List of Heads of State 2012

Overview
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Africa

Egypt
- Head of State:
  - Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces Mohammed Hussein Tantawi (2011–30 June 2012)
  - President Mohammed Mursi (June 30, 2012–2013)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Kamal al-Ganzuri ( 1996–1999 , 2011–2 August 2012)
  - Prime Minister Hischam Kandil (August 2, 2012–2013)

Algeria
- Head of State: President Abd al-Aziz Bouteflika (1999-2019)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia ( 1995–1998, 2003–2006 , 2008–3 September 2012, 2017–2019 )
  - Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal (September 3, 2012–2014, 2014–2017 )

Angola
- Head of State and Government: President José Eduardo dos Santos (1979–2017)

Equatorial Guinea
- Head of State: President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (since 1979) (until 1982 Chairman of the Supreme Military Council)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ignacio Milam Tang (2008–21 May 2012)
  - Prime Minister Vicente Ehate Tomi (since May 21, 2012)

Ethiopia
- Head of State: President Girma Wolde-Giorgis (2001-2013)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Meles Zenawi (1995–20 August 2012) (1991–1995 President)
  - Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn (August 20, 2012-2018) (provisional until September 21, 2012)

Benin
- Head of State: President Boni Yayi (2006-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Pascal Koupaki (2011-2013)

Botswana
- Head of State or Government: President Ian Khama (2008-2018)

Burkina Faso
- Head of State: President Blaise Compaoré (1987-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Luc-Adolphe Tiao (2011-2014)

Burundi
- Head of State and Government: President Pierre Nkurunziza (2005–2020)

Djibouti
- Head of State: President Ismail Omar Guelleh (since 1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Dileita Mohamed Dileita (2001-2013)

Ivory Coast
- Head of State: President Alassane Ouattara (since 2010) (Prime Minister 1990–1993)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Guillaume Soro (2007–13 March 2012)
  - Prime Minister Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio (March 13, 2012– November 21, 2012)
  - Prime Minister Daniel Kablan Duncan ( 1993–1999 , November 21, 2012–2017)

Eritrea
- Head of State and Government: President Isayas Afewerki (since 1993)

Gabon
- Head of State: President Ali-Ben Bongo Ondimba (since 2009)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Paul Biyoghé Mba (2009–27 February 2012)
  - Prime Minister Raymond Ndong Sima (February 27, 2012–2014)

Gambia
- Head of State and Government: President Yahya Jammeh (1994–2017) (until 1996 Chairman of the Provisional Government Council of the Army)

Ghana
- Head of State and Government:
  - President John Atta Mills (2009– July 24, 2012)
  - President John Dramani Mahama (July 24, 2012-2017)

Guinea
- Head of State: President Alpha Condé (since 2010)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mohamed Saïd Fofana (2010-2015)

Guinea-Bissau

Head of State:

President Malam Bacai Sanhá ( 1999–2000 , 2009– January 9, 2012)

President of the National Assembly Raimundo Pereira ( 2009 , January 9, 2012– April 12, 2012) (acting)

Leader of the Mamadu Turé Kuruma Military Command (April 12, 2012– May 11 , 2012)

President Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo (May 11, 2012–2014) (acting)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Júnior ( 2004–2005 , 2009–10 February 2012)

Prime Minister Adiato Diallo Nandigna (February 10, 2012– April 12, 2012)

Prime Minister Rui Duarte de Barros (April 12, 2012–2014) (acting)

Cameroon
- Head of State: President Paul Biya (since 1982)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Philémon Yang (2009-2019)

Cape Verde
- Head of State: President Jorge Carlos Fonseca (since 2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister José Maria Neves (since 2001)

Kenya

Head of State: President Mwai Kibaki (2002–2013)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Raila Odinga (2008-2013)

Comoros
- Head of State or Government: President Ikililou Dhoinine (since 2011)

Democratic Republic of the Congo (until 1964 Congo-Léopoldville , 1964–1971 Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1971–1997 Zaïre )

Head of State: President Joseph Kabila (2001-2019)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Adolphe Muzito (2008–6 March 2012)

Vice Prime Minister Louis Koyagialo (March 6, 2012– April 18, 2012) ( Acting )

Prime Minister Augustin Matata Ponyo (since April 18, 2012)

Republic of the Congo (1960–1970 Congo-Brazzaville ; 1970–1992 People's Republic of the Congo )
- Head of State and Government: President Denis Sassou-Nguesso ( 1979–1992 , since 1997)

Lesotho
- Head of State: King Letsie III. ( 1990–1995 , since 1996)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Bethuel Pakalitha Mosisili (1998–8 June 2012, 2015–2017 )
  - Prime Minister Thomas Thabane (June 8, 2012–2015, 2017–2020 )

Liberia
- Head of State or Government: President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (2006–2018)

Libya
- Head of State:
  - Chairman of the National Transitional Council Mustafa Abd al-Jalil (2011–9 August 2012)
  - President of the General National Assembly Mohammed Ali Salim (August 9, 2012– August 10, 2012)
  - President of the General National Assembly Mohamed Yusuf al Magariaf (August 10, 2012–2013)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Abdel Rahim el-Kib (2011–12 September 2012)
  - Prime Minister Mustafa Abu Shagur (September 13, 2012– October 7, 2012)
  - Prime Minister Ali Seidan (October 14, 2012-2014)

Madagascar

Head of State: President Andry Rajoelina (2009-2014, since 2019 )

Head of Government: Prime Minister Omer Beriziky (2011-2014)

Malawi
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Bingu wa Mutharika (2004–5 April 2012)
  - President Joyce Banda (April 5, 2012–2014) (until April 7, acting)

Mali
- Head of State:
  - President Amadou Toumani Touré ( 1991–1992 , 2002–22 March 2012)
  - President Amadou Haya Sanogo (March 22, 2012– April 12, 2012)
  - Chairman of the National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and the State Dioncounda Traoré (April 12, 2012–2013) (acting)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé (2011–22 March 2012)
  - Prime Minister Cheick Modibo Diarra (March 22, 2012– December 11, 2012) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Django Sissoko (December 11, 2012–2013) (acting)

Morocco
- Head of State: King Mohammed VI. (since 1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdelilah Benkirane (2011-2017)

Mauritania

Head of State: President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz ( 2008–2009 , 2009–2019)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdhaf (2008-2014)

Mauritius

Head of State:

President Anerood Jugnauth (2003–31 March 2012) (1982–1985, 2000–2003, 2014–2017 Prime Minister)

Vice-President Monique Ohsan Bellepeau (March 31, 2012– July 21, 2012) (acting)

President Kailash Purryag (July 21, 2012–2015)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Navin Ramgoolam ( 1995–2000 , 2005–2014)

Mozambique
- Head of State: President Armando Guebuza (2005–2015)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Aires Ali (2010–8 October 2012)
  - Prime Minister Alberto Vaquina (October 8, 2012–2015)

Namibia
- Head of State: President Hifikepunye Pohamba (2005-2015)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Nahas Angula (2005–4 December 2012)
- * Prime Minister Hage Geingob ( 1990–2002 , December 4, 2012–2015) (President since 2015)

Niger

Head of State: President Mahamadou Issoufou (since 2011) (1993–1994 Prime Minister)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Brigi Rafini (since 2011)

Nigeria
- Head of State or Government: President Goodluck Jonathan (2010-2015)

Rwanda

Head of State: President Paul Kagame (since 2000)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Pierre Habumuremyi (2011-2014)

Zambia
- Head of State and Government: President Michael Sata (2011–2014)

Sao Tome and Principe
- Head of State: President Manuel Pinto da Costa ( 1975–1991 , 2011–2016)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Patrice Trovoada ( 2008 , 2010–12 December 2012, 2014–2018 )
  - Prime Minister Gabriel Arcanjo da Costa ( 2002 , December 12, 2012-2014)

Senegal
- Head of State:
  - President Abdoulaye Wade (2000–2 April 2012)
  - President Macky Sall (since April 2, 2012) (Prime Minister 2004–2007)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye (2009–5 April 2012)
  - Prime Minister Abdoul Mbaye (April 5, 2012–2013)

Seychelles
- Head of State or Government: President James Alix Michel (2004–2016)

Sierra Leone
- Head of State and Government: President Ernest Koroma (2007-2018)

Zimbabwe

Head of State: President Robert Mugabe (1987–2017) (1980–1987 Prime Minister)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai (2009-2013)

Somalia

Head of State:

President Sharif Sheikh Ahmed (2009–20 August 2012)

Speaker of the Parliament, Muse Hassan Abdulle (August 20, 2012– August 28, 2012) (acting)

President Mohammed Osman Jawari (August 28, 2012– September 16 , 2012) (acting)

President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud (September 16, 2012-2017)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Abdiweli Mohamed Ali (2011–17 October 2012)

Prime Minister Abdi Farah Shirdon (October 17, 2012–2013)

Somaliland (not internationally recognized)
Head of State and Government: President Ahmed Mohammed Mahamoud Silanyo (since 2010)

South Africa
- Head of State and Government: President Jacob Zuma (2009–2018)

Sudan
- Head of State and Government: President Umar al-Bashir (1989–2019)

South Sudan
- Head of State and Government: President Salva Kiir Mayardit (since 2011)

Swaziland

Head of State: King Mswati III. (since 1986)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini ( 1996–2003 , 2008–2018)

Tanzania
- Head of State: President Jakaya Kikwete (2005–2015)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda (2008-2015)

Togo
- Head of State: President Faure Gnassingbé ( 2005 , since 2005)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Gilbert Houngbo (2008–23 July 2012)
  - Prime Minister Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu (23 July 2012–2015)

Chad

Head of State: President Idriss Déby (since 1990)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Emmanuel Nadingar (2010-2013)

Tunisia
- Head of State: President Moncef Marzouki (2011-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hamadi Jebali (2011-2013)

Uganda

Head of State: President Yoweri Museveni (since 1986)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Amama Mbabazi (2011-2014)

Western Sahara (controversial)
- Head of State: President Mohamed Abdelaziz (1976-2016) (in exile)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdelkader Taleb Oumar (2003–2018) (in exile)

Central African Republic

Head of State: President François Bozizé (2003-2013)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Faustin Archange Touadéra (2008-2013)

America

North America

Canada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Governor General : David Johnston (2010-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Stephen Harper (2006-2015)

Mexico
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Felipe Calderón (2006–1 December 2012)
  - President Enrique Peña Nieto (December 1, 2012–2018)

United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President Barack Obama (2009-2017)

Central America

Antigua and Barbuda
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
  - Governor General : Louise Lake-Tack (2007-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Baldwin Spencer (2004–2014)

Bahamas
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1973)
  - Governor General : Arthur Foulkes (2010-2014)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Hubert Ingraham ( 1992–2002 , 2007–8 May 2012)
  - Prime Minister Perry Christie ( 2002-2007 , May 8, 2012-2017)

Barbados
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1966)
  - Governor General : Elliot Belgrave (2011–30 May 2012, 2012–2017 ) (acting)
  - Governor General: Sandra Mason (May 30, 2012– June 1, 2012) (acting)
  - Governor General: Elliot Belgrave ( 2011–2012 , June 1, 2012–2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Freundel Stuart (2010-2018)

Belize
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
  - Governor General : Colville Young (since 1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Dean Barrow (since 2008)

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Laura Chinchilla (2010-2014)

Dominica
- Head of State:
  - President Nicholas Liverpool (2003–17 September 2012)
  - President Eliud Williams (September 17, 2012–2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit (since 2004)

Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Leonel Fernández ( 1996–2000 , 2004–16 August 2012)
  - President Danilo Medina (August 16, 2012–2020)

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Mauricio Funes (2009-2014)

Grenada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
  - Governor General : Carlyle Glean (2008-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Tillman Thomas (2008-2013)

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Álvaro Colom Caballeros (2008–14 January 2012)
  - President Otto Pérez Molina (January 14, 2012–2015)

Haiti
- Head of State: President Michel Martelly (2011-2016)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Garry Conille (2011–16 May 2012)
  - Prime Minister Laurent Lamothe (May 16, 2012–2014)

Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President Porfirio Lobo Sosa (2010-2014)

Jamaica
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1962)
  - Governor General : Patrick Allen (since 2009)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Andrew Holness (2011–5 Jan 2012)
  - Prime Minister Portia Simpson Miller ( 2006–2007 , since January 5, 2012)

Cuba
Head of State and Head of Government: President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers Raúl Castro (2006-2018) (provisional until 2008)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Daniel Ortega ( 1985–1990 , since 2007) (1979–1985 member of the government junta for national reconstruction)

Panama
- Head of State and Government: President Ricardo Martinelli (2009-2014)

St. Kitts and Nevis
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1983)
  - Governor General : Cuthbert Sebastian (1996–2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Denzil Douglas (1995-2015)

St. Lucia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
  - Governor General : Dame Pearlette Louisy (1997-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kenneth Anthony ( 1997-2006 , 2011-2016)

St. Vincent and the Grenadines
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
  - Governor General : Frederick Ballantyne (2002–2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves (since 2001)

Trinidad and Tobago
- Head of State: President George Maxwell Richards (2003-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar (2010–2015)

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2007–2015)

Bolivia
- Head of State or Government: President Evo Morales (2006-2019)

Brazil
- Head of State and Government: President Dilma Rousseff (2011–2016)

Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Sebastián Piñera (2010-2014)

Ecuador
- Head of State or Government: President Rafael Correa (2007-2017)

Guyana
- Head of State: President Donald Ramotar (2011-2015)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sam Hinds ( 1992–1997, 1997–1999 , 1999–2015) (1997 President)

Colombia
- Head of State and Government: President Juan Manuel Santos (2010-2018)

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Fernando Lugo (2008–22 June 2012)
  - President Federico Franco (June 22, 2012–2013)

Peru
- Head of State: President Ollanta Humala (2011-2016)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Oscar Valdés (December 11, 2011 - July 23, 2012)
  - Prime Minister Juan Jiménez Mayor (July 23, 2012–2013)

Suriname
- Head of State and Government: President Dési Bouterse ( 1980, 1982 , 2010-2020)
- Head of Government: Vice President Robert Ameerali (2010-2015)

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government: President José Mujica (2010–2015)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Hugo Chávez ( 1999–2002 , 2002–2013)

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

Bangladesh
- Head of State: President Zillur Rahman (2009-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hasina Wajed ( 1996–2001 , since 2009)

Bhutan
- Head of State: King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck (since 2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jigme Thinley ( 1998–1999 , 2003–2004 , 2008–2013)

Brunei
- Head of State and Government: Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (since 1967)

Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Head of State: President Ma Ying-jeou (since 2008)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Wu Den-yih (2009–6 February 2012)
  - Prime Minister Sean Chen (February 6, 2012-2013)

People's Republic of China
- Head of State: President Hu Jintao (2003-2013)
- Head of Government: Chairman of the State Council Wen Jiabao (2003-2013)

India
- Head of State:
  - President Pratibha Patil (2007–25 July 2012)
  - President Pranab Mukherjee (since July 25, 2012)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Manmohan Singh (2004–2014)

Indonesia
- Head of State and Government: President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004–2014)

Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Akihito (1989-2019)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda (2011–26 December 2012)
  - Prime Minister Shinzō Abe ( 2006–2007 , since December 26, 2012)

Cambodia
- Head of State: King Norodom Sihamoni (since 2004)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hun Sen (since 1985)

North Korea
- De facto ruler : Kim Jong-un (since April 13, 2012)
- Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly : Kim Yong-nam (since 1998)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Choe Yong-rim (2010-2013)

South Korea
- Head of State: President Lee Myung-bak (2008-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kim Hwang-sik (2010-2013)

Laos

Head of State: President Choummaly Sayasone (2006-2016)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Thongsing Thammavong (2010-2016)

Malaysia
- Head of State: Supreme Ruler Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah (since 2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Najib Razak (2009-2018)

Maldives
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Mohamed Nasheed (2008–7 February 2012)
  - President Mohammed Waheed Hassan (February 7, 2012–2013)

Myanmar
- Head of State and Government: President Thein Sein (since 2011) (2007–2011 Prime Minister)

Nepal
- Head of State: President Ram Baran Yadav (2008-2015)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai (2011-2013)

East Timor
- Head of State:
  - President José Ramos-Horta (2007–20 May 2012) (2006–2007 Prime Minister)
  - President Taur Matan Ruak (May 20, 2012-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão (2007–2015) (2002–2007 President)

Pakistan
- Head of State: President Asif Ali Zardari (2008-2013)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani (2008–19 June 2012)
  - Prime Minister Raja Pervez Ashraf (June 22, 2012–2013)

Philippines
- Head of State and Government: President Benigno Aquino III. (2010-2016)

Singapore
- Head of State: President Tony Tan Keng Yam (2011-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong (since 2004)

Sri Lanka
- Head of State: President Mahinda Rajapaksa (2005–2015) (2004–2005, 2018, Prime Minister since 2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister D. M. Jayaratne (2010–2015)

Thailand
- Head of State: King Rama IX. Bhumibol Adulyadej (1946-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra (2011-2014)

Vietnam

Head of State: President Trương Tấn Sang (since 2011)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng (since 2006)

Middle East

Armenia
- Head of State: President Serzh Sargsyan (2008–2018) (2007–2008 and 2018 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Tigran Sargsjan (2008-2014)

Azerbaijan

Head of State: President Ilham Aliyev (since 2003)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Artur Rasizadä ( 1996–2003 , 2003–2018)

Nagorno Karabakh (not internationally recognized)

Head of State: President Bako Sahakjan (since 2007)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Arajik Harutjunjan (since 2007)

Bahrain
- Head of State: King Hamad bin Isa Al Chalifa (since 1999) (Emir until 2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa (since 1971)

Georgia

Head of State: President Mikheil Saakashvili ( 2004–2007 , 2008–2013)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Nika Gilauri (2009–4 July 2012)

Prime Minister Vano Merabishvili (July 4, 2012– October 25, 2012)

Prime Minister Bidzina Ivanishvili (October 25, 2012–2013)

Abkhazia (not recognized internationally)

Head of State: President Alexander Ankwab (2011–2014) (2005–2010, Prime Minister since 2020)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Leonid Lakerbaia (2011-2014)

South Ossetia (not internationally recognized)

Head of State:

Prime Minister Wadim Browzew (2011–19 April 2012) (acting)

President Leonid Tibilow (April 19, 2012-2017)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Wadim Browzew (2009–26 April 2012)

Prime Minister Rostislav Khugayev (April 26, 2012–2014)

Iraq
- Head of State: President Jalal Talabani (2005-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki (2006-2014)

Iran
- Religious head: Supreme legal scholar Ali Chamene'i (since 1989) (Prime Minister 1981–1989)
- Head of Government: President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (2005-2013)

Israel
- Head of State: President Shimon Peres (2007–2014) (1977, 1984–1986, 1995–1996 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu ( 1996–1999 , since 2009)

Yemen

Head of State:

President Ali Abdullah Salih (1990–25 February 2012) (1978–1990 President of North Yemen)

President Abed Rabbo Mansur Hadi (since February 25, 2012)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Mohammed Basindawa (2011-2014)

Jordan
- Head of State: King Abdullah II (since 1999)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Aun Schaukat al-Chasauneh (2011–2 May 2012)
  - Prime Minister Fayez al-Tarawneh ( 1998–1999 , May 2, 2012– October 11, 2012)
  - Prime Minister Abdullah Ensour (since October 11, 2012)

Qatar

Head of State: Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (1995–2013) (1995–1996 Prime Minister)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Hamad ibn Jasim ibn Jabir Al Thani (2007-2013)

Kuwait

Head of State: Emir Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah (since 2006) (2003-2006 Prime Minister)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Jabir Mubarak al-Hamad as-Sabah (2011-2019)

Lebanon
- Head of State: President Michel Sulaiman (2008-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Najib Miqati ( 2005 , 2011-2014)

Oman
- Head of State and Government: Sultan Qaboos ibn Said (1970–2020)

Palestinian Territories
- Head of State: President Mahmud Abbas (since 2005) (Prime Minister 2003)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ismail Haniyya (2006–2007) (continues to rule the Gaza Strip and does not recognize Fayyad)
  - Prime Minister Salam Fayyad (2007-2013) (ruled de facto in the West Bank)

Saudi Arabia
- Head of State and Government: King Abdullah ibn Abd al-Aziz (2005-2015)

Syria

Head of State: President Bashar al-Assad (since 2000)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Adel Safar (2011–26 June 2012)

Prime Minister Riyad Farid Hijab (June 26, 2012– August 6, 2012)

Prime Minister Omar Ghalawandschi (August 6, 2012– August 11 , 2012) (acting)

Prime Minister Wael al-Halki ( since August 11, 2012)

Turkey
- Head of State: President Abdullah Gül (2007–2014) (2002–2003 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (2003-2014) (President since 2014)

United Arab Emirates
- Head of State: President Chalifa bin Zayid Al Nahyan (since 2004) (since 2004 Emir of Abu Dhabi)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Muhammad bin Raschid Al Maktum (since 2006) (since 2006 Emir of Dubai)

Central Asia

Afghanistan
- Head of State and Government: President Hamid Karzai (2001-2014)

Kazakhstan
- Head of State: President Nursultan Nazarbayev (1991-2019)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Kärim Mässimow (2007–24 September 2012, since 2014 )
  - Prime Minister Serik Akhmetov (September 24, 2012–2014)

Kyrgyzstan
- Head of State: President Almasbek Atambayev (2011–2017) (2007, 2010–2011 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ömürbek Babanow (2011–1 September 2012)
  - Prime Minister Aaly Karashev (September 1, 2012– September 5, 2012) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Dschantörö Satybaldijew (September 5, 2012-2014)

Mongolia
- Head of State: President Tsachiagiin Elbegdordsch (2009–2017) (1998, 2004–2006 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Süchbaataryn Batbold (2009–9 August 2012)
  - Prime Minister Norowyn Altanchujag ( 2009 , August 9, 2012-2014)

Tajikistan

Head of State: President Emomalij Rahmon (since 1992)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Oqil Oqilow (1999-2013)

Turkmenistan
- Head of State and Government: President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow (since 2006) (acting until 2007)

Uzbekistan

Head of State: President Islom Karimov (1991-2016)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Shavkat Mirziyoyev (since 2003)

Australia and Oceania

Australia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Governor General : Quentin Bryce (2008-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Julia Gillard (2010–2013)

Cook Islands (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1965)
  - Queen's Representative: Frederick Tutu Goodwin (2001-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Henry Puna (since 2010)

Fiji
- Head of State: President Epeli Nailatikau (2009–2015)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama (since 2007) (acting) (2000 Chairman of the Military Government)

Kiribati
- Head of State and Government: President Anote Tong (2003-2016)

Marshall Islands
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Jurelang Zedkaia (2009–10 January 2012)
  - President Christopher Loeak (January 10, 2012-2016)

Micronesia
- Head of State or Government: President Manny Mori (2007-2015)

Nauru
- Head of State and Government: President Sprent Dabwido (2011–2013)

New Zealand
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Governor General : Jerry Mateparae (since 2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister John Key (since 2008)

Niue (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
  - Queen's Representative: Governor General of New Zealand
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Toke Talagi (since 2008)

Palau
- Head of State or Government: President Johnson Toribiong (2009-2013)

Papua New Guinea
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1975)
  - Governor General : Michael Ogio (2010–2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Peter O'Neill (2011-2019)

Solomon Islands
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
  - Governor General : Frank Kabui (2009–2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Gordon Darcy Lilo (2011-2014)

Samoa

Head of State: O le Ao o le Malo Tupuola Taisi Tufuga Efi (2007–2017) (Prime Minister 1976–1982)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Sailele Tuilaʻepa Malielegaoi (since 1998)

Tonga
- Head of State:
  - King George Tupou V (2006–18 March 2012)
  - King Tupou VI. (since March 18, 2012) (Prime Minister 2000–2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sialeʻataongo Tuʻivakanō (2010-2014)

Tuvalu
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
  - Governor General : Iakoba Italeli (since 2010)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Willy Telavi (since 2010)

Vanuatu
- Head of State: President Iolu Abil (2009-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sato Kilman ( 2010–2011, 2011 , 2011–2013)

Europe

Albania
- Head of State:
  - President Bamir Topi (2007–24 July 2012)
  - President Bujar Nishani (July 24, 2012-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sali Berisha (2005–2013) (1992–1997 President)

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - President of France :
    - Nicolas Sarkozy (2007̣ – May 15, 2012)
    - François Hollande (May 15, 2012-2017)
  - Bishop of Urgell Joan Enric Vives i Sicília (since 2003)
- Head of Government: District President Antoni Martí Petit (2011–2015, 2015–2019 )

Belgium
- Head of State: King Albert II (1993-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo (2011-2014)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Head of State:
  - President of the State Presidium Željko Komšić ( 2007–2008, 2009–2010 , 2011–10 March 2012, 2013–2014, 2019–2020 )
  - Chairman of the State Presidium Bakir Izetbegović (March 10, 2012– November 10, 2012, 2014 )
  - Chairman of the State Presidium Nebojša Radmanović ( 2006–2007, 2008–2009, 2010–2011 , November 10, 2012–2013)
- State Presidency:
  - Bosniaks: Bakir Izetbegović (2010-2018)
  - Croatians: Željko Komšić (2006–2014, since 2018 )
  - Serbs: Nebojša Radmanović (2006-2014)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Nikola Špirić (2007–12 January 2012)
  - Prime Minister Vjekoslav Bevanda (January 12, 2012–2015)

Bulgaria
- Head of State:
  - President Georgi Parvanov (2002–22 January 2012)
  - President Rossen Plevnelev (January 22, 2012–2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Boyko Borissow (2009–2013, 2014–2017, since 2017 )

Denmark
- Head of State: Queen Margrethe II (since 1972)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt (2011-2015)
- Faroe Islands (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
  - Representative of the Danish government: Reichsombudmann Dan Michael Knudsen (since 2008)
  - Head of Government: Prime Minister Kaj Leo Johannesen (2008-2015)
- Greenland (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
  - Representative of the Danish government: Reichsombudsfrau Mikaela Engell (since 2011)
  - Head of Government: Prime Minister Kuupik Kleist (2009-2013)

Germany
- Head of State:
  - Federal President Christian Wulff (2010–17 February 2012)
  - Federal Council President Horst Seehofer (February 17, 2012– March 18, 2012) (acting)
  - Federal President Joachim Gauck (March 18, 2012-2017)
- Head of Government: Chancellor Angela Merkel (since 2005)

Estonia
- Head of State: President Toomas Hendrik Ilves (2006–2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Andrus Ansip (2005-2014)

Finland
- Head of State:
  - President Tarja Halonen (2000–1 March 2012)
  - President Sauli Niinistö (since March 1, 2012)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jyrki Katainen (2011-2014)

France
- Head of State:
  - President Nicolas Sarkozy (2007–15 May 2012)
  - President François Hollande (May 15, 2012-2017)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister François Fillon (2007–15 May 2012)
  - Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault (May 15, 2012-2014)

Greece
- Head of State: President Karolos Papoulias (2005-2015)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Loukas Papadimos (2011–16 May 2012)
  - Prime Minister Panagiotis Pikrammenos (May 16, 2012– June 20, 2012) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Andonis Samaras (June 20, 2012–2015)

Ireland
- Head of State: President Michael D. Higgins (since 2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Enda Kenny (2011-2017)

Iceland
- Head of State: President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (1996–2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir (2009–2013)

Italy
- Head of State: President Giorgio Napolitano (2006-2015)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mario Monti (2011-2013) (provisional since December 21, 2012)

Channel Islands

guernsey

Head of State: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
Vice-Governor: Peter Walker (2011-2015)

Head of Government:

Chief Minister Lyndon Trott (2008–1 May 2012)

Chief Minister Peter Harwood (May 1, 2012-2014)

jersey

Head of State: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
Lieutenant Governor: John McColl (since 2011)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Ian Gorst (2011-2018)

Croatia
- Head of State: President Ivo Josipović (2010–2015)
- Head of Government: District President Zoran Milanović (2011-2016)

Latvia
- Head of State: President Andris Bērziņš (2011-2015)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Valdis Dombrovskis (2009-2014)

Liechtenstein
- Head of State: Prince Hans-Adam II. (Since 1989)
  - Regent: Hereditary Prince Alois (since 2004)
- Head of Government : Klaus Tschütscher (2009-2013)

Lithuania
- Head of State: President Dalia Grybauskaitė (2009-2019)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Andrius Kubilius ( 1999–2000 , 2008–13 December 2012)
  - Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevičius (December 13, 2012-2016)

Luxembourg
- Head of State: Grand Duke Henri (since 2000) (1998–2000 regent)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker (1995-2013)

Malta
- Head of State: President George Abela (2009-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi (2004-2013)

Isle of Man
- Head of State: Lord of Mann Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Lieutenant Governor : Adam Wood (2011-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Allan Bell (2011-2016)

Macedonia
- Head of State: President Gjorge Ivanov (2009-2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski (2006-2016)

Moldova

Head of State:

Speaker of Parliament Marian Lupu (2010–23 March 2012) (acting)

President Nicolae Timofti (March 23, 2012-2016)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Vlad Filat (2009-2013)

Transnistria (not internationally recognized)

Head of State: President Yevgeny Shevchuk (2011-2016)

Head of government: Prime Minister Pyotr Stepanov (January 18, 2012–2013) (newly created office)

Monaco
- Head of State: Prince : Albert II (since 2005)
- Head of Government: Minister of State Michel Roger (2010-2016)

Montenegro
- Head of State: President Filip Vujanović ( 2002–2003 , 2003–2018) (1998–2003 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Igor Lukšić (2010–4 December 2012)
  - Prime Minister Milo Đukanović ( 1991–1998, 2003–2006, 2008–2010 , December 4, 2012–2016) (1998–2002 President)

Netherlands
- Head of State: Queen Beatrix (1980-2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mark Rutte (since 2010)

Norway
- Head of State: King Harald V (since 1991)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg ( 2000–2001 , 2005–2013)

Austria
- Head of State: Federal President Heinz Fischer (2004–2016)
- Head of Government: Federal Chancellor Werner Faymann (2008-2016)

Poland
- Head of State: President Bronisław Komorowski (2010-2015)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Donald Tusk (2007-2014)

Portugal
- Head of State: President Aníbal Cavaco Silva (2006–2016) (1985–1995 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho (2011-2015)

Romania
- Head of State:
  - President Traian Băsescu (2004–2014) (suspended July 10, 2012– August 28, 2012)
  - Senate President Crin Antonescu (July 10, 2012– August 28, 2012) (acting)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Emil Boc (2008–6 February 2012)
  - Prime Minister Cătălin Predoiu (February 6, 2012– February 9, 2012) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu (February 9, 2012– May 7, 2012)
  - Prime Minister Victor Ponta (May 7, 2012–2015)

Russia
- Head of State:
  - President Dmitry Medvedev (2008–7 May 2012) (Prime Minister 2012–2020)
  - President Vladimir Putin ( 1999–2008 , since May 7, 2012) (1999–2000, 2008–2012 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Vladimir Putin ( 1999–2000 , 2008–7 May 2012) (1999–2008 President)
  - Prime Minister Viktor Zubkov ( 2007–2008 , May 7, 2012– May 8, 2012) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev (May 8, 2012–2020) (President 2008–2012)

San Marino
- Head of State: Capitani Reggenti
  - Gabriele Gatti (October 1, 2011– April 1, 2012) and Matteo Fiorini (October 1, 2011– April 1, 2012)
  - Maurizio Rattini ( 1996–1997 , April 1, 2012– October 1, 2012) and Italo Righi (April 1, 2012– October 1, 2012)
  - Teodoro Lonfernini (October 1, 2012– April 1, 2013) and Denise Bronzetti (October 1, 2012– April 1, 2013)

Sweden
- Head of State: King Carl XVI. Gustaf (since 1973)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt (2006–2014)

Switzerland
- Federal President : Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (2012)
- Federal Council :
  - Doris Leuthard (since 2006)
  - Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (2008-2015)
  - Ueli Maurer (since 2009)
  - Didier Burkhalter (2009-2017)
  - Johann Schneider-Ammann (since 2010)
  - Simonetta Sommaruga (since 2010)
  - Alain Berset (since January 1, 2012)

Serbia
- Head of State:
  - President Boris Tadić (2004–5 April 2012)
  - Speaker of Parliament Slavica Đukić Dejanović (April 5, 2012– May 31, 2012) (acting)
  - President Tomislav Nikolić (May 31, 2012–2017)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Mirko Cvetković (2008–27 July 2012)
  - Prime Minister Ivica Dačić (July 27, 2012–2014)
- Kosovo (independent since 2008, not internationally recognized)
  - President Atifete Jahjaga (2011-2016)
  - Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi (2008-2014) (President since 2016)

Slovakia
- Head of State:
  - President Ivan Gašparovič (2004–2014)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Iveta Radičová (2010–4 April 2012)
  - Prime Minister Robert Fico ( 2006–2010 , April 4, 2012–2018)

Slovenia
- Head of State:
  - President Danilo Türk (2007–22 December 2012)
  - President Borut Pahor (since December 22, 2012) (2008–2012 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Borut Pahor (2008–28 January 2012) (President since 2012)
  - Prime Minister Janez Janša ( 2004–2008 , January 28, 2012–2013, since 2020 )

Spain
- Head of State: King Juan Carlos I (1975-2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy (2011-2018)

Czech Republic
- Head of State: President Václav Klaus ( 1993 , 2003–2013) (1993–1997 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Petr Nečas (2010-2013)

Ukraine
- Head of State: President Viktor Yanukovych (2010–0214) (2002–2005, 2006–2007 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mykola Azarov ( 2004, 2005 , 2010–2014)

Hungary
- Head of State:
  - President Pál Schmitt (2010–2 April 2012)
  - President of Parliament László Kövér (April 2, 2012– May 10, 2012) (acting)
  - President János Áder (since May 10, 2012)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Viktor Orbán ( 1998–2002 , since 2010)

Vatican city

Head of State: Pope Benedict XVI. (2005-2013)

Head of Government: President of the Governorate Giuseppe Bertello (since 2011)

United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952) (crowned 1953)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister David Cameron (2010-2016)

Belarus
- Head of State: President Aljaksandr Lukashenka (since 1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich (2010–2014)

Republic of Cyprus

Head of State and Government: President Dimitris Christofias (2008-2013)

Northern Cyprus (not internationally recognized)

Head of State: President Derviş Eroğlu (2010–2015) (1985–1994, 1996–2004, 2009–2010 Prime Minister)

Head of Government: Prime Minister İrsen Küçük (2010–2013)

Remarks

↑ ^a ^b The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are areas that are directly under the British Crown. They are not part of the UK.
↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares

[kronbesitz-1] The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are areas that are directly under the British Crown. They are not part of the UK.

[2] The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares