List of Heads of State 2012
Overview
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Africa
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Egypt
- Head of State:
- Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces Mohammed Hussein Tantawi (2011–30 June 2012)
- President Mohammed Mursi (June 30, 2012–2013)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Kamal al-Ganzuri ( 1996–1999 , 2011–2 August 2012)
- Prime Minister Hischam Kandil (August 2, 2012–2013)
- Head of State:
-
Algeria
- Head of State: President Abd al-Aziz Bouteflika (1999-2019)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia ( 1995–1998, 2003–2006 , 2008–3 September 2012, 2017–2019 )
- Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal (September 3, 2012–2014, 2014–2017 )
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Angola
- Head of State and Government: President José Eduardo dos Santos (1979–2017)
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Equatorial Guinea
- Head of State: President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (since 1979) (until 1982 Chairman of the Supreme Military Council)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Ignacio Milam Tang (2008–21 May 2012)
- Prime Minister Vicente Ehate Tomi (since May 21, 2012)
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Ethiopia
- Head of State: President Girma Wolde-Giorgis (2001-2013)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Meles Zenawi (1995–20 August 2012) (1991–1995 President)
- Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn (August 20, 2012-2018) (provisional until September 21, 2012)
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Benin
- Head of State: President Boni Yayi (2006-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Pascal Koupaki (2011-2013)
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Burkina Faso
- Head of State: President Blaise Compaoré (1987-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Luc-Adolphe Tiao (2011-2014)
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Burundi
- Head of State and Government: President Pierre Nkurunziza (2005–2020)
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Djibouti
- Head of State: President Ismail Omar Guelleh (since 1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Dileita Mohamed Dileita (2001-2013)
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Ivory Coast
- Head of State: President Alassane Ouattara (since 2010) (Prime Minister 1990–1993)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Guillaume Soro (2007–13 March 2012)
- Prime Minister Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio (March 13, 2012– November 21, 2012)
- Prime Minister Daniel Kablan Duncan ( 1993–1999 , November 21, 2012–2017)
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Eritrea
- Head of State and Government: President Isayas Afewerki (since 1993)
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Gabon
- Head of State: President Ali-Ben Bongo Ondimba (since 2009)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Paul Biyoghé Mba (2009–27 February 2012)
- Prime Minister Raymond Ndong Sima (February 27, 2012–2014)
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Gambia
- Head of State and Government: President Yahya Jammeh (1994–2017) (until 1996 Chairman of the Provisional Government Council of the Army)
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Ghana
- Head of State and Government:
- President John Atta Mills (2009– July 24, 2012)
- President John Dramani Mahama (July 24, 2012-2017)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Guinea
- Head of State: President Alpha Condé (since 2010)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mohamed Saïd Fofana (2010-2015)
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Guinea-Bissau
- Head of State:
- President Malam Bacai Sanhá ( 1999–2000 , 2009– January 9, 2012)
- President of the National Assembly Raimundo Pereira ( 2009 , January 9, 2012– April 12, 2012) (acting)
- Leader of the Mamadu Turé Kuruma Military Command (April 12, 2012– May 11 , 2012)
- President Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo (May 11, 2012–2014) (acting)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Júnior ( 2004–2005 , 2009–10 February 2012)
- Prime Minister Adiato Diallo Nandigna (February 10, 2012– April 12, 2012)
- Prime Minister Rui Duarte de Barros (April 12, 2012–2014) (acting)
- Head of State:
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Cameroon
- Head of State: President Paul Biya (since 1982)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Philémon Yang (2009-2019)
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Cape Verde
- Head of State: President Jorge Carlos Fonseca (since 2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister José Maria Neves (since 2001)
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Kenya
- Head of State: President Mwai Kibaki (2002–2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Raila Odinga (2008-2013)
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Comoros
- Head of State or Government: President Ikililou Dhoinine (since 2011)
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Democratic Republic of the Congo (until 1964 Congo-Léopoldville , 1964–1971 Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1971–1997 Zaïre )
- Head of State: President Joseph Kabila (2001-2019)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Adolphe Muzito (2008–6 March 2012)
- Vice Prime Minister Louis Koyagialo (March 6, 2012– April 18, 2012) ( Acting )
- Prime Minister Augustin Matata Ponyo (since April 18, 2012)
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Republic of the Congo (1960–1970 Congo-Brazzaville ; 1970–1992 People's Republic of the Congo )
- Head of State and Government: President Denis Sassou-Nguesso ( 1979–1992 , since 1997)
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Lesotho
- Head of State: King Letsie III. ( 1990–1995 , since 1996)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Bethuel Pakalitha Mosisili (1998–8 June 2012, 2015–2017 )
- Prime Minister Thomas Thabane (June 8, 2012–2015, 2017–2020 )
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Liberia
- Head of State or Government: President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (2006–2018)
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Libya
- Head of State:
- Chairman of the National Transitional Council Mustafa Abd al-Jalil (2011–9 August 2012)
- President of the General National Assembly Mohammed Ali Salim (August 9, 2012– August 10, 2012)
- President of the General National Assembly Mohamed Yusuf al Magariaf (August 10, 2012–2013)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Abdel Rahim el-Kib (2011–12 September 2012)
- Prime Minister Mustafa Abu Shagur (September 13, 2012– October 7, 2012)
- Prime Minister Ali Seidan (October 14, 2012-2014)
- Head of State:
-
Madagascar
- Head of State: President Andry Rajoelina (2009-2014, since 2019 )
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Omer Beriziky (2011-2014)
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Malawi
- Head of State and Government:
- President Bingu wa Mutharika (2004–5 April 2012)
- President Joyce Banda (April 5, 2012–2014) (until April 7, acting)
- Head of State and Government:
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Mali
- Head of State:
- President Amadou Toumani Touré ( 1991–1992 , 2002–22 March 2012)
- President Amadou Haya Sanogo (March 22, 2012– April 12, 2012)
- Chairman of the National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and the State Dioncounda Traoré (April 12, 2012–2013) (acting)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé (2011–22 March 2012)
- Prime Minister Cheick Modibo Diarra (March 22, 2012– December 11, 2012) (acting)
- Prime Minister Django Sissoko (December 11, 2012–2013) (acting)
- Head of State:
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Morocco
- Head of State: King Mohammed VI. (since 1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdelilah Benkirane (2011-2017)
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Mauritania
- Head of State: President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz ( 2008–2009 , 2009–2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdhaf (2008-2014)
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Mauritius
- Head of State:
- President Anerood Jugnauth (2003–31 March 2012) (1982–1985, 2000–2003, 2014–2017 Prime Minister)
- Vice-President Monique Ohsan Bellepeau (March 31, 2012– July 21, 2012) (acting)
- President Kailash Purryag (July 21, 2012–2015)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Navin Ramgoolam ( 1995–2000 , 2005–2014)
- Head of State:
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Mozambique
- Head of State: President Armando Guebuza (2005–2015)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Aires Ali (2010–8 October 2012)
- Prime Minister Alberto Vaquina (October 8, 2012–2015)
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Namibia
- Head of State: President Hifikepunye Pohamba (2005-2015)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Nahas Angula (2005–4 December 2012)
- * Prime Minister Hage Geingob ( 1990–2002 , December 4, 2012–2015) (President since 2015)
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Niger
- Head of State: President Mahamadou Issoufou (since 2011) (1993–1994 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Brigi Rafini (since 2011)
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Nigeria
- Head of State or Government: President Goodluck Jonathan (2010-2015)
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Rwanda
- Head of State: President Paul Kagame (since 2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Pierre Habumuremyi (2011-2014)
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Zambia
- Head of State and Government: President Michael Sata (2011–2014)
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Sao Tome and Principe
- Head of State: President Manuel Pinto da Costa ( 1975–1991 , 2011–2016)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Patrice Trovoada ( 2008 , 2010–12 December 2012, 2014–2018 )
- Prime Minister Gabriel Arcanjo da Costa ( 2002 , December 12, 2012-2014)
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Senegal
- Head of State:
- President Abdoulaye Wade (2000–2 April 2012)
- President Macky Sall (since April 2, 2012) (Prime Minister 2004–2007)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye (2009–5 April 2012)
- Prime Minister Abdoul Mbaye (April 5, 2012–2013)
- Head of State:
-
Seychelles
- Head of State or Government: President James Alix Michel (2004–2016)
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Sierra Leone
- Head of State and Government: President Ernest Koroma (2007-2018)
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Zimbabwe
- Head of State: President Robert Mugabe (1987–2017) (1980–1987 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai (2009-2013)
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Somalia
- Head of State:
- President Sharif Sheikh Ahmed (2009–20 August 2012)
- Speaker of the Parliament, Muse Hassan Abdulle (August 20, 2012– August 28, 2012) (acting)
- President Mohammed Osman Jawari (August 28, 2012– September 16 , 2012) (acting)
- President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud (September 16, 2012-2017)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Abdiweli Mohamed Ali (2011–17 October 2012)
- Prime Minister Abdi Farah Shirdon (October 17, 2012–2013)
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Somaliland (not internationally recognized)
- Head of State and Government: President Ahmed Mohammed Mahamoud Silanyo (since 2010)
- Head of State:
-
South Africa
- Head of State and Government: President Jacob Zuma (2009–2018)
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Sudan
- Head of State and Government: President Umar al-Bashir (1989–2019)
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South Sudan
- Head of State and Government: President Salva Kiir Mayardit (since 2011)
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Swaziland
- Head of State: King Mswati III. (since 1986)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini ( 1996–2003 , 2008–2018)
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Tanzania
- Head of State: President Jakaya Kikwete (2005–2015)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda (2008-2015)
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Togo
- Head of State: President Faure Gnassingbé ( 2005 , since 2005)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Gilbert Houngbo (2008–23 July 2012)
- Prime Minister Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu (23 July 2012–2015)
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Chad
- Head of State: President Idriss Déby (since 1990)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Emmanuel Nadingar (2010-2013)
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Tunisia
- Head of State: President Moncef Marzouki (2011-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hamadi Jebali (2011-2013)
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Uganda
- Head of State: President Yoweri Museveni (since 1986)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Amama Mbabazi (2011-2014)
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Western Sahara (controversial)
- Head of State: President Mohamed Abdelaziz (1976-2016) (in exile)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdelkader Taleb Oumar (2003–2018) (in exile)
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Central African Republic
- Head of State: President François Bozizé (2003-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Faustin Archange Touadéra (2008-2013)
America
North America
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Canada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
- Governor General : David Johnston (2010-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Stephen Harper (2006-2015)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
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Mexico
- Head of State and Government:
- President Felipe Calderón (2006–1 December 2012)
- President Enrique Peña Nieto (December 1, 2012–2018)
- Head of State and Government:
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United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President Barack Obama (2009-2017)
Central America
-
Antigua and Barbuda
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
- Governor General : Louise Lake-Tack (2007-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Baldwin Spencer (2004–2014)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
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Bahamas
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1973)
- Governor General : Arthur Foulkes (2010-2014)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Hubert Ingraham ( 1992–2002 , 2007–8 May 2012)
- Prime Minister Perry Christie ( 2002-2007 , May 8, 2012-2017)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1973)
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Barbados
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1966)
- Governor General : Elliot Belgrave (2011–30 May 2012, 2012–2017 ) (acting)
- Governor General: Sandra Mason (May 30, 2012– June 1, 2012) (acting)
- Governor General: Elliot Belgrave ( 2011–2012 , June 1, 2012–2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Freundel Stuart (2010-2018)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1966)
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Belize
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
- Governor General : Colville Young (since 1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Dean Barrow (since 2008)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
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Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Laura Chinchilla (2010-2014)
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Dominica
- Head of State:
- President Nicholas Liverpool (2003–17 September 2012)
- President Eliud Williams (September 17, 2012–2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit (since 2004)
- Head of State:
-
Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government:
- President Leonel Fernández ( 1996–2000 , 2004–16 August 2012)
- President Danilo Medina (August 16, 2012–2020)
- Head of State and Government:
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El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Mauricio Funes (2009-2014)
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Grenada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
- Governor General : Carlyle Glean (2008-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Tillman Thomas (2008-2013)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
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Guatemala
- Head of State and Government:
- President Álvaro Colom Caballeros (2008–14 January 2012)
- President Otto Pérez Molina (January 14, 2012–2015)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Haiti
- Head of State: President Michel Martelly (2011-2016)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Garry Conille (2011–16 May 2012)
- Prime Minister Laurent Lamothe (May 16, 2012–2014)
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Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President Porfirio Lobo Sosa (2010-2014)
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Jamaica
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1962)
- Governor General : Patrick Allen (since 2009)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Andrew Holness (2011–5 Jan 2012)
- Prime Minister Portia Simpson Miller ( 2006–2007 , since January 5, 2012)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1962)
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Cuba
- Head of State and Head of Government: President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers Raúl Castro (2006-2018) (provisional until 2008)
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Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Daniel Ortega ( 1985–1990 , since 2007) (1979–1985 member of the government junta for national reconstruction)
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Panama
- Head of State and Government: President Ricardo Martinelli (2009-2014)
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St. Kitts and Nevis
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1983)
- Governor General : Cuthbert Sebastian (1996–2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Denzil Douglas (1995-2015)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1983)
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St. Lucia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
- Governor General : Dame Pearlette Louisy (1997-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kenneth Anthony ( 1997-2006 , 2011-2016)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
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St. Vincent and the Grenadines
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
- Governor General : Frederick Ballantyne (2002–2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves (since 2001)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
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Trinidad and Tobago
- Head of State: President George Maxwell Richards (2003-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar (2010–2015)
South America
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Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2007–2015)
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Bolivia
- Head of State or Government: President Evo Morales (2006-2019)
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Brazil
- Head of State and Government: President Dilma Rousseff (2011–2016)
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Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Sebastián Piñera (2010-2014)
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Ecuador
- Head of State or Government: President Rafael Correa (2007-2017)
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Guyana
- Head of State: President Donald Ramotar (2011-2015)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sam Hinds ( 1992–1997, 1997–1999 , 1999–2015) (1997 President)
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Colombia
- Head of State and Government: President Juan Manuel Santos (2010-2018)
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Paraguay
- Head of State and Government:
- President Fernando Lugo (2008–22 June 2012)
- President Federico Franco (June 22, 2012–2013)
- Head of State and Government:
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Peru
- Head of State: President Ollanta Humala (2011-2016)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Oscar Valdés (December 11, 2011 - July 23, 2012)
- Prime Minister Juan Jiménez Mayor (July 23, 2012–2013)
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Suriname
- Head of State and Government: President Dési Bouterse ( 1980, 1982 , 2010-2020)
- Head of Government: Vice President Robert Ameerali (2010-2015)
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Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President José Mujica (2010–2015)
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Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Hugo Chávez ( 1999–2002 , 2002–2013)
Asia
East, South and Southeast Asia
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Bangladesh
- Head of State: President Zillur Rahman (2009-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hasina Wajed ( 1996–2001 , since 2009)
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Bhutan
- Head of State: King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck (since 2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jigme Thinley ( 1998–1999 , 2003–2004 , 2008–2013)
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Brunei
- Head of State and Government: Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (since 1967)
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Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Head of State: President Ma Ying-jeou (since 2008)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Wu Den-yih (2009–6 February 2012)
- Prime Minister Sean Chen (February 6, 2012-2013)
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People's Republic of China
- Head of State: President Hu Jintao (2003-2013)
- Head of Government: Chairman of the State Council Wen Jiabao (2003-2013)
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India
- Head of State:
- President Pratibha Patil (2007–25 July 2012)
- President Pranab Mukherjee (since July 25, 2012)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Manmohan Singh (2004–2014)
- Head of State:
-
Indonesia
- Head of State and Government: President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004–2014)
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Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Akihito (1989-2019)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda (2011–26 December 2012)
- Prime Minister Shinzō Abe ( 2006–2007 , since December 26, 2012)
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Cambodia
- Head of State: King Norodom Sihamoni (since 2004)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hun Sen (since 1985)
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North Korea
- De facto ruler : Kim Jong-un (since April 13, 2012)
- Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly : Kim Yong-nam (since 1998)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Choe Yong-rim (2010-2013)
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South Korea
- Head of State: President Lee Myung-bak (2008-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kim Hwang-sik (2010-2013)
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Laos
- Head of State: President Choummaly Sayasone (2006-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Thongsing Thammavong (2010-2016)
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Malaysia
- Head of State: Supreme Ruler Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah (since 2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Najib Razak (2009-2018)
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Maldives
- Head of State and Government:
- President Mohamed Nasheed (2008–7 February 2012)
- President Mohammed Waheed Hassan (February 7, 2012–2013)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Myanmar
- Head of State and Government: President Thein Sein (since 2011) (2007–2011 Prime Minister)
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Nepal
- Head of State: President Ram Baran Yadav (2008-2015)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai (2011-2013)
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East Timor
- Head of State:
- President José Ramos-Horta (2007–20 May 2012) (2006–2007 Prime Minister)
- President Taur Matan Ruak (May 20, 2012-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão (2007–2015) (2002–2007 President)
- Head of State:
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Pakistan
- Head of State: President Asif Ali Zardari (2008-2013)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani (2008–19 June 2012)
- Prime Minister Raja Pervez Ashraf (June 22, 2012–2013)
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Philippines
- Head of State and Government: President Benigno Aquino III. (2010-2016)
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Singapore
- Head of State: President Tony Tan Keng Yam (2011-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong (since 2004)
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Sri Lanka
- Head of State: President Mahinda Rajapaksa (2005–2015) (2004–2005, 2018, Prime Minister since 2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister D. M. Jayaratne (2010–2015)
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Thailand
- Head of State: King Rama IX. Bhumibol Adulyadej (1946-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra (2011-2014)
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Vietnam
- Head of State: President Trương Tấn Sang (since 2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng (since 2006)
Middle East
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Armenia
- Head of State: President Serzh Sargsyan (2008–2018) (2007–2008 and 2018 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Tigran Sargsjan (2008-2014)
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Azerbaijan
- Head of State: President Ilham Aliyev (since 2003)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Artur Rasizadä ( 1996–2003 , 2003–2018)
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Nagorno Karabakh (not internationally recognized)
- Head of State: President Bako Sahakjan (since 2007)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Arajik Harutjunjan (since 2007)
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Bahrain
- Head of State: King Hamad bin Isa Al Chalifa (since 1999) (Emir until 2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa (since 1971)
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Georgia
- Head of State: President Mikheil Saakashvili ( 2004–2007 , 2008–2013)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Nika Gilauri (2009–4 July 2012)
- Prime Minister Vano Merabishvili (July 4, 2012– October 25, 2012)
- Prime Minister Bidzina Ivanishvili (October 25, 2012–2013)
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Abkhazia (not recognized internationally)
- Head of State: President Alexander Ankwab (2011–2014) (2005–2010, Prime Minister since 2020)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Leonid Lakerbaia (2011-2014)
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South Ossetia (not internationally recognized)
- Head of State:
- Prime Minister Wadim Browzew (2011–19 April 2012) (acting)
- President Leonid Tibilow (April 19, 2012-2017)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Wadim Browzew (2009–26 April 2012)
- Prime Minister Rostislav Khugayev (April 26, 2012–2014)
- Head of State:
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Iraq
- Head of State: President Jalal Talabani (2005-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki (2006-2014)
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Iran
- Religious head: Supreme legal scholar Ali Chamene'i (since 1989) (Prime Minister 1981–1989)
- Head of Government: President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (2005-2013)
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Israel
- Head of State: President Shimon Peres (2007–2014) (1977, 1984–1986, 1995–1996 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu ( 1996–1999 , since 2009)
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Yemen
- Head of State:
- President Ali Abdullah Salih (1990–25 February 2012) (1978–1990 President of North Yemen)
- President Abed Rabbo Mansur Hadi (since February 25, 2012)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mohammed Basindawa (2011-2014)
- Head of State:
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Jordan
- Head of State: King Abdullah II (since 1999)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Aun Schaukat al-Chasauneh (2011–2 May 2012)
- Prime Minister Fayez al-Tarawneh ( 1998–1999 , May 2, 2012– October 11, 2012)
- Prime Minister Abdullah Ensour (since October 11, 2012)
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Qatar
- Head of State: Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (1995–2013) (1995–1996 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hamad ibn Jasim ibn Jabir Al Thani (2007-2013)
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Kuwait
- Head of State: Emir Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah (since 2006) (2003-2006 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jabir Mubarak al-Hamad as-Sabah (2011-2019)
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Lebanon
- Head of State: President Michel Sulaiman (2008-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Najib Miqati ( 2005 , 2011-2014)
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Palestinian Territories
- Head of State: President Mahmud Abbas (since 2005) (Prime Minister 2003)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Ismail Haniyya (2006–2007) (continues to rule the Gaza Strip and does not recognize Fayyad)
- Prime Minister Salam Fayyad (2007-2013) (ruled de facto in the West Bank)
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Saudi Arabia
- Head of State and Government: King Abdullah ibn Abd al-Aziz (2005-2015)
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Syria
- Head of State: President Bashar al-Assad (since 2000)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Adel Safar (2011–26 June 2012)
- Prime Minister Riyad Farid Hijab (June 26, 2012– August 6, 2012)
- Prime Minister Omar Ghalawandschi (August 6, 2012– August 11 , 2012) (acting)
- Prime Minister Wael al-Halki ( since August 11, 2012)
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Turkey
- Head of State: President Abdullah Gül (2007–2014) (2002–2003 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (2003-2014) (President since 2014)
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United Arab Emirates
- Head of State: President Chalifa bin Zayid Al Nahyan (since 2004) (since 2004 Emir of Abu Dhabi)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Muhammad bin Raschid Al Maktum (since 2006) (since 2006 Emir of Dubai)
Central Asia
-
Afghanistan
- Head of State and Government: President Hamid Karzai (2001-2014)
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Kazakhstan
- Head of State: President Nursultan Nazarbayev (1991-2019)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Kärim Mässimow (2007–24 September 2012, since 2014 )
- Prime Minister Serik Akhmetov (September 24, 2012–2014)
-
Kyrgyzstan
- Head of State: President Almasbek Atambayev (2011–2017) (2007, 2010–2011 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Ömürbek Babanow (2011–1 September 2012)
- Prime Minister Aaly Karashev (September 1, 2012– September 5, 2012) (acting)
- Prime Minister Dschantörö Satybaldijew (September 5, 2012-2014)
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Mongolia
- Head of State: President Tsachiagiin Elbegdordsch (2009–2017) (1998, 2004–2006 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Süchbaataryn Batbold (2009–9 August 2012)
- Prime Minister Norowyn Altanchujag ( 2009 , August 9, 2012-2014)
-
Tajikistan
- Head of State: President Emomalij Rahmon (since 1992)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Oqil Oqilow (1999-2013)
-
Turkmenistan
- Head of State and Government: President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow (since 2006) (acting until 2007)
-
Uzbekistan
- Head of State: President Islom Karimov (1991-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Shavkat Mirziyoyev (since 2003)
Australia and Oceania
-
Australia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
- Governor General : Quentin Bryce (2008-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Julia Gillard (2010–2013)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
-
Cook Islands (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1965)
- Queen's Representative: Frederick Tutu Goodwin (2001-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Henry Puna (since 2010)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1965)
-
Fiji
- Head of State: President Epeli Nailatikau (2009–2015)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama (since 2007) (acting) (2000 Chairman of the Military Government)
-
Kiribati
- Head of State and Government: President Anote Tong (2003-2016)
-
Marshall Islands
- Head of State and Government:
- President Jurelang Zedkaia (2009–10 January 2012)
- President Christopher Loeak (January 10, 2012-2016)
- Head of State and Government:
-
Micronesia
- Head of State or Government: President Manny Mori (2007-2015)
-
Nauru
- Head of State and Government: President Sprent Dabwido (2011–2013)
-
New Zealand
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
- Governor General : Jerry Mateparae (since 2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister John Key (since 2008)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
-
Niue (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
- Queen's Representative: Governor General of New Zealand
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Toke Talagi (since 2008)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
-
Palau
- Head of State or Government: President Johnson Toribiong (2009-2013)
-
Papua New Guinea
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1975)
- Governor General : Michael Ogio (2010–2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Peter O'Neill (2011-2019)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1975)
-
Solomon Islands
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
- Governor General : Frank Kabui (2009–2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Gordon Darcy Lilo (2011-2014)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
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Samoa
- Head of State: O le Ao o le Malo Tupuola Taisi Tufuga Efi (2007–2017) (Prime Minister 1976–1982)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sailele Tuilaʻepa Malielegaoi (since 1998)
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Tonga
- Head of State:
- King George Tupou V (2006–18 March 2012)
- King Tupou VI. (since March 18, 2012) (Prime Minister 2000–2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sialeʻataongo Tuʻivakanō (2010-2014)
- Head of State:
-
Tuvalu
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
- Governor General : Iakoba Italeli (since 2010)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Willy Telavi (since 2010)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
-
Vanuatu
- Head of State: President Iolu Abil (2009-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sato Kilman ( 2010–2011, 2011 , 2011–2013)
Europe
-
Albania
- Head of State:
- President Bamir Topi (2007–24 July 2012)
- President Bujar Nishani (July 24, 2012-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sali Berisha (2005–2013) (1992–1997 President)
- Head of State:
-
Andorra
-
Co-princes :
-
President of France :
- Nicolas Sarkozy (2007̣ – May 15, 2012)
- François Hollande (May 15, 2012-2017)
- Bishop of Urgell Joan Enric Vives i Sicília (since 2003)
-
President of France :
- Head of Government: District President Antoni Martí Petit (2011–2015, 2015–2019 )
-
Co-princes :
-
Belgium
- Head of State: King Albert II (1993-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo (2011-2014)
-
Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Head of State:
- President of the State Presidium Željko Komšić ( 2007–2008, 2009–2010 , 2011–10 March 2012, 2013–2014, 2019–2020 )
- Chairman of the State Presidium Bakir Izetbegović (March 10, 2012– November 10, 2012, 2014 )
- Chairman of the State Presidium Nebojša Radmanović ( 2006–2007, 2008–2009, 2010–2011 , November 10, 2012–2013)
- State Presidency:
- Bosniaks: Bakir Izetbegović (2010-2018)
- Croatians: Željko Komšić (2006–2014, since 2018 )
- Serbs: Nebojša Radmanović (2006-2014)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Nikola Špirić (2007–12 January 2012)
- Prime Minister Vjekoslav Bevanda (January 12, 2012–2015)
- Head of State:
-
Bulgaria
- Head of State:
- President Georgi Parvanov (2002–22 January 2012)
- President Rossen Plevnelev (January 22, 2012–2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Boyko Borissow (2009–2013, 2014–2017, since 2017 )
- Head of State:
-
Denmark
- Head of State: Queen Margrethe II (since 1972)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt (2011-2015)
-
Faroe Islands (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
- Representative of the Danish government: Reichsombudmann Dan Michael Knudsen (since 2008)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kaj Leo Johannesen (2008-2015)
-
Greenland (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
- Representative of the Danish government: Reichsombudsfrau Mikaela Engell (since 2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kuupik Kleist (2009-2013)
-
Germany
- Head of State:
- Federal President Christian Wulff (2010–17 February 2012)
- Federal Council President Horst Seehofer (February 17, 2012– March 18, 2012) (acting)
- Federal President Joachim Gauck (March 18, 2012-2017)
- Head of Government: Chancellor Angela Merkel (since 2005)
- Head of State:
-
Estonia
- Head of State: President Toomas Hendrik Ilves (2006–2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Andrus Ansip (2005-2014)
-
Finland
- Head of State:
- President Tarja Halonen (2000–1 March 2012)
- President Sauli Niinistö (since March 1, 2012)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jyrki Katainen (2011-2014)
- Head of State:
-
France
- Head of State:
- President Nicolas Sarkozy (2007–15 May 2012)
- President François Hollande (May 15, 2012-2017)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister François Fillon (2007–15 May 2012)
- Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault (May 15, 2012-2014)
- Head of State:
-
Greece
- Head of State: President Karolos Papoulias (2005-2015)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Loukas Papadimos (2011–16 May 2012)
- Prime Minister Panagiotis Pikrammenos (May 16, 2012– June 20, 2012) (acting)
- Prime Minister Andonis Samaras (June 20, 2012–2015)
-
Ireland
- Head of State: President Michael D. Higgins (since 2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Enda Kenny (2011-2017)
-
Iceland
- Head of State: President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (1996–2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir (2009–2013)
-
Italy
- Head of State: President Giorgio Napolitano (2006-2015)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mario Monti (2011-2013) (provisional since December 21, 2012)
-
Channel Islands
-
guernsey
- Head of State: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
- Vice-Governor: Peter Walker (2011-2015)
- Head of Government:
- Chief Minister Lyndon Trott (2008–1 May 2012)
- Chief Minister Peter Harwood (May 1, 2012-2014)
- Head of State: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
-
jersey
- Head of State: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
- Lieutenant Governor: John McColl (since 2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ian Gorst (2011-2018)
- Head of State: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
-
guernsey
-
Croatia
- Head of State: President Ivo Josipović (2010–2015)
- Head of Government: District President Zoran Milanović (2011-2016)
-
Latvia
- Head of State: President Andris Bērziņš (2011-2015)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Valdis Dombrovskis (2009-2014)
-
Liechtenstein
- Head of State: Prince Hans-Adam II. (Since 1989)
- Regent: Hereditary Prince Alois (since 2004)
- Head of Government : Klaus Tschütscher (2009-2013)
- Head of State: Prince Hans-Adam II. (Since 1989)
-
Lithuania
- Head of State: President Dalia Grybauskaitė (2009-2019)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Andrius Kubilius ( 1999–2000 , 2008–13 December 2012)
- Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevičius (December 13, 2012-2016)
-
Luxembourg
- Head of State: Grand Duke Henri (since 2000) (1998–2000 regent)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker (1995-2013)
-
Malta
- Head of State: President George Abela (2009-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi (2004-2013)
-
Isle of Man
- Head of State: Lord of Mann Elizabeth II (since 1952)
- Lieutenant Governor : Adam Wood (2011-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Allan Bell (2011-2016)
- Head of State: Lord of Mann Elizabeth II (since 1952)
-
Macedonia
- Head of State: President Gjorge Ivanov (2009-2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski (2006-2016)
-
Moldova
- Head of State:
- Speaker of Parliament Marian Lupu (2010–23 March 2012) (acting)
- President Nicolae Timofti (March 23, 2012-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Vlad Filat (2009-2013)
-
Transnistria (not internationally recognized)
- Head of State: President Yevgeny Shevchuk (2011-2016)
- Head of government: Prime Minister Pyotr Stepanov (January 18, 2012–2013) (newly created office)
- Head of State:
-
Monaco
- Head of State: Prince : Albert II (since 2005)
- Head of Government: Minister of State Michel Roger (2010-2016)
-
Montenegro
- Head of State: President Filip Vujanović ( 2002–2003 , 2003–2018) (1998–2003 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Igor Lukšić (2010–4 December 2012)
- Prime Minister Milo Đukanović ( 1991–1998, 2003–2006, 2008–2010 , December 4, 2012–2016) (1998–2002 President)
-
Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Beatrix (1980-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mark Rutte (since 2010)
-
Norway
- Head of State: King Harald V (since 1991)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg ( 2000–2001 , 2005–2013)
-
Austria
- Head of State: Federal President Heinz Fischer (2004–2016)
- Head of Government: Federal Chancellor Werner Faymann (2008-2016)
-
Poland
- Head of State: President Bronisław Komorowski (2010-2015)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Donald Tusk (2007-2014)
-
Portugal
- Head of State: President Aníbal Cavaco Silva (2006–2016) (1985–1995 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho (2011-2015)
-
Romania
- Head of State:
- President Traian Băsescu (2004–2014) (suspended July 10, 2012– August 28, 2012)
- Senate President Crin Antonescu (July 10, 2012– August 28, 2012) (acting)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Emil Boc (2008–6 February 2012)
- Prime Minister Cătălin Predoiu (February 6, 2012– February 9, 2012) (acting)
- Prime Minister Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu (February 9, 2012– May 7, 2012)
- Prime Minister Victor Ponta (May 7, 2012–2015)
- Head of State:
-
Russia
- Head of State:
- President Dmitry Medvedev (2008–7 May 2012) (Prime Minister 2012–2020)
- President Vladimir Putin ( 1999–2008 , since May 7, 2012) (1999–2000, 2008–2012 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Vladimir Putin ( 1999–2000 , 2008–7 May 2012) (1999–2008 President)
- Prime Minister Viktor Zubkov ( 2007–2008 , May 7, 2012– May 8, 2012) (acting)
- Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev (May 8, 2012–2020) (President 2008–2012)
- Head of State:
-
San Marino
- Head of State: Capitani Reggenti
- Gabriele Gatti (October 1, 2011– April 1, 2012) and Matteo Fiorini (October 1, 2011– April 1, 2012)
- Maurizio Rattini ( 1996–1997 , April 1, 2012– October 1, 2012) and Italo Righi (April 1, 2012– October 1, 2012)
- Teodoro Lonfernini (October 1, 2012– April 1, 2013) and Denise Bronzetti (October 1, 2012– April 1, 2013)
- Head of State: Capitani Reggenti
-
Sweden
- Head of State: King Carl XVI. Gustaf (since 1973)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt (2006–2014)
-
Switzerland
- Federal President : Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (2012)
-
Federal Council :
- Doris Leuthard (since 2006)
- Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (2008-2015)
- Ueli Maurer (since 2009)
- Didier Burkhalter (2009-2017)
- Johann Schneider-Ammann (since 2010)
- Simonetta Sommaruga (since 2010)
- Alain Berset (since January 1, 2012)
-
Serbia
- Head of State:
- President Boris Tadić (2004–5 April 2012)
- Speaker of Parliament Slavica Đukić Dejanović (April 5, 2012– May 31, 2012) (acting)
- President Tomislav Nikolić (May 31, 2012–2017)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Mirko Cvetković (2008–27 July 2012)
- Prime Minister Ivica Dačić (July 27, 2012–2014)
-
Kosovo (independent since 2008, not internationally recognized)
- President Atifete Jahjaga (2011-2016)
- Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi (2008-2014) (President since 2016)
- Head of State:
-
Slovakia
- Head of State:
- President Ivan Gašparovič (2004–2014)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Iveta Radičová (2010–4 April 2012)
- Prime Minister Robert Fico ( 2006–2010 , April 4, 2012–2018)
- Head of State:
-
Slovenia
- Head of State:
- President Danilo Türk (2007–22 December 2012)
- President Borut Pahor (since December 22, 2012) (2008–2012 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Borut Pahor (2008–28 January 2012) (President since 2012)
- Prime Minister Janez Janša ( 2004–2008 , January 28, 2012–2013, since 2020 )
- Head of State:
-
Spain
- Head of State: King Juan Carlos I (1975-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy (2011-2018)
-
Czech Republic
- Head of State: President Václav Klaus ( 1993 , 2003–2013) (1993–1997 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Petr Nečas (2010-2013)
-
Ukraine
- Head of State: President Viktor Yanukovych (2010–0214) (2002–2005, 2006–2007 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mykola Azarov ( 2004, 2005 , 2010–2014)
-
Hungary
- Head of State:
- President Pál Schmitt (2010–2 April 2012)
- President of Parliament László Kövér (April 2, 2012– May 10, 2012) (acting)
- President János Áder (since May 10, 2012)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Viktor Orbán ( 1998–2002 , since 2010)
- Head of State:
-
Vatican city
- Head of State: Pope Benedict XVI. (2005-2013)
- Head of Government: President of the Governorate Giuseppe Bertello (since 2011)
-
United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952) (crowned 1953)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister David Cameron (2010-2016)
-
Belarus
- Head of State: President Aljaksandr Lukashenka (since 1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich (2010–2014)
-
Republic of Cyprus
- Head of State and Government: President Dimitris Christofias (2008-2013)
-
Northern Cyprus (not internationally recognized)
- Head of State: President Derviş Eroğlu (2010–2015) (1985–1994, 1996–2004, 2009–2010 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister İrsen Küçük (2010–2013)