List of Heads of State 2015

Overview
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Africa

Egypt
- Head of State: President Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi (since 2014)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ibrahim Mahlab (2014–19 September 2015)
  - Prime Minister Sherif Ismail (September 19, 2015-2018)

Algeria
- Head of State: President Abd al-Aziz Bouteflika (1999-2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal ( 2012–2014 , 2014–2017)

Angola
- Head of State and Government: President José Eduardo dos Santos (1979–2017)

Equatorial Guinea

Head of State: President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (since 1979) (until 1982 Chairman of the Supreme Military Council)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Vicente Ehate Tomi (since 2012)

Ethiopia
- Head of State: President Mulatu Teschome (2013-2018)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn (2012-2018)

Benin
- Head of State: President Boni Yayi (2006-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lionel Zinsou (since June 18, 2015) (newly created office)

Botswana
- Head of State or Government: President Ian Khama (2008-2018)

Burkina Faso
- Head of State:
  - President Michel Kafando (2014–16 September 2015, 2015 ) (acting)
  - Chairman of the National Council for Democracy Gilbert Diendéré (September 17, 2015– September 23, 2015)
  - President Michel Kafando ( 2014–2015 , 23 September 2015–29 December 2015) (acting)
  - President Roch Marc Kaboré (since December 29, 2015) (Prime Minister 1994–1996)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Isaac Zida (2014–16 September 2015, 2015 ) (2014 President)
  - vacant (September 16, 2016– September 23, 2016)
  - Prime Minister Isaac Zida ( 2014-2015 , 23 September 2015-2016) (2014 President)

Burundi
- Head of State and Government: President Pierre Nkurunziza (2005–2020)

Djibouti
- Head of State: President Ismail Omar Guelleh (since 1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed (since 2013)

Ivory Coast
- Head of State: President Alassane Ouattara (since 2010) (Prime Minister 1990–1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Daniel Kablan Duncan ( 1993–1999 , 2012–2017)

Eritrea
- Head of State and Government: President Isayas Afewerki (since 1993)

Gabon
- Head of State: President Ali-Ben Bongo Ondimba (since 2009)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Daniel Ona Ondo (2014–2016)

Gambia
- Head of State and Government: President Yahya Jammeh (1994–2017) (until 1996 Chairman of the Provisional Government Council of the Army)

Ghana
- Head of State or Government: President John Dramani Mahama (2012-2017)

Guinea
- Head of State: President Alpha Condé (since 2010)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Mohamed Saïd Fofana (2010–29 December 2015)
  - Prime Minister Mamady Youla (December 29, 2015-2018)

Guinea-Bissau
- Head of State: President José Mário Vaz (2014–2020)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Domingos Simões Pereira (2014–20 August 2015)
  - Prime Minister Baciro Djá (August 20, 2015– September 17, 2015)
  - Prime Minister Carlos Correia ( 1991–1994, 1997–1998, 2008–2009 , September 17, 2015–2016)

Cameroon
- Head of State: President Paul Biya (since 1982)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Philémon Yang (2009-2019)

Cape Verde
- Head of State: President Jorge Carlos Fonseca (since 2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister José Maria Neves (since 2001)

Kenya
- Head of State or Government: President Uhuru Kenyatta (since 2013)

Comoros
- Head of State or Government: President Ikililou Dhoinine (since 2011)

Democratic Republic of the Congo (until 1964 Congo-Léopoldville , 1964–1971 Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1971–1997 Zaïre )
- Head of State: President Joseph Kabila (2001-2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Augustin Matata Ponyo (since 2012)

Republic of the Congo (1960–1970 Congo-Brazzaville ; 1970–1992 People's Republic of the Congo )
- Head of State and Government: President Denis Sassou-Nguesso ( 1979–1992 , since 1997)

Lesotho
- Head of State: King Letsie III. ( 1990–1995 , since 1996)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Thomas Thabane (2012–2015, 2017–2020 )
  - Prime Minister Bethuel Pakalitha Mosisili ( 1998–2012 , March 17, 2015–2017)

Liberia
- Head of State or Government: President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (2006–2018)

Libya
- Head of State: President of the Council of Representatives Aguila Saleh Issa (since 2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdullah Thenni (since 2014)

Madagascar
- Head of State: President Hery Rajaonarimampianina (2014-2018)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Roger Kolo (2014–17 January 2015)
  - Prime Minister Jean Ravelonarivo (January 17, 2015-2016)

Malawi
- Head of State and Government: President Peter Mutharika (2014–2020)

Mali
- Head of State: President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta (2013-2020)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Moussa Mara (2014–8 January 2015)
  - Prime Minister Modibo Keïta ( 2002, January 8, 2015-2017)

Morocco
- Head of State: King Mohammed VI. (since 1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdelilah Benkirane (2011-2017)

Mauritania
- Head of State: President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz ( 2008–2009 , 2009–2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Yahya Ould Hademine (2014-2018)

Mauritius

Head of State:

President Kailash Purryag (2012–29 May 2015)

Vice President Monique Ohsan Bellepeau ( 2012 , May 29, 2015– June 5, 2015)

President Ameenah Gurib (June 5, 2015–2018)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth ( 1982–1995 , 2000–2003 , 2014–2017)

Mozambique
- Head of State:
  - President Armando Guebuza (2005–15 January 2015)
  - President Filipe Nyusi (since January 15, 2015)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Alberto Vaquina (2012–9 January 2015)
  - Prime Minister Carlos Agostinho do Rosário (since January 19, 2015)

Namibia
- Head of State:
  - President Hifikepunye Pohamba (2005–21 March 2015)
  - President Hage Geingob (since March 21, 2015) (1990–2002, 2012–2015 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Hage Geingob ( 1990–2002 , 2012–21 March 2015) (President since 2015)
  - Prime Minister Saara Kuugongelwa-Amadhila (since March 21, 2015)

Niger
- Head of State: President Mahamadou Issoufou (since 2011) (1993–1994 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Brigi Rafini (since 2011)

Nigeria
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Goodluck Jonathan (2010–29 May 2015)
  - President Muhammadu Buhari ( 1983–1985 , since May 29, 2015)

Rwanda

Head of State: President Paul Kagame (since 2000)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Anastase Murekezi (2014-2017)

Zambia
Head of State and Government:

President Guy Scott (2014–25 January 2015) ( Acting )

President Edgar Lungu (since January 25, 2015)

Sao Tome and Principe

Head of State: President Manuel Pinto da Costa ( 1975–1991 , 2011–2016)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Patrice Trovoada ( 2008 , 2010–2012 , 2014–2018)

Senegal
- Head of State: President Macky Sall (since 2012) (Prime Minister 2004–2007)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mohamed Ben Abdallah Dionne (since 2014)

Seychelles
- Head of State or Government: President James Alix Michel (2004–2016)

Sierra Leone
- Head of State and Government: President Ernest Koroma (2007-2018)

Zimbabwe
- Head of State: President Robert Mugabe (1987–2017) (1980–1987 Prime Minister)

Somalia
- Head of State: President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud (2012-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke ( 2009–2010 , 2014–2017)

South Africa
- Head of State and Government: President Jacob Zuma (2009–2018)

Sudan
- Head of State and Government: President Umar al-Bashir (1989–2019)

South Sudan
- Head of State and Government: President Salva Kiir Mayardit (since 2011)

Swaziland

Head of State: King Mswati III. (since 1986)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini ( 1996–2003 , 2008–2018)

Tanzania
- Head of State:
  - President Jakaya Kikwete (2005–5 November 2015)
  - President John Magufuli (since November 5, 2015)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda (2008–20 November 2015)
  - Prime Minister Kassim Majaliwa (since November 20, 2015)

Togo
- Head of State: President Faure Gnassingbé ( 2005 , since 2005)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu (2012–10 June 2015)
  - Prime Minister Komi Sélom Klassou (since June 10, 2015)

Chad
- Head of State: President Idriss Déby (since 1990)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kalzeubé Pahimi Deubet (since 2013)

Tunisia
- Head of State: President Beji Caid Essebsi (2014-2019)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Mehdi Jomaâ (2014–6 February 2015)
  - Prime Minister Habib Essid (February 6, 2015-2016)

Uganda
- Head of State: President Yoweri Museveni (since 1986)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ruhakana Rugunda (since 2014)

Western Sahara (controversial)
- Head of State: President Mohamed Abdelaziz (1976-2016) (in exile)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdelkader Taleb Oumar (2003–2018) (in exile)

Central African Republic
- Head of State: President Catherine Samba-Panza (2014-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mahamat Kamoun (since 2014)

America

North America

Canada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Governor General : David Johnston (2010-2017)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Stephen Harper (2006–4 November 2015)
  - Prime Minister Justin Trudeau (since November 4, 2015)

Mexico
- Head of State and Government: President Enrique Peña Nieto (2012–2018)

United States of America
- Head of State or Government: President Barack Obama (2009-2017)

Central America

Antigua and Barbuda
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
  - Governor General : Rodney Williams (since 2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Gaston Browne (since 2014)

Bahamas
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1973)
  - Governor General : Marguerite Pindling (2014–2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Perry Christie ( 2002-2007 , 2012-2017)

Barbados
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1966)
  - Governor General : Elliot Belgrave ( 2011–2012 , 2012–2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Freundel Stuart (2010-2018)

Belize
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1981)
  - Governor General : Colville Young (since 1993)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Dean Barrow (since 2008)

Costa Rica
- Head of State or Government: President Luis Guillermo Solís (2014-2018)

Dominica
- Head of State: President Charles Savarin (since 2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit (since 2004)

Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government: President Danilo Medina (2012–2020)

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Salvador Sánchez Cerén (2014–2019)

Grenada
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
  - Governor General : Cécile La Grenade (since 2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Keith Mitchell ( 1995–2008 , since 2013)

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Otto Pérez Molina (2012–3 September 2015)
  - President Alejandro Maldonado Aguirre (September 3, 2015-2016)

Haiti
- Head of State: President Michel Martelly (2011-2016)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Florence Duperval Guillaume (acting) (2014–16 January 2015)
  - Prime Minister Evans Paul (January 16, 2015-2016)

Honduras
- Head of State or Government: President Juan Orlando Hernández (since 2014)

Jamaica
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1962)
  - Governor General : Patrick Allen (since 2009)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Portia Simpson Miller ( 2006–2007 , since 2012)

Cuba
Head of State and Head of Government: President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers Raúl Castro (2006-2018) (provisional until 2008)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Daniel Ortega ( 1985–1990 , since 2007) (1979–1985 member of the government junta for national reconstruction)

Panama
- Head of State and Government: President Juan Carlos Varela (2014–2019)

St. Kitts and Nevis
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1983)
  - Governor General :
    - Edmund Lawrence (2013–19 May 2015)
    - Samuel Weymouth Tapley Seaton (since May 20, 2015) (provisional until September 2, 2015)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Denzil Douglas (1995–18 February 2015)
  - Prime Minister Timothy Harris (since February 18, 2015)

St. Lucia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
  - Governor General : Dame Pearlette Louisy (since 1997)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kenneth Anthony ( 1997-2006 , 2011-2016)

St. Vincent and the Grenadines
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1979)
  - Governor General : Frederick Ballantyne (2002–2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves (since 2001)

Trinidad and Tobago
- Head of State: President Anthony Carmona (2013-2018)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar (2010–9 September 2015)
  - Premier Keith Rowley (since September 9, 2015)

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2007–9 December 2015)
  - President Federico Pinedo (December 10, 2015) (acting)
  - President Mauricio Macri (December 10, 2015-2019)

Bolivia
- Head of State or Government: President Evo Morales (2006-2019)

Brazil
- Head of State and Government: President Dilma Rousseff (2011–2016)

Chile
- Head of State and Government: President Michelle Bachelet ( 2006–2010 , 2014–2018)

Ecuador
- Head of State or Government: President Rafael Correa (2007-2017)

Guyana
- Head of State:
  - President Donald Ramotar (2011–16 May 2015)
  - President David Arthur Granger (May 16, 2015–2020)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Sam Hinds ( 1992–1997, 1997–1999 , 1999–20 May 2015) (1997 President)
  - Prime Minister Moses Nagamootoo (May 20, 2015–2020)

Colombia
- Head of State and Government: President Juan Manuel Santos (2010-2018)

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Horacio Cartes (2013-2018)

Peru
- Head of State: President Ollanta Humala (2011-2016)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ana Jara (2014–2 April 2015)
  - Prime Minister Pedro Cateriano (April 2, 2015-2016, since 2020 )

Suriname
- Head of State and Government: President Dési Bouterse ( 1980, 1982 , 2010-2020)
- Head of Government:
  - Vice President Robert Ameerali (2010–12 August 2015)
  - Vice President Ashwin Adhin (August 12, 2015–2020)

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government:
  - President José Mujica (2010–1 March 2015)
  - President Tabaré Vázquez ( 2005–2010 , March 1, 2015–2020)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Nicolás Maduro (since 2013)

Asia

East, South and Southeast Asia

Bangladesh
- Head of State: President Abdul Hamid (since 2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hasina Wajed ( 1996–2001 , since 2009)

Bhutan
- Head of State: King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck (since 2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay (2013-2018)

Brunei
- Head of State and Government: Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (since 1967)

Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Head of State: President Ma Ying-jeou (2008-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mao Chi-kuo (since 2014)

People's Republic of China
- Head of State: President Xi Jinping (since 2013)
- Prime Minister: State Council Chairman Li Keqiang (since 2013)

India
- Head of State: President Pranab Mukherjee (since 2012)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Narendra Modi (since 2014)

Indonesia
- Head of State and Government: President Joko Widodo (since 2014)

Japan
- Head of State: Emperor Akihito (1989-2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Shinzō Abe ( 2006–2007 , since 2012)

Cambodia
- Head of State: King Norodom Sihamoni (since 2004)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hun Sen (since 1985)

North Korea
- De facto ruler : Kim Jong-un (since 2012)
- Head of State: Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly : Kim Yŏng-nam (since 1998)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Pak Pong-ju ( 2003-2007 , 2013-2020)

South Korea
- Head of State: President Park Geun-hye (2013–2017)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Jung Hong-won (2013–17 February 2015)
  - Prime Minister Lee Wan-koo (February 17, 2015– April 27, 2015)
  - Prime Minister Choi Kyoung-hwan (April 27, 2015– June 18, 2015) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn (June 18, 2015-2017)

Laos

Head of State: President Choummaly Sayasone (2006-2016)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Thongsing Thammavong (2010-2016)

Malaysia
- Head of State: Supreme Ruler Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah (since 2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Najib Razak (2009-2018)

Maldives
- Head of State or Government: President Abdulla Yameen (2013-2018)

Myanmar
- Head of State and Government: President Thein Sein (since 2011) (2007–2011 Prime Minister)

Nepal
- Head of State:
  - President Ram Baran Yadav (2008–29 October 2015)
  - President Bidhya Devi Bhandari (since October 29, 2015)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Sushil Koirala (2014–12 October 2015)
  - Prime Minister Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli (October 12, 2015-2016, since 2018 )

East Timor
- Head of State: President Taur Matan Ruak (2012-2017)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão (2007–16 February 2015) (2002–2007 President)
  - Prime Minister Rui Maria de Araújo (February 16, 2015-2017)

Pakistan
- Head of State: President Mamnoon Hussain (since 2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif ( 1990–1993, 1993, 1997–1999 , 2013–2017)

Philippines
- Head of State and Government: President Benigno Aquino III. (2010-2016)

Singapore
- Head of State: President Tony Tan Keng Yam (2011-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong (since 2004)

Sri Lanka
- Head of State:
  - President Mahinda Rajapaksa (2005–9 January 2015) (2004–2005, 2018, Prime Minister since 2019)
  - President Maithripala Sirisena (January 9, 2015-2019)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister D. M. Jayaratne (2010–9 January 2015)
  - Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe ( 1993–1994, 2001–2004 , January 9, 2015–2018, 2018–2019 )

Thailand
- Head of State: King Rama IX. Bhumibol Adulyadej (1946-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha (since 2014)

Vietnam

Head of State: President Trương Tấn Sang (since 2011)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng (since 2006)

Middle East

Armenia
- Head of State: President Serzh Sargsyan (2008–2018) (2007–2008 and 2018 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Howik Abrahamjan (2014-2016)

Azerbaijan
- Head of State: President Ilham Aliyev (since 2003)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Artur Rasizadä ( 1996–2003 , 2003–2018)

Bahrain
- Head of State: King Hamad bin Isa Al Chalifa (since 1999) (Emir until 2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa (since 1971)

Georgia

Head of State: President Giorgi Margwelaschwili (2013-2018)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Irakli Gharibashvili (2013–24 December 2015)

Prime Minister Giorgi Kvirikashvili (December 30, 2015-2018)

Abkhazia (not recognized internationally)

Head of State: President Raul Hadschimba (2014–2020)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Beslan Butba (2014–16 March 2015)

Prime Minister Shamil Adzynba (March 16, 2015– March 20, 2015) (acting)

Prime Minister Artur Mikvabia (March 20, 2015-2016)

South Ossetia (not internationally recognized)

Head of State: President Leonid Tibilow (2012-2017)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Domenti Kulumbegow (2014-2017)

Iraq
- Head of State: President Fuad Masum (2014-2018)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi (2014-2018)

Iran
- Religious head: Supreme legal scholar Ali Chamene'i (since 1989) (Prime Minister 1981–1989)
- Head of Government: President Hassan Rohani (since 2013)

Israel
- Head of State: President Reuven Rivlin (since 2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu ( 1996–1999 , since 2009)

Yemen

Head of State: President Abed Rabbo Mansur Hadi (since 2012)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Khalid Bahah (2014-2016)

Jordan
- Head of State: King Abdullah II (since 1999)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdullah Ensour (since 2012)

Qatar
- Head of State: Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani (since 2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdullah bin Nasser bin Chalifa Al Thani (since 2013)

Kuwait

Head of State: Emir Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah (since 2006) (2003-2006 Prime Minister)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Jabir Mubarak al-Hamad as-Sabah (2011-2019)

Lebanon
- Head of State: vacant (2014-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Tammam Salam (since 2014)

Oman
- Head of State and Government: Sultan Qaboos ibn Said (1970–2020)

Palestinian Territories

Head of State: President Mahmud Abbas (since 2005) (Prime Minister 2003)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Rami Hamdallah (2013-2019) (de facto only ruled in the West Bank)

Saudi Arabia
- Head of State and Government:
  - King Abdullah ibn Abd al-Aziz (2005–23 January 2015)
  - King Salman ibn Abd al-Aziz (since January 23, 2015)

Syria
- Head of State: President Bashar al-Assad (since 2000)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Wael al-Halki (since 2012)

Turkey
- Head of State: President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (since 2014) (2003-2014 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu (since 2014)

United Arab Emirates
- Head of State: President Chalifa bin Zayid Al Nahyan (since 2004) (since 2004 Emir of Abu Dhabi)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Muhammad bin Raschid Al Maktum (since 2006) (since 2006 Emir of Dubai)

Central Asia

Afghanistan
- Head of State: President Ashraf Ghani (since 2014)
- Head of Government: Managing Director Abdullah Abdullah (since 2014)

Kazakhstan
- Head of State: President Nursultan Nazarbayev (1991-2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Kärim Mässimow ( 2007–2012 , since 2014)

Kyrgyzstan
- Head of State: President Almasbek Atambayev (2011–2017) (2007, 2010–2011 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Joomart Otorbayev (2014–1 May 2015)
  - Prime Minister Temir Sarijew (since May 1, 2015)

Mongolia
- Head of State: President Tsachiagiin Elbegdordsch (2009–2017) (1998, 2004–2006 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Tschimediin Saichanbileg (2014-2016)

Tajikistan

Head of State: President Emomalij Rahmon (since 1992)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Qochir Rasulsoda (since 2013)

Turkmenistan
- Head of State and Government: President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow (since 2006) (acting until 2007)

Uzbekistan

Head of State: President Islom Karimov (1991-2016)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Shavkat Mirziyoyev (since 2003)

Australia and Oceania

Australia
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Governor General : Peter Cosgrove (2014–2019)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Tony Abbott (2013-15 September 2015)
  - Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull (September 15, 2015-2018)

Cook Islands (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1965)
  - Queen's Representative: Tom Marsters (since 2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Henry Puna (since 2010)

Fiji
- Head of State:
  - President Epeli Nailatikau (2009–12 November 2005)
  - President Jioji Konrote (since November 12, 2005)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama (since 2007) (acting) (2000 Chairman of the Military Government)

Kiribati
- Head of State and Government: President Anote Tong (2003-2016)

Marshall Islands
- Head of State and Government: President Christopher Loeak (2012-2016)

Micronesia
- Head of State and Government:
  - President Manny Mori (2007–11 May 2015)
  - President Peter Christian (May 11, 2015–2019)

Nauru
- Head of State and Government: President Baron Waqa (2013-2019)

New Zealand
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Governor General : Jerry Mateparae (since 2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister John Key (since 2008)

Niue (independent state in free association with New Zealand)
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1974)
  - Queen's Representative: Governor General of New Zealand
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Toke Talagi (since 2008)

Palau
- Head of State and Government: President Tommy Remengesau ( 2001–2009 , since 2013)

Papua New Guinea
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1975)
  - Governor General : Michael Ogio (2010–2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Peter O'Neill (2011-2019)

Solomon Islands
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
  - Governor General : Frank Kabui (2009–2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare ( 2000–2001, 2006–2007 , 2014–2017, since 2019 )

Samoa

Head of State: O le Ao o le Malo Tupuola Taisi Tufuga Efi (2007–2017) (Prime Minister 1976–1982)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Sailele Tuilaʻepa Malielegaoi (since 1998)

Tonga
- Head of State: King Tupou VI. (since 2012) (Prime Minister 2000–2006)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister ʻAkilisi Pohiva (2014-2019)

Tuvalu
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1978)
  - Governor General : Iakoba Italeli (since 2010)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Enele Sopoaga (2013-2019)

Vanuatu
- Head of State: President Baldwin Lonsdale (2014-2017)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Joe Natuman (2014-11 June 2015)
  - Prime Minister Sato Kilman ( 2010–2011, 2011, 2011–2013 , since June 12, 2015)

Europe

Albania
- Head of State: President Bujar Nishani (2012-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Edi Rama (since 2013)

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - President of France François Hollande (2012-2017)
    - Personal representative :
      - Sylvie Hubac (2012 – January 2015)
      - Thierry Lataste (January 2015-2016)
  - Bishop of Urgell Joan Enric Vives i Sicília (since 2003)
    - Personal representative: Josep Maria Mauri (since 2010)
- Head of Government:
  - District President Antoni Martí Petit (2011–23 March 2015, 2015–2019 )
  - District President Gilbert Saboya Sunyé (March 23, 2015– April 1, 2015) (acting)
  - District President Antoni Martí Petit ( 2011–2015 , April 1, 2015–2019)

Belgium
- Head of State: King Philippe (since 2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles Michel (2014-2019)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Head of State:
  - President of the State Presidency Mladen Ivanić (2014–17 July 2015, 2016–2017 )
  - President of the State Presidium Dragan Čović ( 2003 , 2003–2004 , July 17, 2015–2016, 2017–2018 )
- State Presidency:
  - Bosniaks: Bakir Izetbegović (2010-2018)
  - Croatians: Dragan Čović ( 2002–2005 , 2014–2018)
  - Serbs: Mladen Ivanić (2014-2018)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Vjekoslav Bevanda (2012–11 February 2015)
  - Prime Minister Denis Zvizdić (February 11, 2015-2019)

Bulgaria
- Head of State: President Rossen Plevnelev (2012-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Boyko Borissow ( 2009–2013 , 2014–2017, since 2017 )

Denmark
- Head of State: Queen Margrethe II (since 1972)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt (2011–28 June 2015)
  - Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen ( 2009–2011 , June 28, 2015–2019)
- Faroe Islands (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
  - Representative of the Danish government: Reichsombudmann Dan Michael Knudsen (since 2008)
  - Head of Government:
    - Prime Minister Kaj Leo Johannesen (2008–15 September 2015)
    - Prime Minister Aksel V. Johannesen (September 15, 2015–2019)
- Greenland (politically self-governing and autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark)
  - Representative of the Danish government: Reichsombudsfrau Mikaela Engell (since 2011)
  - Head of Government: Prime Minister Kim Kielsen (since 2014)

Germany
- Head of State: Federal President Joachim Gauck (2012-2017)
- Head of Government: Chancellor Angela Merkel (since 2005)

Estonia
- Head of State: President Toomas Hendrik Ilves (2006–2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Taavi Rõivas (2014-2016)

Finland
- Head of State: President Sauli Niinistö (since 2012)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Alexander Stubb (2014–29 May 2015)
  - Prime Minister Juha Sipilä (May 29, 2015-2019)

France
- Head of State: President François Hollande (2012-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Manuel Valls (2014-2016)

Greece
- Head of State:
  - President Karolos Papoulias (2005–13 March 2015)
  - President Prokopis Pavlopoulos (March 13, 2015–2020)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Andonis Samaras (2012–26 January 2015)
  - Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras (January 26, 2015– August 27, 2015, 2015–2019 )
  - President of the Supreme Court Vasiliki Thanou-Christofilou (August 27, 2015– September 21, 2015) (provisional)
  - Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras ( 2015 , September 21, 2015-2019)

Ireland
- Head of State: President Michael D. Higgins (since 2011)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Enda Kenny (2011-2017)

Iceland
- Head of State: President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (1996–2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson (2013–2016)

Italy
- Head of State:
  - President Giorgio Napolitano (2006–14 January 2015)
  - Senate President Pietro Grasso (January 14, 2015– February 3, 2015) (acting)
  - President Sergio Mattarella (since February 3, 2015)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Matteo Renzi (2014-2016)

Channel Islands

guernsey

Head of State: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
Deputy Governor:

Peter Walker (2011–6 September 2015)

Richard Collas (September 6, 2015–2016) (acting)

Head of Government: Chief Minister Jonathan Le Tocq (2014-2016)

jersey

Head of State: Duchess Elisabeth II (since 1952)
Lieutenant Governor: John McColl (since 2011)

Head of Government: Prime Minister Ian Gorst (2011-2018)

Kosovo (independent since 2008, not internationally recognized)
- - Head of State: President Atifete Jahjaga (2011-2016)
  - Head of Government: Prime Minister Isa Mustafa (2014-2017)

Croatia
- Head of State:
  - President Ivo Josipović (2010–18 February 2015)
  - President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović (February 18, 2015–2020)
- Head of Government: District President Zoran Milanović (2011-2016)

Latvia
- Head of State:
  - President Andris Bērziņš (2011–8 July 2015)
  - President Raimonds Vējonis (July 8, 2015-2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Laimdota Straujuma (2014-2016)

Liechtenstein
- Head of State: Prince Hans-Adam II. (Since 1989)
  - Regent: Hereditary Prince Alois (since 2004)
- Head of Government : Adrian Hasler (since 2013)

Lithuania
- Head of State: President Dalia Grybauskaitė (2009-2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevičius (2012-2016)

Luxembourg
- Head of State: Grand Duke Henri (since 2000) (1998–2000 regent)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Xavier Bettel (since 2013)

Malta
- Head of State: President Marie Louise Coleiro Preca (2014–2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Joseph Muscat (2013-2020)

Isle of Man
- Head of State: Lord of Mann Elizabeth II (since 1952)
  - Lieutenant Governor : Adam Wood (2011-2016)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Allan Bell (2011-2016)

Macedonia
- Head of State: President Gjorge Ivanov (2009-2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski (2006-2016)

Moldova
- Head of State: President Nicolae Timofti (2012-2016)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Iurie Leancă (2013–18 February 2015)
  - Prime Minister Chiril Gaburici (February 18, 2015– June 22, 2015)
  - Prime Minister Natalia Gherman (June 22, 2015– July 30, 2015) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Valeriu Streleț (July 30, 2015– October 30, 2015)
  - Prime Minister Gheorghe Brega (October 30, 2015–2016) (acting)
- Transnistria (not internationally recognized)
  - Head of State: President Yevgeny Vasilyevich Shevchuk (2011-2016)
  - Head of Government:
    - Prime Minister Tatiana Turanskaya (2013–2 December 2015)
    - Prime Minister Maija Parnas (December 2, 2015– December 23, 2015) (acting)
    - Prime Minister Pawel Prokudin (December 23, 2015-2016)

Monaco
- Head of State: Prince : Albert II (since 2005)
- Head of Government:
  - Minister of State Michel Roger (2010-2016)
  - Minister of State: Gilles Tonelli (December 16, 2015-2016) (acting)

Montenegro
- Head of State: President Filip Vujanović ( 2002–2003 , 2003–2018) (1998–2003 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Milo Đukanović ( 1991–1998, 2003–2006, 2008–2010 , 2012–2016) (1998–2002 President)

Netherlands
- Head of State: King Willem-Alexander (since 2013)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mark Rutte (since 2010)

Norway
- Head of State: King Harald V (since 1991)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Erna Solberg (since 2013)

Austria
- Head of State: Federal President Heinz Fischer (2004–2016)
- Head of Government: Federal Chancellor Werner Faymann (2008-2016)

Poland
- Head of State:
  - President Bronisław Komorowski (2010–6 August 2015)
  - President Andrzej Duda (since August 6, 2015)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Ewa Kopacz (2014–16 November 2015)
  - Prime Minister Beata Szydło (November 16, 2015-2017)

Portugal
- Head of State: President Aníbal Cavaco Silva (2006–2016) (1985–1995 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho (2011–26 November 2015)
  - Prime Minister António Costa (since November 26, 2015)

Romania
- Head of State: President Klaus Johannis (since 2014)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Victor Ponta (2012–5 November 2015)
  - Prime Minister Sorin Cîmpeanu (November 5, 2015– November 17, 2015) (acting)
  - Prime Minister Dacian Cioloș (November 17, 2015-2017)

Russia
- Head of State: President Vladimir Putin ( 1999–2008 , since 2012) (1999–2000, 2008–2012 Prime Minister)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev (2012–2020) (2008–2012 President)

San Marino
- Heads of State: Capitani Reggenti :
  - Gian Franco Terenzi ( 1987–1988, 2000–2001, 2006 , 2014–1 April 2015) and Guerrino Zanotti (2014–1 April 2015)
  - Andrea Belluzzi (April 1, 2015– October 1, 2015) and Roberto Venturini (April 1, 2015– October 1, 2015)
  - Nicola Renzi (since October 1, 2015) and Lorella Stefanelli (October 1, 2015–2016)
- Head of Government: Foreign Minister Pasquale Valentini (2012-2016)

Sweden
- Head of State: King Carl XVI. Gustaf (since 1973)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Stefan Löfven (since 2014)

Switzerland
- Federal President Simonetta Sommaruga (2015)
- Federal Council :
  - Doris Leuthard (since 2006)
  - Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (2008–31 December 2015)
  - Ueli Maurer (since 2009)
  - Didier Burkhalter (2009-2017)
  - Johann Schneider-Ammann (since 2010)
  - Simonetta Sommaruga (since 2010)
  - Alain Berset (since 2012)

Serbia
- Head of State: President Tomislav Nikolić (2012-2017)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Aleksandar Vučić (2014-2017) (President since 2017)

Slovakia
- Head of State: President Andrej Kiska (2014-2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Robert Fico ( 2006–2010 , 2012–2018)

Slovenia
- Head of State: President Borut Pahor (since 2012) (Prime Minister 2008–2012)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Miro Cerar (2014-2018)

Spain
- Head of State: King Philip VI. (since 2014)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy (2011-2018)

Czech Republic
- Head of State: President Miloš Zeman (since 2013) (Prime Minister 1998–2002)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka (2014-2017)

Ukraine
- Head of State: President Petro Poroshenko (2014-2019)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenjuk (2014-2016)

Hungary
- Head of State: President János Áder (since 2012)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Viktor Orbán ( 1998–2002 , since 2010)

Vatican city

Head of State: Pope Francis (since 2013)

Head of Government: President of the Governorate Giuseppe Bertello (since 2011)

United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952) (crowned 1953)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister David Cameron (2010-2016)

Belarus
- Head of State: President Aljaksandr Lukashenka (since 1994)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Andrej Kabjakou (2014-2018)

Republic of Cyprus
- Head of State and Government: President Nikos Anastasiadis (since 2013)
- Northern Cyprus (not internationally recognized)
  - Head of State:
    - President Derviş Eroğlu (2010–30 April 2015) (1985–1994, 1996–2004, 2009–2010 Prime Minister)
    - President Mustafa Akıncı (since April 30, 2015)
  - Head of Government:
    - Prime Minister Özkan Yorgancıoğlu (2013–15 July 2015)
    - Prime Minister Ömer Kalyoncu (July 15, 2015-2016)

Remarks

↑ ^a ^b The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are areas that are directly under the British Crown. They are not part of the UK.
↑ The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares

[kronbesitz-1] The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are areas that are directly under the British Crown. They are not part of the UK.

[2] The Federal Council is the collective head of state in Switzerland. The Federal President has the role of primus inter pares