List of Heads of State 2008

Overview
◄◄ | ◄ | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | List of Heads of State 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | ► | ►►
Other events

Africa

Egypt
- Head of State: President Husni Mubarak (1981–2011) (1981–1982 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ahmad Nazif (2004–2011)

Algeria
- Head of State: President Abd al-Aziz Bouteflika (1999-2019)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Abdelaziz Belkhadem (2006–23 June 2008)
  - Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia ( 1995–1998, 2003–2006 , June 23, 2008–2012, 2017–2019 )

Angola
- Head of State: President José Eduardo dos Santos (1979-2017)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos (2002–30 September 2008)
  - Prime Minister António Paulo Kassoma (September 30, 2008–2010)

Equatorial Guinea
- Head of State: President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (since 1979) (until 1982 Chairman of the Supreme Military Council)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ricardo Mangue Obama Nfubea (2006–8 July 2008)
  - Prime Minister Ignacio Milam Tang (July 8, 2008–2012)

Ethiopia
- Head of State: President Girma Wolde-Giorgis (2001-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Meles Zenawi (1995–2012) (1991–1995 President)

Benin
- Head of State or Government: President Boni Yayi (2006-2016)

Botswana
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Festus Mogae (1998–31 March 2008)
  - President Ian Khama (April 1, 2008-2018)

Burkina Faso
- Head of State: President Blaise Compaoré (1987-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Tertius Zongo (2007–2011)

Burundi
- Head of State and Government: President Pierre Nkurunziza (2005–2020)

Djibouti
- Head of State: President Ismail Omar Guelleh (since 1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Dileita Mohamed Dileita (2001-2013)

Ivory Coast
- Head of State: President Laurent Gbagbo (2000–2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Guillaume Soro (2007–2012)

Eritrea
- Head of State and Government: President Isayas Afewerki (since 1993)

Gabon
- Head of State: President Omar Bongo Ondimba (1967–2009)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jean Eyeghe Ndong (2006–2009)

Gambia
- Head of State and Government: President Yahya Jammeh (1994–2017) (until 1996 Chairman of the Provisional Government Council of the Army)

Ghana
- Head of State or Government: President John Agyekum Kufuor (2001–2009)

Guinea
- Head of State:
  - President Lansana Conté (1984–22 December 2008)
  - Speaker of Parliament Aboubacar Somparé (December 22, 2008– December 24, 2008) (acting)
  - President of the National Council for Democracy and Development Moussa Dadis Camara (December 24, 2008–2009)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Lansana Kouyaté (2007–23 May 2008)
  - Prime Minister Ahmed Tidiane Souaré (23 May 2008–2009)

Guinea-Bissau
- Head of State: President João Bernardo Vieira ( 1980–1984, 1984–1999 , 2005–2009) (Prime Minister 1978–1980)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Martinho Ndafa Kabi (2007–6 August 2008)
  - Prime Minister Carlos Correia ( 1991–1994, 1997–1998,, August 6, 2008–2009, 2015–2016 )

Cameroon
- Head of State: President Paul Biya (since 1982)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ephraïm Inoni (2004–2009)

Cape Verde
- Head of State: President Pedro Pires (2001–2011) (1975–1991 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister José Maria Neves (since 2001)

Kenya
- Head of State: President Mwai Kibaki (2002–2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Raila Odinga (April 17, 2008–2013) (new office created in 2008)

Comoros
- Head of State and Government: President Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi (2006–2011)

Democratic Republic of the Congo (until 1964 Congo-Léopoldville , 1964–1971 Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1971–1997 Zaïre )
- Head of State: President Joseph Kabila (2001-2019)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga (2006-10 October 2008)
  - Prime Minister Adolphe Muzito (October 10, 2008–2012)

Republic of the Congo (1960–1970 Congo-Brazzaville ; 1970–1992 People's Republic of the Congo )
- Head of State: President Denis Sassou-Nguesso ( 1979–1992 , since 1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Isidore Mvouba (2005–2009)

Lesotho
- Head of State: King Letsie III. ( 1990–1995 , since 1996)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Bethuel Pakalitha Mosisili (1998–2012, 2015–2017 )

Liberia
- Head of State or Government: President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (2006–2018)

Libya
- Revolutionary leader: Muammar al-Gaddafi (1969–2011) (1969–1979 General Secretary of the General People's Congress)
- Head of State:
  - General Secretary of the General People's Congress Zantani Muhammad az-Zantani (1992–3 March 2008)
  - General Secretary of the General People's Congress Muftah Muhammad Kaiba (March 3, 2008–2009)
- Head of Government: General Secretary of the General People's Committee Al-Baghdadi Ali al-Mahmudi (2006–2011)

Madagascar
- Head of State: President Marc Ravalomanana (2002–2009)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jacques Sylla (2002–2007)

Malawi
- Head of State and Government: President Bingu wa Mutharika (2004–2012)

Mali

Head of State: President Amadou Toumani Touré ( 1991–1992 , 2002–2012)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Modibo Sidibé (2007–2011)

Morocco
- Head of State: King Mohammed VI. (since 1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abbas al-Fassi (2007-2011)

Mauritania
- Head of State:
  - President Sidi Mohamed Ould Cheikh Abdallahi (2007–6 August 2008)
  - Chairman of the High Council of State Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (August 6, 2008–2009, 2009–2019 )
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Zeine Ould Zeidane (2007–6 May 2008)
  - Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed El Waghef (May 6, 2008 - August 6, 2008)
  - vacant (August 6, 2008– August 14, 2008)
  - Prime Minister Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdhaf (August 14, 2008-2014)

Mauritius

Head of State: President Anerood Jugnauth (2003–2012) (1982–1985, 2000–2003, 2014–2017 Prime Minister)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Navin Ramgoolam ( 1995–2000 , 2005–2014)

Mozambique

Head of State: President Armando Guebuza (2005–2015)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Luísa Diogo (2004-2010)

Namibia
- Head of State: President Hifikepunye Pohamba (2005-2015)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nahas Angula (2005–2012)

Niger

Head of State: President Tandja Mamadou (1999-2010)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Seini Oumarou (2007–2009)

Nigeria
- Head of State and Government: President Umaru Yar'Adua (2007-2010)

Rwanda

Head of State: President Paul Kagame (since 2000)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Bernard Makuza (2000–2011)

Zambia
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Levy Mwanawasa (2002–19 August 2008)
  - President Rupiah Banda (June 29, 2008–2011) (acting until November 2, 2008)

Sao Tome and Principe
- Head of State: President Fradique de Menezes ( 2001–2003 , 2003–2011)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Tomé Vera Cruz (2006–14 February 2008)
  - Prime Minister Patrice Trovoada (February 14, 2008– June 22, 2008, 2010–2012 , 2014–2018 )
  - Prime Minister Joaquim Rafael Branco (June 22, 2008–2010)

Senegal

Head of State: President Abdoulaye Wade (2000–2012)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré (2007–2009)

Seychelles
- Head of State or Government: President James Alix Michel (2004–2016)

Sierra Leone
- Head of State and Government: President Ernest Koroma (2007-2018)

Zimbabwe
- Head of State and Government: President Robert Mugabe (1987–2017) (1980–1987 Prime Minister)

Somalia
- Head of State:
  - President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (2004–29 December 2008)
  - President Adan Mohammed Nuur Madobe (December 29, 2008–2009)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nur Hassan Hussein (2007–2009)
- Somaliland (not internationally recognized)
  - - Head of State and Government: President Dahir Riyale Kahin (2002–2010)

South Africa
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Thabo Mbeki (1999–24 September 2008)
  - President Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri (September 25, 2008) (acting)
  - President Kgalema Motlanthe (September 25, 2008–2009)

Sudan
- Head of State and Government: President Umar al-Bashir (1989–2019)

Swaziland
- Head of State: King Mswati III. (since 1986)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Absalom Themba Dlamini (2003–23 October 2008)
  - Prime Minister Bheki Dlamini (September 18, 2008– October 23, 2008) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini ( 1996–2003 , 23 October 2008–2018)

Tanzania
- Head of State: President Jakaya Kikwete (2005–2015)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Edward Lowassa (2005–9 February 2008)
  - Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda (February 9, 2008–2015)

Togo
- Head of State: President Faure Gnassingbé ( 2005 , since 2005)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Komlan Mally (2007–8 September 2008)
  - Prime Minister Gilbert Houngbo (September 8, 2008–2012)

Chad
- Head of State: President Idriss Déby (since 1990)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye ( 1989–1995 , 2007–16 April 2008)
  - Prime Minister Youssouf Saleh Abbas (April 16, 2008–2010)

Tunisia
- Head of State: President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali (1987–2011) (Prime Minister 1987)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi (1999–2011)

Uganda

Head of State: President Yoweri Museveni (since 1986)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Apolo Nsibambi (1999–2011)

Western Sahara (controversial)
- Head of State: President Mohamed Abdelaziz (1976-2016) (in exile)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdelkader Taleb Oumar (2003–2018) (in exile)

Central African Republic
- Head of State: President François Bozizé (2003-2013)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Élie Doté (2005–22 January 2008)
  - Prime Minister Faustin Archange Touadéra (January 22, 2008–2013)

America

North America

Canada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Governor General : Michaëlle Jean (2005–2010)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Stephen Harper (2006-2015)

Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Felipe Calderón (2006–2012)

United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President George W. Bush (2001–2009)

Central America

Antigua and Barbuda
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
  - Governor General : Louise Lake-Tack (2007-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Baldwin Spencer (2004–2014)

Bahamas
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1973)
  - Governor General : Arthur Dion Hanna (2006–2010)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hubert Ingraham ( 1992–2002 , 2007–2012)

Barbados
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1966)
  - Governor General : Clifford Husbands (1996-2011)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Owen Arthur (1994–16 January 2008)
  - Prime Minister David Thompson (January 16, 2008-2010)

Belize
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
  - Governor General : Colville Young (since 1993)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Said Musa (1998–8 February 2008)
  - Prime Minister Dean Barrow (since February 8, 2008)

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Óscar Arias Sánchez ( 1986–1990 , 2006–2010)

Dominica
- Head of State: President Nicholas Liverpool (2003–2012)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit (since 2004)

Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government: President Leonel Fernández ( 1996–2000 , 2004–2012)

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Antonio Saca (2004–2009)

Grenada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
  - Governor General :
    - Daniel Williams (1996-18 November 2008)
    - Carlyle Glean (November 27, 2008-2013)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Keith Mitchell (1995-9. July 2008. Since 2013 )
  - Prime Minister Tillman Thomas (July 9, 2008–2013)

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Óscar Berger Perdomo (2004–14 January 2008)
  - President Álvaro Colom Caballeros (January 14, 2008–2012)

Haiti
- Head of State: President René Préval ( 1996–2001 , 2006–2011)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Jacques-Édouard Alexis ( 1999–2001 , 2006–5 September 2008)
  - Prime Minister Michèle Pierre-Louis (September 5, 2008–2009)

Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel Zelaya (2006–2009)

Jamaica
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1962)
  - Governor General : Kenneth Hall (2006–2009)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Bruce Golding (2007-2011)

Cuba
- Head of State and Head of Government:
  - President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers Fidel Castro (1976–24 February 2008) (1959–1976 Prime Minister)
  - President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers Raúl Castro (2006-2018) (provisional until February 24, 2008)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Daniel Ortega ( 1985–1990 , since 2007) (1979–1985 member of the government junta for national reconstruction)

Panama
- Head of State and Government: President Martín Torrijos (2004–2009)

St. Kitts and Nevis
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1983)
  - Governor General : Cuthbert Sebastian (1996–2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Denzil Douglas (1995-2015)

St. Lucia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
  - Governor General : Dame Pearlette Louisy (1997-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Stephenson King (2007-2011)

St. Vincent and the Grenadines
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
  - Governor General : Frederick Ballantyne (2002–2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves (since 2001)

Trinidad and Tobago
- Head of State: President George Maxwell Richards (2003-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Patrick Manning ( 1991–1995 , 2001–2010)

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2007–2015)

Bolivia
- Head of State or Government: President Evo Morales (2006-2019)

Brazil
- Head of State and Government: President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003–2011)

Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Michelle Bachelet (2006–2010, since 2014 )

Ecuador
- Head of State or Government: President Rafael Correa (2007-2017)

Guyana
- Head of State: President Bharrat Jagdeo (1999-2011) (1999 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sam Hinds ( 1992–1997, 1997–1999 , 1999–2015) (1997 President)

Colombia
- Head of State and Government: President Álvaro Uribe Vélez (2002–2010)

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Nicanor Duarte Frutos (2003–15 August 2008)
  - President Fernando Lugo (August 15, 2008–2012)

Peru
- Head of State: President Alan García ( 1985–1990 , 2006–2011)
- Head of Government:
  - Chairman of the Council of Ministers Jorge del Castillo Gálvez (2006–14 October 2008)
  - Chairman of the Council of Ministers Yehude Simon (October 14, 2008–2009)

Suriname
- Head of State and Government: President Ronald Venetiaan ( 1991–1996 , 2000–2010)
- Head of Government: Vice President Ramdien Sardjoe (2005–2010)

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President Tabaré Vázquez (2005–2010, 2015–2020 )

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Hugo Chávez ( 1999–2002 , 2002–2013)

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

Bangladesh

Head of State: President Iajuddin Ahmed (2002–2009) (2006–2007 Head of Government)

Head of Government: Head of the Transitional Government Fakhruddin Ahmed (2007–2009)

Bhutan
- Head of State: King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck (since 2006)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Kinzang Dorji ( 2002–2003 , 2007–9 April 2008)
  - Prime Minister Jigme Thinley ( 1998–1999 , 2003–2004 , April 9, 2008–2013)

Brunei
- Head of State and Government: Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (since 1967)

Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Head of State:
  - President Chen Shui-bian (2000–20 May 2008)
  - President Ma Ying-jeou (2008-2016)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Chang Chun-hsiung ( 2000–2002 , 2007–20 May 2008)
  - Prime Minister Liu Chao-shiuan (May 20, 2008–2009)

People's Republic of China
- Head of State: President Hu Jintao (2003-2013)
- Head of Government: Chairman of the State Council Wen Jiabao (2003-2013)

India
- Head of State: President Pratibha Patil (2007–2012)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Manmohan Singh (2004–2014)

Indonesia
- Head of State and Government: President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004–2014)

Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Akihito (1989-2019)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda (2007–24 September 2008)
  - Prime Minister Tarō Asō (September 24, 2008–2009)

Cambodia
- Head of State: King Norodom Sihamoni (since 2004)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hun Sen (since 1985)

North Korea
- Chairman of the National Defense Commission : Kim Jong-il (1994–2011)
- Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly : Kim Yong-nam (since 1998)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kim Yong-il (2007-2010)

South Korea
- Head of State:
  - President Roh Moo-hyun (2003– February 25, 2008)
  - President Lee Myung-bak (February 25, 2008-2013)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Han Duck-soo ( 2006 , 2007–29 February 2008)
  - Prime Minister Han Seung-soo (February 29, 2008–2009)

Laos

Head of State: President Choummaly Sayasone (2006-2016)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Bouasone Bouphavanh (2006-2010)

Malaysia
- Head of State: Supreme Ruler Mizan Zainal Abidin (2006–2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (2003–2009)

Maldives
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom (1978-11 November 2008)
  - President Mohamed Nasheed (November 11, 2008–2012)

Myanmar
- Head of State: Chairman of the State Council for Peace and Development Than Shwe (1992–2011) (Prime Minister 1992–2003)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Thein Sein (2007–2011) (President since 2011)

Nepal
- Head of State:
  - King Gyanendra ( 1950–1951 , 2001–28 May 2008) (disempowered since January 15, 2007)
  - Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala (2007–23 July 2008) (acting)
  - President Ram Baran Yadav (July 23, 2008-2015)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala ( 1991–1994, 1998–1999, 2000–2001 , 2006–18 August 2008)
  - Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal (August 18, 2008–2009, 2016–2017 )

East Timor
- Head of State: President José Ramos-Horta (2007–2012) (Prime Minister 2006–2007)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão (2007–2015) (2002–2007 President)

Pakistan
- Head of State:
  - President Pervez Musharraf (2001–18 August 2008) (1999–2002 head of government)
  - President Muhammad Mian Soomro (August 18, 2008– September 9, 2008) (Acting) (Prime Minister 2007–2008)
  - President Asif Ali Zardari (September 9, 2008–2013)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Muhammad Mian Soomro (2007–14 March 2008) (2008 President)
  - Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani (March 14, 2008–2012)

Philippines
- Head of State and Government: President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001–2010)

Singapore
- Head of State: President Sellapan Ramanathan (1999-2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong (since 2004)

Sri Lanka
- Head of State: President Mahinda Rajapaksa (2005–2015) (2004–2005, 2018, Prime Minister since 2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ratnasiri Wickremanayake ( 2000–2001 , 2005–2010)

Thailand
- Head of State: King Rama IX. Bhumibol Adulyadej (1946-2016)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont (2006–29 January 2008)
  - Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej (January 29, 2008 - September 9, 2008)
  - Prime Minister Somchai Wongsawat (September 9, 2009– December 2, 2008) (until September 18, acting)
  - Prime Minister Chaovarat Chanweerakul (December 2, 2008– December 15, 2008) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva (December 15, 2008–2011)

Vietnam

Head of State: President Nguyễn Minh Triết (2006–2011)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng (since 2006)

Middle East

Armenia
- Head of State:
  - President Robert Kocharyan (1998–9 April 2008) (1992–1994 Prime Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh, 1994–1997 President of Nagorno-Karabakh, 1997–1998 Prime Minister of Armenia)
  - President Serzh Sargsyan (April 9, 2008-2018) (Prime Minister 2007-2008 and 2018)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Serzh Sargsyan (2007–9 April 2008) (2008–2018 President, 2018 Prime Minister again)
  - Prime Minister Tigran Sargsyan (April 9, 2008–2014)

Azerbaijan

Head of State: President Ilham Aliyev (since 2003)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Artur Rasizadä ( 1996–2003 , 2003–2018)

Nagorno Karabakh (not internationally recognized)

Head of State: President Bako Sahakjan (since 2007)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Arajik Harutjunjan (since 2007)

Bahrain
- Head of State: King Hamad bin Isa Al Chalifa (since 1999) (Emir until 2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa (since 1971)

Georgia

Head of State:

Speaker of Parliament Nino Burjanadze ( 2003–2004 , 2007–20 January 2008) (acting)

President Mikheil Saakashvili ( 2004–2007 , January 20, 2008–2013)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Lado Gurgenidse (2007–1 November 2008)

Prime Minister Grigol Mgaloblishvili (November 1, 2008–2009)

Abkhazia (not recognized internationally)

Head of State: President Sergei Bagapsch (2005–2011)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Alexander Ankwab (2005–2010, since 2020 ) (2011–2014 President)

South Ossetia (not internationally recognized)

Head of State: President Eduard Kokoity (2001-2011)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Yuri Morozov (2005–17 August 2008)

Prime Minister Boris Chochiev (August 17, 2008– October 22, 2008) (acting)

Prime Minister Aslanbek Bulazew (October 22, 2008–2009)

Iraq
- Head of State: President Jalal Talabani (2005-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki (2006-2014)

Iran
- Religious head: Supreme legal scholar Ali Chamene'i (since 1989) (Prime Minister 1981–1989)
- Head of Government: President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (2005-2013)

Israel
- Head of State: President Shimon Peres (2007–2014) (1977, 1984–1986, 1995–1996 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ehud Olmert (2006–2009)

Yemen

Head of State: Chairman of the Presidential Council Ali Abdullah Salih (1990–2012) (President from 1994) (1978–1990 President of North Yemen)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Ali Mohammed Mujawwar (2007-2011)

Jordan
- Head of State: King Abdullah II (since 1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nadir adh-Dhahabi (2007–2009)

Qatar

Head of State: Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (1995–2013) (1995–1996 Prime Minister)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Hamad ibn Jasim ibn Jabir Al Thani (2007-2013)

Kuwait
- Head of State: Emir Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah (since 2006) (2003-2006 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nasir al-Muhammad al-Ahmad as-Sabah (2006–2011)

Lebanon
- Head of State:
  - Prime Minister Fuad Siniora (2007–25 May 2008) (acting)
  - President Michel Sulaiman (May 25, 2008-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Fuad Siniora (2005–2009)

Oman
- Head of State and Government: Sultan Qaboos ibn Said (1970–2020)

Palestinian Territories
- Head of State: President Mahmud Abbas (since 2005) (Prime Minister 2003)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ismail Haniyya (2006–2007) (continues to rule the Gaza Strip and does not recognize Fayyad)
  - Prime Minister Salam Fayyad (2007-2013) (ruled de facto in the West Bank)

Saudi Arabia
- Head of State and Government: King Abdullah ibn Abd al-Aziz (2005-2015)

Syria

Head of State: President Bashar al-Assad (since 2000)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Muhammad Nadschi al-Utri (2003-2011)

Turkey
- Head of State: President Abdullah Gül (2007–2014) (2002–2003 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (2003-2014) (President since 2014)

United Arab Emirates
- Head of State: President Chalifa bin Zayid Al Nahyan (since 2004) (since 2004 Emir of Abu Dhabi)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Muhammad bin Raschid Al Maktum (since 2006) (since 2006 Emir of Dubai)

Central Asia

Afghanistan
- Head of State and Government: President Hamid Karzai (2001-2014)

Kazakhstan

Head of State: President Nursultan Nazarbayev (1991-2019)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Kärim Mässimow (2007–2012, since 2014 )

Kyrgyzstan
- Head of State: President Kurmanbek Bakiyev (2005–2010) (2000–2002, 2005 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Igor Tschudinow (2007–2009)

Mongolia
- Head of State: President Nambaryn Enchbajar (2005–2009) (Prime Minister 2000–2004)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sandschaagiin Bajar (2007–2009)

Tajikistan

Head of State: President Emomalij Rahmon (since 1992)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Oqil Oqilow (1999-2013)

Turkmenistan
- Head of State and Government: President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow (since 2006) (acting until 2007)

Uzbekistan

Head of State: President Islom Karimov (1991-2016)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Shavkat Mirziyoyev (since 2003)

Australia and Oceania

Australia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Governor General :
    - Michael Jeffery (2003–5 September 2008)
    - Quentin Bryce (since September 5, 2008)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kevin Rudd (2007-2010, 2013 )

Cook Islands (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1965)
  - Queen's Representative: Frederick Tutu Goodwin (2001-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jim Marurai (2004-2010)

Fiji
- Head of State: President Josefa Iloilo (2000–2009)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama (since 2007) (acting) (2000 Chairman of the Military Government)

Kiribati
- Head of State and Government: President Anote Tong (2003-2016)

Marshall Islands
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Kessai Note (2000–14 January 2008)
  - President Ruben Zackhras (January 14, 2008–2009) (acting)

Marshall Islands
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Kessai Note (2000–7 January 2008)
  - President Litokwa Tomeing (January 7, 2008–2009)

Micronesia
- Head of State or Government: President Manny Mori (2007-2015)

Nauru
- Head of State or Government: President Marcus Stephen (2007-2011)

New Zealand
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Governor General : Anand Satyanand (2006-2011)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Helen Clark (1999-19 November 2008)
  - Prime Minister John Key (since November 19, 2008)

Niue (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
  - Queen's Representative: Governor General of New Zealand
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Young Vivian ( 1992–1993 , 2002–18 June 2008)
  - Prime Minister Toke Talagi (since June 18, 2008)

Palau
- Head of State and Government: President Tommy Remengesau (2001–2009, since 2013 )

Papua New Guinea
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1975)
  - Governor General : Paulias Matane (2004–2010)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Michael Somare ( 1975–1980, 1982–1985 , 2002–2011)

Solomon Islands
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
  - Governor General : Nathaniel Waena (2004–2009)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Derek Sikua (2007-2010)

Samoa

Head of State: O le Ao o le Malo Tupuola Taisi Tufuga Efi (2007–2017) (Prime Minister 1976–1982)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Sailele Tuilaʻepa Malielegaoi (since 1998)

Tonga
- Head of State: King George Tupou V (2006–2012)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Feleti Sevele (2006-2010)

Tuvalu
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
  - Governor General : Filoimea Telito (2005–2010)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Apisai Ielemia (2006-2010)

Vanuatu
- Head of State: President Kalkot Mataskelekele (2004–2009)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ham Lini (2004–22 September 2008)
  - Prime Minister Edward Natapei ( 2001-2004 , September 22, 2008-2010, 2011-2011 )

Europe

Albania
- Head of State: President Bamir Topi (2007–2012)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sali Berisha (2005–2013) (1992–1997 President)

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - President of France Nicolas Sarkozy (2007–2012)
  - Bishop of Urgell Joan Enric Vives i Sicília (since 2003)
- Head of Government: District President Albert Pintat Santolària (2005–2009)

Belgium
- Head of State: King Albert II (1993-2013)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt (1999–20 March 2008)
  - Prime Minister Yves Leterme (March 20, 2008– December 30, 2008, 2009–2011 )
  - Prime Minister Herman Van Rompuy (December 30, 2008–2009)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Head of State:
  - Chairman of the State Presidency Željko Komšić (2007–6 March 2008, 2009–2010, 2011–2013, 2013–2014, 2019–2020 )
  - Chairman of the State Presidium Haris Silajdžić (March 6, 2008– November 6, 2008, 2010 )
  - Chairman of the State Presidium Nebojša Radmanović ( 2006–2007 , November 6, 2008–2009, 2010–2011, 2012–2013 )
- State Presidency:
  - Bosniaks: Haris Silajdžić (2006–2010)
  - Croatians: Željko Komšić (2006–2014, since 2018 )
  - Serbs: Nebojša Radmanović (2006-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nikola Špirić (2007–2012)

Bulgaria
- Head of State: President Georgi Parvanov (2002–2012)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sergei Stanischew (2005–2009)

Denmark
- Head of State: Queen Margrethe II (since 1972)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen (2001–2009)
- Faroe Islands (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
  - Representative of the Danish government:
    - Imperial Ombudsman Søren Christensen (2005–1 January 2008)
    - Reichsombudsman Dan Michael Knudsen (since January 1, 2008)
  - Head of Government:
    - Prime Minister Jóannes Eidesgaard (2004–26 September 2008)
    - Prime Minister Kaj Leo Johannesen (September 26, 2008–2015)
- Greenland (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
  - Representative of the Danish government: Imperial ombudsman Søren Hald Møller (2005–2011)
  - Head of Government: Prime Minister Hans Enoksen (2002–2009)

Germany
- Head of State: Federal President Horst Köhler (2004–2010)
- Head of Government: Chancellor Angela Merkel (since 2005)

Estonia
- Head of State: President Toomas Hendrik Ilves (2006–2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Andrus Ansip (2005-2014)

Finland
- Head of State: President Tarja Halonen (2000–2012)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen (2003-2010)

France
- Head of State: President Nicolas Sarkozy (2007–2012)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister François Fillon (2007–2012)

Greece
- Head of State: President Karolos Papoulias (2005-2015)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis (2004–2009)

Ireland
- Head of State: President Mary McAleese (1997-2011)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Bertie Ahern (1997–7 May 2008)
  - Prime Minister Brian Cowen (May 7, 2008-2011)

Iceland
- Head of State: President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (1996–2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Geir Haarde (2006–2009)

Italy
- Head of State: President Giorgio Napolitano (2006-2015)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Romano Prodi ( 1996–1998 , 2006–8 May 2008)
  - Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi ( 1994–1995, 2001–2006 , May 8, 2008–2011)

Channel Islands
- guernsey
  - Head of State: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
    - Vice-Governor: Fabian Malbon (2005-2011)
  - Head of Government:
    - Chief Minister Mike Torode (2007–1 May 2008)
    - Chief Minister Lyndon Trott (May 1, 2008–2012)
- jersey
  - Head of State: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
    - Lieutenant Governor: Andrew Ridgway (2006-2011)
  - Head of Government:
    - Prime Minister Frank Walker (2005–12 December 2008)
    - Prime Minister Terry Le Sueur (December 12, 2008-2011)

Croatia
- Head of State: President Stjepan Mesić (2000–2010)
- Head of Government: District President Ivo Sanader (2003–2009)

Latvia
- Head of State: President Valdis Zatlers (2007-2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ivars Godmanis ( 1990–1993 , 2007–2009)

Liechtenstein
- Head of State: Prince Hans-Adam II. (Since 1989)
  - Regent: Hereditary Prince Alois (since 2004)
- Head of Government : Otmar Hasler (2001–2009)

Lithuania
- Head of State: President Valdas Adamkus ( 1998–2003 , 2004–2009)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Gediminas Kirkilas (2006–9 December 2008)
  - Prime Minister Andrius Kubilius ( 1999–2000 , December 9, 2008–2012)

Luxembourg
- Head of State: Grand Duke Henri (since 2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker (1995-2013)

Malta
- Head of State: President Edward Fenech Adami (2004–2009) (1987–1996, 1998–2004 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi (2004-2013)

Isle of Man
- Head of State: Lord of Mann Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Lieutenant Governor : Paul Haddacks (2005-2011)

Macedonia
- Head of State: President Branko Crvenkovski (2004–2009) (1992–1998, Prime Minister 2002–2004)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski (2006-2016)

Moldova
- Head of State: President Vladimir Voronin (2001–2009)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Vasile Tarlev (2001–31 March 2008)
  - Prime Minister Zinaida Greceanîi (March 31, 2008–2009)
- Transnistria (not internationally recognized)
  - President Igor Smirnov (1991-2011)

Monaco
- Head of State: Prince : Albert II (since 2005)
- Head of Government: Minister of State Jean-Paul Proust (2005–2010)

Montenegro
- Head of State: President Filip Vujanović ( 2002–2003 , 2003–2018) (1998–2003 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Željko Šturanović (2006–29 February 2008)
  - Prime Minister Milo Đukanović ( 1991–1998, 2003–2006 , February 29, 2008–2010, 2012–2016 )

Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Beatrix (1980-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende (2002–2010)

Norway
- Head of State: King Harald V (since 1991)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg ( 2000–2001 , 2005–2013)

Austria
- Head of State: Federal President Heinz Fischer (2004–2016)
- Head of Government:
  - Federal Chancellor Alfred Gusenbauer (2007–2 December 2008)
  - Federal Chancellor Werner Faymann (December 2, 2008–2016)

Poland
- Head of State: President Lech Kaczyński (2005-2010)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Donald Tusk (2007-2014)

Portugal
- Head of State: President Aníbal Cavaco Silva (2006–2016) (1985–1995 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister José Sócrates (2005-2011)

Romania
- Head of State: President Traian Băsescu (2004–2014)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu (2004–22 December 2008)
  - Prime Minister Emil Boc (December 22, 2008–2012)

Russia
- Head of State:
  - President Vladimir Putin (1999–7 May 2008, since 2012 ) (1999–2000, 2008–2012 Prime Minister)
  - President Dmitry Medvedev (May 7, 2008–2012) (Prime Minister 2012–2020)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Viktor Zubkov (2007–8 May 2008)
  - Prime Minister Vladimir Putin ( 1999–2000 , May 8, 2008–2012) (1999–2008, President since 2012)

San Marino
- Head of State: Capitani Reggenti
  - Mirko Tomassoni (October 1, 2007– April 1, 2008) and Alberto Selva (October 1, 2007– April 1, 2008)
  - Rosa Zafferani ( 1999 , April 1, 2008– October 1, 2008) and Federico Pedini Amati (April 1, 2008– October 1, 2008)
  - Ernesto Benedettini ( 1992 , October 1, 2008– April 1, 2009) and Assunta Meloni (October 1, 2008– April 1, 2009)

Sweden
- Head of State: King Carl XVI. Gustaf (since 1973)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt (2006–2014)

Switzerland
- Federal President : Pascal Couchepin ( 2003 , 2008)
- Federal Council :
  - Moritz Leuenberger (1995-2010)
  - Pascal Couchepin (1998-2009)
  - Samuel Schmid (2001–31 December 2008)
  - Micheline Calmy-Rey (2003-2011)
  - Hans-Rudolf Merz (2004-2010)
  - Doris Leuthard (since 2006)
  - Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (January 1, 2008–2015)

Serbia
- Head of State: President Boris Tadić (2004–2012)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica (2004–7 July 2008) (2000–2003 President of Yugoslavia)
  - Prime Minister Mirko Cvetković (July 7, 2008–2012)
- Kosovo (independent since February 17, 2008, not internationally recognized)
  - President Fatmir Sejdiu (2006-2010)
  - Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi (January 9, 2008–2014) (President since 2016)

Slovakia
- Head of State: President Ivan Gašparovič (2004–2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert Fico (2006–2010, 2012–2018 )

Slovenia
- Head of State:
  - President Janez Drnovšek (2002–2007) (1992–2000, 2000–2002 President)
  - President Danilo Türk (2007–2012)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Janez Janša (2004–21 November 2008, 2012–2013, since 2020 )
  - Prime Minister Borut Pahor (November 21, 2008–2012) (President since 2012)

Spain
- Head of State: King Juan Carlos I (1975-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (2004–2011)

Czech Republic
- Head of State: President Václav Klaus ( 1993 , 2003–2013) (1993–1997 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mirek Topolánek (2006–2009)

Ukraine
- Head of State: President Viktor Yushchenko (2005–2010) (Prime Minister 1999–2001)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Julija Tymoshenko ( 2005 , 2007–2010)

Hungary
- Head of State: President László Sólyom (2005-2010)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány (2004–2009)

Vatican city

Head of State: Pope Benedict XVI. (2005-2013)

Head of Government: President of the Governorate Giovanni Lajolo (2006-2011)

United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952) (crowned 1953)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Gordon Brown (2007-2010)

Belarus
- Head of State: President Aljaksandr Lukashenka (since 1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sjarhej Sidorski (2003-2010)

Republic of Cyprus

Head of State and Government:

President Tassos Papadopoulos (2003–28 February 2008)

President Dimitris Christofias (February 28, 2008–2013)

Northern Cyprus (not internationally recognized)

Head of State: President Mehmet Ali Talât (2005–2010) (2004–2005 Prime Minister)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer (2005–2009)

Remarks

↑ ^a ^b The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are areas that are directly under the British Crown. They are not part of the UK.
↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares

[kronbesitz-1] The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are areas that are directly under the British Crown. They are not part of the UK.

[2] The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares