Prime Minister Baron Vaea (August 21, 1991-2000)

Tuvalu
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
  - Governor General : Toaripi Lauti (1990–1993) (1978–1981 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Bikenibeu Paeniu (1989–1993, 1996–1999 )

Vanuatu
- Head of State: President Frederick Karlomuana Timakata ( 1984 , 1989–1994)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Walter Hadye Lini (1980–6 September 1991)
  - Prime Minister Donald Kalpokas (September 6, 1991– December 16, 1991, 1998–1999 )
  - Prime Minister Maxime Carlot Korman (December 16, 1991-1995, 1996 )

Western Samoa (today Samoa )

Head of State: O le Ao o le Malo Tanumafili II. (1962-2007)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Tofilau Eti Alesana ( 1982–1985 , 1988–1998)

Europe

Albania
- Party leader: 1st Secretary of the Albanian Labor Party Ramiz Alia (1985–4 May 1991) (head of state 1982–1992)
- Head of State: Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly Ramiz Alia (1982–1992) (April 30, 1991–1992 President) (1985–1991 party leader)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Adil Çarçani (1981–22 February 1991)
  - Prime Minister Fatos Nano (February 22, 1991– June 5, 1991, 1997–1998, 2002–2005 )
  - Prime Minister Ylli Bufi (June 5, 1991– December 10, 1991)
  - Prime Minister Vilson Ahmeti (December 10, 1991–1992)

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - President of France : François Mitterrand (1981–1995)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Joan Martí Alanís (1971-2003)
- Head of Government: District President Òscar Ribas Reig ( 1982–1984 , 1990–1994)

Belgium
- Head of State: King Baudouin I (1951–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Wilfried Martens ( 1979–1981 , 1981–1992)

Bulgaria
- Head of State: President Schelju Schelew (1990–1997)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Dimitar Popov (1990–8 November 1991)
  - Prime Minister Filip Dimitrov (November 8, 1991–1992)

Denmark
- Head of State: Queen Margrethe II (since 1972)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Poul Schlüter (1982–1993)
- Faroe Islands (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
  - Representative of the Danish government: Reichsombudsman Bent Klinte (1988–1995)
  - Head of Government:
    - Prime Minister Jógvan Sundstein (1989–15 January 1991)
    - Prime Minister Atli P. Dam ( 1970–1881, 1985–1989 , January 15, 1991–1993)
- Greenland (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
  - Representative of the Danish government: Reichsombudsmann Torben Hede Pedersen (1979–1992)
  - Head of Government:
    - Prime Minister Jonathan Motzfeldt (1979–18 March 1991, 1997–2002 )
    - Prime Minister Lars-Emil Johansen (March 18, 1991–1997)

Germany
- Head of State: Federal President Richard von Weizsäcker (1984–1994)
- Head of Government: Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl (1982–1998)

Estonia (independent since August 20)
- Head of State: (vacant until 1992)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Edgar Savisaar (August 20, 1991–1992)

Finland
- Head of State: President Mauno Koivisto (1982–1994) (1968–1970, 1979–1982 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Harri Holkeri (1987–26 April 1991)
  - Prime Minister Esko Aho (April 26, 1991–1995)

France
- Head of State: President François Mitterrand (1981–1995)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Michel Rocard (1988–15 May 1991)
  - Prime Minister Édith Cresson (May 15, 1991–1992)

Greece
- Head of State: President Konstantinos Karamanlis ( 1974, 1980–1985 , 1990–1995) (1955–1958, 1958–1961, 1961–1963, 1974–1980 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Konstantinos Mitsotakis (1990–1993)

Ireland
- Head of State: President Mary Robinson (1990–1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles J. Haughey ( 1979–1981, 1982 , 1987–1992)

Iceland
- Head of State: President Vigdís Finnbogadóttir (1980–1996)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Steingrímur Hermannsson ( 1983–1987 , 1988–30 April 1991)
  - Prime Minister Davíð Oddsson (April 30, 1991-2004)

Italy
- Head of State: President Francesco Cossiga (1985–1992) (1979–1980 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti ( 1972–1973, 1976–1979 , 1989–1992)

Yugoslavia
- Head of State:
  - Chairman of the Presidium Borisav Jović (1990–15 May 1991)
  - Chairman of the Presidium Stjepan Mesić (July 1, 1991– October 3, 1991)
  - Chairman of the Presidium Branko Kostić (October 3, 1991–1992) (acting)
- Head of Government:
  - President of the executive Federal Council Ante Marković (1989–20 December 1991)
  - President of the Executive Federal Council Aleksandar Mitrović (December 20, 1991–1992) (acting)

Channel Islands
- guernsey
  - Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
    - Lieutenant Governor: Michael Wilkins (1990-1994)
- jersey
  - Head of State and Government: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
    - Lieutenant Governor: John Sutton (1990–1995)

Croatia (independent since June 25, 1991)
- Head of State: President Franjo Tuđman (June 25, 1991–1999)
- Head of Government:
  - District President Josip Manolić (June 25, 1991– July 17, 1991)
  - District President Franjo Gregurić (July 17, 1991–1992)

Latvia (independent since August 21, 1991)
- Head of State: Speaker of Parliament Anatolijs Gorbunovs (August 21, 1991–1993) (acting)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ivars Godmanis (August 21, 1991–1993, 2007–2009 )

Liechtenstein
- Head of State: Prince Hans-Adam II. (Since 1989)
- Head of Government : Hans Brunhart (1978–1993)

Lithuania
- Head of State: Chairman of the Constituent Assembly Vytautas Landsbergis (1990–1992)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Kazimiera Prunskienė (March 11, 1990– January 10, 1991)
  - Prime Minister Albertas Šimėnas (January 10, 1991– January 13, 1991)
  - Prime Minister Gediminas Vagnorius (January 13, 1991–1992, 1996–1999 )

Luxembourg
- Head of State: Grand Duke Jean (1964–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jacques Santer (1984–1995)

Malta
- Head of State: President Ċensu Tabone (1989–1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Edward Fenech Adami (1987–1996, 1998–2004 ) (2004–2009 President)

Isle of Man
- Head of State: Lord of Man Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Lieutenant Governor : Laurence Jones (1990–1995)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Miles Walker (1986-1996)

Macedonia (independent since September 18, 1991)
- Head of State: President Kiro Gligorov (September 18, 1991–1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nikola Kljusev (September 18, 1991–1992)

Moldova (independent since August 27, 1991)
- Head of State: President Mircea Ion Snegur (August 27, 1991–1997)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Valeriu Muravschi (August 27, 1991–1992)
- Transnistria (since August 27, 1991) (not internationally recognized)
  - President: Igor Smirnov (August 27, 1991–2011)

Monaco
- Head of State: Prince : Rainier III. (1949-2005)
- Head of Government:
  - Minister of State Jean Ausseil (1985–16 February 1991)
  - Minister of State Jacques Dupont (February 16, 1991–1994)

Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Beatrix (1980-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers (1982–1994)

Norway
- Head of State:
  - King Olav V (1957– January 17, 1991)
  - King Harald V (since January 17, 1991)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland ( 1981, 1986–1989 , 1990–1996)

Austria
- Head of State: Federal President Kurt Waldheim (1986–1992)
- Head of Government: Federal Chancellor Franz Vranitzky (1986–1997)

Poland
- Head of State: President Lech Wałęsa (1990–1995)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki (1989–4 January 1991)
  - Prime Minister Jan Bielecki (January 4, 1991– December 5, 1991)
  - Prime Minister Jan Olszewski (December 6, 1991–1992)

Portugal
- Head of State: President Mário Soares (1986–1996) (1976–1978, Prime Minister 1983–1985)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva (1985–1995) (President since 2006)

Romania
- Head of State: President Ion Iliescu (1989–1996, 2000–2004 )
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Petre Roman (1989–1 October 1991)
  - Prime Minister Theodor Stolojan (October 1, 1991–1992)

Russia (independent since December 26th)
- Head of State: President Boris Yeltsin (December 26, 1991–1999)
- Head of Government: (vacant)

San Marino
- Head of State: Capitani Reggenti
  - Cesare Antonio Gasperoni (October 1, 1990– April 1, 1991, 2005 ) and Roberto Bucci (October 1, 1990– April 1, 1991)
  - Domenico Bernardini (April 1, 1991– October 1, 1991) and Claudio Podeschi (April 1, 1991– October 1, 1991)
  - Edda Ceccoli (October 1, 1991– April 1, 1992) and Marino Riccardi (October 1, 1991– April 1, 1992, '2004')

Sweden
- Head of State: King Carl XVI. Gustaf (since 1973)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson (1986–3 October 1991, 1994–1996 )
  - Prime Minister Carl Bildt (October 3, 1991–1994)

Switzerland
- Federal President : Flavio Cotti (1991, 1998 )
- Federal Council :
  - Otto Stich (1984–1995)
  - Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (1984-1998)
  - Flavio Cotti (1987-1999)
  - Arnold Koller (1987-1999)
  - René Felber (1988–1993)
  - Adolf Ogi (1988-2000)
  - Kaspar Villiger (1989-2003)

Slovenia (independent since June 25, 1991)
- Head of State: President Milan Kučan (June 25, 1991–2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lojze Peterle (June 25, 1991–1992)

Soviet Union (dissolved December 25, 1991)
- Party leader: General Secretary of the CPSU Mikhail Gorbachev (1985–1991) (1988–1989 head of state)
- Head of State: President Mikhail Gorbachev (1988–25 December 1991) (1985–1991 party leader)
- Head of Government:
  - Chairman of the Council of Ministers Nikolai Ryschkow (1985–14 January 1991)
  - Prime Minister Valentin Pavlov (January 14, 1991– August 22, 1991)
  - Prime Minister Ivan Silayev (September 6, 1991– December 25, 1991)

Spain
- Head of State: King Juan Carlos I (1975-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Felipe González (1982–1996)

Czechoslovakia
- Head of State: President Václav Havel (1989–1992)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Marián Čalfa (1989–1992)

Ukraine (independent since August 24, 1991)
- Head of State: President Leonid Kravchuk (August 24, 1991–1994) (Chairman of the Supreme Soviet until December 25)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Witold Fokin (August 24, 1991–1992)

Hungary
- Head of State: President Árpád Göncz (1990–2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister József Antall (1990–1993)

Vatican city
- Head of State: Pope John Paul II (1978-2005)
- Head of Government: President of the Governorate Rosalio Lara (1990–1997)

United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952) (crowned 1953)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister John Major (1990–1997)

Belarus (independent since August 25, 1991)

Head of State: Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Stanislau Schuschkewitsch (September 18, 1991–1994)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Vyachazlau Kebitsch (September 18, 1991–1994)

Republic of Cyprus

Head of State and Government: President Georges Vassiliou (1988–1993)

Northern Cyprus (not internationally recognized)

Head of State: President Rauf Denktaş (1983-2005)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Derviş Eroğlu (1985–1994, 1996–2004, 2009–2010 ) (2010–2015 President)

Remarks

↑ ^a ^b The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are areas that are directly under the British Crown. They are not part of the UK.
↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares

[kronbesitz-1] The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are areas that are directly under the British Crown. They are not part of the UK.

[2] The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares