History of the LGBT
This timeline documented in chronological order the historical development and remarkable events in the history of homo- , bi- and transsexuality , also known as LGBT credit history (for: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) is called. The list also gives an overview of the development of social acceptance, changes in terminology and fundamental changes in the law, as well as individual events that have led to changes in the law in the various countries. For the sake of clarity, events that took place outside of the European or North American cultural area have been assigned to the epoch in which they occur.
Terms
Terms such as “homosexuality” and “bisexuality” were unknown until the late 19th century, while female homosexuality, sometimes called tribady until then , was only referred to as “ lesbian ” from the middle of the 18th century . For example, “ transsexual ” has only been defined since the middle of the 20th century, “ gay ” or gay is also a very recent expression.
The terms used here roughly correspond to their historical usage, in particular the terms “ sodomy ” and “fornication” were used in earlier centuries to describe same-sex sexuality or nonreproductive sexual practices such as masturbation , anal and oral intercourse . With the Church Fathers in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, the frequent use of the euphemisms "sin against nature" or "unnatural" begins. In the Anglophone-speaking area, the use of the word “sodomy” is still common today and in this context does not describe the current German use of the term in connection with sexual practices with animals , but rather homosexuality. Based on the laws of the states concerned, the sodomy laws , this expression has been used in this list until modern times.
Prehistory and early history
12000 BC
- The people who lived in the late Upper Palaeolithic have left artefacts and art objects that have been interpreted in terms of same-sex eroticism . Examples include some cave paintings and hundreds of phallic "sticks". Underneath is a carved object from Gorge d'Enfer in what is now France, in which two penises, each with clearly recognizable glans and urethra, come together at an angle of about 120 °, similar to a modern double dildo that can be used by two women. What the phallic objects were used for in each case can only be guessed today. Based on reports of same-sex relationships, especially ritual pederasty, among Stone Age indigenous peoples in Oceania and Africa , it is assumed that this may have existed as early as the Paleolithic.
5000 BC
- A possible example of homosexual eroticism in European Mesolithic art could be a drawing found in the Addaura grotto in Sicily , on which nine men and women were erect around two "flying", jumping or lying on a virtual floor in an unusual pose and with Dancing penises. The idea of a same-sex act came to her discoverer Jole Bovio Marconi in 1953, Chiappella interpreted it in 1954 as an initiation ritual and Blanc in 1954 as a ritual strangulation. Others bring the two bodies together in unusual poses and the lines in between with French- Cantabrian art and see it simply as injured or dead people. Others see them as "artists".
antiquity
| History of Homosexuality in Antiquity |
|---|
| Homosexuality in Ancient Egypt |
| Homosexuality in Ancient Greece |
| Homosexuality in the Roman Empire |
| Homosexuality among the Celts |
Around 2500 BC
- The oldest known work of poetry, the Gilgamesh epic , originates in the Sumerian Empire , in which, among other things, the homoerotic relationship between King Gilgamesh and Enkidu is discussed.
Around 2350 BC
- The tomb of Chnumhotep and Nianchchnum is completed in Egypt during the 5th Dynasty . According to some researchers, these two men could have been lovers, which would be the first evidence of a homosexual relationship.
Around 2200 BC
- In Egypt of the 6th Dynasty , a chronicler suggests a secret love affair between the pharaoh Nefer-ka-Re and the general Sasenet.
Around 1750 BC
- In the Babylonian Codex Hammurabi male palace slaves, so-called "Girsequ", are mentioned, whose task it is to sexually serve the men of the ruling caste.
Around 1700 BC
- A papyrus fragment from the Egyptian el-Lahun tells the stories of Horus and Seth , in which Horus is raped by Seth in order to be humiliated by him.
Around 700 BC
- The Shijing , a collection of Chinese poems, lists verses that describe admiration and affection for strong, beautiful men.
7th century BC
- 630 BC BC: Rules for formal pederastic relationships between adult princes and male adolescents are established by Doric aristocrats in Crete . The aim was on the one hand to educate the youth and on the other hand to reduce population growth. Greek pederasty has influenced the development of sport, literature, politics, philosophy, the arts, and warfare, leading some to suggest that it was the cause of a cultural boom associated with the ancient Greek gymnasium and athletic nudity. The poet Alkman describes in a choral hymn the ritual marriage of two young women, Agido and Hagesicora; the two swear to remain insensitive to the lure of the beautiful and young women of their group, the Thiasos.
6th century BC
- Around 600 BC Chr .: In the city of Old Thera on the island of Santorin (then "Thera") men leave very clear inscriptions on a stone wall in which they describe sexual intercourse with young men, possibly an initiation rite.
- 594 BC Chr .: The Athenian statesman Solon is assigned a law that forbids prostitution of free-born male Athenians; Brothels in which boys (slaves) are offered, on the other hand, are recognized by the state and are taxed like heterosexual brothels.
- Around 520 BC Chr .: Anakreon dedicates a poem to the "girl of Lesbos", who refuses the poet and chooses a woman instead. As a result, in connection with Sappho , who was born on Lesbos and describes, among other things, the love between women in her poems, the term lesbian is formed .
- 514 BC Chr .: Hipparchus , the tyrant of Athens who is believed to be in love with Harmodios, is murdered by Harmodios and his lover Aristogeiton .
5th century BC
- Around 500 BC Chr .: Mizi Xia wins the favor of the ruler of Wei, who rejects him when his beauty wanes. Because of Mizi Xia's unbroken love and loyalty, his name will be part of the Chinese language for a long time. "Mizi Xia" means a man who loves men.
- Around 450 BC Chr .: In Palestine the Leviticus becomes part of the Jewish law through inclusion in the Torah ; same-sex sexuality is threatened with the death penalty
4th century BC
- Around 400 BC Chr .: Erinna von Telos writes a poem in which she mourns the death of her friend Baucis. Erinna may have been a contemporary of Sapphos and Baucis was one of her students.
- 387 BC Chr .: At Plato's symposium , Aristophanes presented a theory of the third sex, which is believed to be the first theory on sexual orientation.
- 346 BC Chr .: In Athens the prominent citizen Timarchus is discredited by the speech “Against Timarchus” given by Aeschines , primarily because he was a homosexual prostitute as a young man; an indication of a tendency among Athenians to oppose anal penetration by male citizens as opposed to permitting penetration by women, male foreigners and slaves.
- 338 BC Chr .: The Holy Band of Thebes , an undefeated elite unit consisting of 150 gay lovers, is destroyed by the troops of Philip II of Macedonia , who mourns their loss and praises their honor
2nd century BC
- From around 200 BC Chr .: In the culture of the Moche in Peru figurative ceramics are created that represent same-sex sexuality between women or men; anal intercourse is a particularly common issue.
- From 200 BC Chr .: In India, Brahmanic philosophers write the Manusmriti , a code of law in which, among other things, the belief is manifested that erotic thoughts and actions weaken the mind and character; After same-sex sexual acts, a ritual bath is recommended for "twice-born" (cf. caste ) to wash off the "dirt" of these acts. Women are prohibited from having sexual contact with virgins , but women themselves are allowed
- Around 200 BC Chr .: In the Indian epic Ramayana a female homoerotic relationship is described. In the Padma Purana the “third sex” is described, as is the fulfilled wish of a man (in the legend) to live as a woman
1st century BC
- Around 50 BC Chr .: In Rome , Catullus writes erotic poems, besides describing an affair with a woman named Lesbia, he dedicates eight of his poems to his young lover Iuventius .
- Around 40 BC Chr .: The Greek geographer and historian Strabo describes a group of Samnite (Celtic) women who live in Gaul (today's France ) without men and who perform secret rituals among each other for their god Dionysus .
- Around 30 BC Chr .: In Rome the poets Virgil and Horace describe the erotic attraction of both sexes; Virgil's 2nd Eclogue , the story of the unfulfilled love of the shepherd Corydon for the slave boy Alexis, becomes the most famous homoerotic poem of Roman antiquity.
1st century AD
- 1 AD: In China, Emperor Ai Di ( Han Dynasty ) appoints his lover Dong Xian as his successor (or marshal) on his deathbed, but Dong Xian commits suicide shortly after the emperor's death; a love story that revolves around the two of them finds its way into the Chinese language under the term "the cut sleeve" ( duanxiu ) and describes homoerotic love
- Around AD 40: The Hellenistic-Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria is one of the first to condemn all non-reproductive sexual practices, especially homosexual ones. Men who dress feminine or behave like a woman should be punished
- Around 50 AD: Dorotheos of Sidon , a Hellenistic-Roman astrologer, describes within the bisexual Roman-Hellenistic culture the exclusive same-sex inclination of men and women as a result of their natal chart.
- 54 AD: Nero becomes Emperor of Rome . He marries two men in official ceremonies, and at least one of his spouses has been given the same honors that an imperial wife would have given. This behavior has been criticized by contemporary writers.
- Around AD 60: In the first letter to the Romans ( Rom 1.26-27 EU ) and a little less clearly in the first letter to the Corinthians ( 1 Cor 6.9 EU ), Paul spreads his theory that same-sex desire is the result of a wrong understanding of God; the interpretation is being discussed today. In Rome Petronius wrote the satirical novel Satyricon , in which he describes the ideas, the lifestyle and the bisexuality of his liberal contemporaries.
- Around 80 AD: The Roman poet Martial wrote the first of his 14 or 15 books, in which several hundred satirical and entertaining epigrams describe the everyday life of the Romans - including men who hang out with boys or other men - and in many poems Women who have same-sex relationships with women.
- AD 91: The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus supports the spread of the idea that "same-sex fornication" was sin and thus the cause of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah ; It is mainly thanks to his and some other writings that the term “ sodomy ” finds its way into the Greek and Latin languages.
- 98 AD: Trajan , one of the most popular Roman emperors, begins his reign. Trajan was known for his homosexuality and his penchant for young men. The king of Edessa, Abgarus, used this to his advantage and, after once incurring the annoyance of Trajan, successfully sent his handsome son to apologize.
- 98 AD at the earliest : Publius Cornelius Tacitus reports in the 12th chapter of his ethnographic work De origine et situ Germanorum on various execution practices among the Germanic-speaking peoples east of the Rhine and north of the Danube. As a result, ignavi (“cowards”), imbelles (“unwilling to fight”) and corpore infames (“physically shameful”) were punished by being dumped in the moor. The interpretations of the last group of victims range from self-mutilators to the physically handicapped to “unnatural fornication ”, i.e. same-sex behavior or sexual contact with animals . It may be that only crimes were punished during the state of war, on the other hand some research see a general, systematic homosexual persecution among the Germanic peoples, which is fed by religious fear and dragged on over long periods of time. According to the results of the current research on bog bodies, however, the passage in question seems to be part of the Interpretatio Romana, i. H. a comparison of Roman conditions with those among Germanic-speaking peoples or a transfer of Roman sexual ideas to the alleged legal practice of the inhabitants of the Barbaricum on the right bank of the Rhine . Later Greek and Roman authors, in contrast to Tacitus, report that certain manifestations of same-sex sexual behavior were widespread and at least tolerated in some Germanic-speaking gentes . (→ bog corpse )
2nd century AD
- Around AD 100: Plutarch writes his Greek essays and biographies, which in later times will greatly influence opinion about same-sex sexuality; In addition to other relevant points, he also describes the man-man and man-youth relationships of famous Greeks and Romans, the woman-girl relationships in Sparta and the illusion that there are no same-sex acts in the animal kingdom.
- Around 120 AD: Juvenal's satires target, among other things, men in same-sex marriages, gigolos who pretend to be female in order to get to the wives of their lovers, shameless women from the upper class who have semi-public sex with other women and other types that he thinks are far too common in Rome.
- Around 150 AD: Artemidorus Daldianus interprets sexual acts between men as natural in the Oneirokritika , while he describes those between women as unnatural.
- Around 160 AD: In the Hetairikoi dialogoi (hetarian talks), Lukian gives an insight into the homoerotic experience of women in antiquity; he mentions women who only have sexual relations with women.
- 177 AD: Athenagoras of Athens declares pederasts and adulterers to be enemies of Christianity, to be punished with excommunication, the highest ecclesiastical punishment of this time, when Christians themselves were still persecuted
- 193 AD: In Palestine, Rabbi Yehuda ha-Nasi compiles the Mishna as the result of long discussions on religious law, which as part of the Talmud becomes an essential text of Judaism, in which the decision is made that male-male intercourse with the Stoning is to be punished. In China, some history books suggest that passionate relationships between women existed in the Imperial Palace.
3rd century AD
- Around 200: In Upper Egypt , a spell on papyrus is used by a woman named Sarapias to cast a spell over Herais, whom she loves.
- 249: Philip the Arab tries to ban male prostitution in the Roman Empire; the law is largely ignored, but a tax on male prostitution is enforced in many parts of the empire for years.
- 275: In China of the Western Jin Dynasty , it is common to have homoerotic relationships alongside the only (reproductive) heterosexual relationship.
4th century AD
- 305/306: Pederasty is condemned by the Synod of Elvira .
- 314: The Council of Ancyra (today Ankara in Turkey) follows the teachings of the early church fathers in canons 16 and 17 ; fornication is criminalized along with a number of other sexual sins and sexual acts between men are threatened with excommunication .
- 325: The Council of Nicaea opposes the views of the Synod of Elvira (305/306).
- 342: The sons of the emperor Constantine , Constans and Constantius II. Instigate a law that historians interpret differently as a prohibition of male prostitution, man-to-man marriage or, most strictly, as a prohibition of same-sex love between men as a whole.
- At 380: St. George orders the burning of Sappho's writings.
- 390: Emperor Theodosius I enacts a law against the spread of feminization among men, punished with public cremation; the law appears to apply predominantly to transsexual male prostitutes. In Thessaloniki , a local commander arrests a popular charioteer known for his feminine manner, a riot breaks out and the military allegedly killed 3,000 people in the Thessaloniki massacre within seven hours .
5th century AD
- Around 400: In the Kama Sutra , in addition to the third gender, various types of homosexual, transgender and transvestite, lesbian love in the harem is also described.
- 438: When the Codex Theodosianus was issued , Theodosius II added to the Roman laws that regulate male-male intercourse; those who “submit their male bodies to damnation” are threatened with death by burning at the stake .
middle Ages
6th century AD
Justinian I, mosaic, Ravenna
- 506: In early medieval Visigothic Spain , Alaric II issues the Lex Romana Visigothorum , sexuality between men is criminalized, but outside of Spain it remains legal and somewhat accepted in almost all of Europe.
- 538 and 559: The novellas 77 and 141 of the Codex Iustinianus forbid same-sex sexuality in the Byzantine Empire . On this point, however, the population of Constantinople and other Byzantine cities as well as the lay Christians oppose Justinian I and Theodora I. Their attempts to persecute their rivals with the help of this law are prevented by the public.
7th century AD
- Around 650: In the texts of the Koran , anal intercourse between men is judged negatively in some places, whether this results in a criminal liability for homosexuality is a question of the respective and epoch-specific interpretation.
8th century AD
- Around 700: Confessional manuals for priests, developed in Wales and Ireland in the previous two centuries , spread throughout Western Europe; Same-sex acts between men are always listed under sins, from around 700 AD this is also listed under women; however, the penalty for these sins is usually no greater than that for adultery.
- 720: One of the stories of the Japanese Nihonshoki describes a darkening of the sun because two male priests in love were buried in a tomb; the natural disaster ends as soon as the two are in separate graves.
9th century AD
- 800–900: During the Carolingian Renaissance there are some works of complex homoerotic poetry . The abbot Alcuin of York wrote love poems to other monks. There is no Carolingian law that criminalizes same-sex sexuality.
- To 800: During the Caliphate of the Abbasids , diving especially in the verses of Abu Nuwas , often homoerotic poems; The motifs are often beautiful boys or youngsters.
- 806: With Shingon Buddhism, Kūkai introduces the "Chinese custom", homoerotic love between monks.
- 866: Basil I is taken over by the Byzantine Emperor Michael III. appointed co-regent; it is believed that they had a sexual relationship; later Michael III. murdered by Basil, who succeeds him as emperor.
10th century AD
- 914: In a commentary on Clemens von Alexandrias Paidogogus , the term “women who behave like men” is explained for the first time in today's sense with the expression “lesbian”.
- Around 950: During the Song Dynasty , male prostitution in China reaches its peak.
11th century AD
- 1000–1100: There was a culture of transvestism in Scandinavia for centuries . In addition, in early medieval Scandinavia only sons were allowed to marry who inherited their fathers' land. The others had to leave the ancestral land and formed socially structured warrior groups. Since absolute chastity was expected of women and severe punishments were threatened for violations, they were hardly or not at all available. For this reason, pederasty was practiced in the warrior groups and institutionalized as a way of life.
- 1051: Saint Peter Damian writes the Book of Gomorrah , in which he vividly describes various same-sex sexual practices between men and states that these are particularly widespread among priests. He failed to convince his contemporaries that “sodomy” was a serious problem and that it had to be stopped. Although Pope Leo IX. sees “sodomy” as a grave sin, he refuses to crack down as harshly as Peter Damain demands.
- 1073: Pope Gregory VII orders that the works of Sappho be destroyed in public cremations in Rome and Constantinople.
12th century AD
- 1100: Ivo von Chartres tries to convince Pope Urban II of the dangers of male fornication. Ivo accused the Archbishop of Tours of causing Raoul (or Ralph) the King of France to appoint John as Bishop of Orléans . John was known to be Ralph's lover and had a relationship with the King, who had openly boasted about it. Urban II did not see this as a serious problem and John reigned as bishop for almost another 40 years, while public opinion did not change to the well-known and respected Ralph.
- 1102: The Council of London initiated measures to ensure that the English people are made aware of the sinfulness of same-sex sexuality, although the public has hitherto been quite tolerant of it. This marks a significant change in the church's view of same-sex eroticism, which until now has been more or less indifferent or only condemned it very gently. Many priests were attracted to the same sex - probably one of the reasons for the change in attitudes towards same-sex sexuality advocated by moral reformers like Bernard of Cluny .
- Around 1115: As part of a campaign to control prostitution in general, the Chinese emperor bans male prostitution; this law is never actually implemented and will be forgotten at the end of the Song Dynasty.
- 1120: The Council of Jerusalem (Nablus) decides on cremation as a punishment for sodomy.
13th century AD
- Around 1200: In the story of the Holy Godelive (or Godelevae), the patron saint of Flanders , laid down by the monk Drogo , it is mentioned in a subordinate clause that women are naturally exposed to uncontrollable lust and often lived it out together, especially when they shared a common Shared bed.
- 1212: The Paris Council forbids nuns to sleep in the same bed and orders that a lamp always be left on in the bedrooms of the monasteries at night.
- 1234: Pope Gregory IX. follows the recommendations of the Third Lateran of 1179 and issues a decree according to which Sodomite monks are to be detained in monasteries, while lay people are to be excommunicated. Local synods in northern France (e.g. Paris, Rouen , Bezier ) enact similar regulations. Some medals, e.g. B. the Dominicans , Carthusians and Cistercians then introduce changes in their regulations, all of which have the construction of prisons for "sodomites" as their content.
- 1250–1300: The criminal liability of same-sex fornication is mentioned in English law for the first time around 1290. John Boswell says about this period: Between 1250 and 1300, homosexual activity passed from being completely legal in most of Europe to incurring the death penalty in all but a few contemporary legal compilations. (English for: "In the years between 1250 and 1300, homosexual activities that were hitherto completely legal in most of Europe became an offense threatened with the death penalty in most contemporary collections of laws .") This view is debated by other historians.
- Around 1250: The first recorded law against male fornication in Scandinavia is the Norwegian " Law of Gulathing ". Guilty men should be expelled from society and declared outlaws .
- 1252: Thomas Aquinas teaches in Paris and summarizes the previously loose Christian scriptures in a uniform moral system, with same-sex eroticism being assigned to unnatural sexual acts.
- 1254: In Japan , Tachibana no Narisue wrote the " Kokon Chomonju " ("Collection of old and new stories"), which contains some romantic legends about the love between monks and boys that was widespread in Japanese Buddhism .
- 1256: In Spain , Alfonso X. of Castile enacts one of the first state laws in Europe in the seventh book of the “Seven Codes of Law” ( Las Siete Partidas ), which declares “sins against nature”, that is, same-sex and animal “sodomy” to be a capital crime. The text of the law explicitly refers to Sodom and Gomorrah and sees the crime as a danger not only for the individual but as a danger for the entire country, since God sends hunger, plague, storms "and innumerable other evils" over the country. The death penalty is envisaged as a punishment.
- 1260: A law is passed in Orléans , France , criminalizing same-sex acts between men or women. For the first offense, the testicles or clitoris are removed, for the second offense, the penis or breasts, and after the third offense, burn at the stake .
- Around 1270: In France the extraordinarily pious Louis IX. New laws passed, according to which the "bougerie", anal intercourse, becomes a capital crime punishable by burning at the stake.
- 1292: On September 28th, the cutler John de Wettre is sentenced to death at the stake in Ghent, East Flanders ( Ghent in present-day Belgium) for sexual acts with another man; this is the first documented execution for same-sex sexual acts in Western Europe.
14th century AD
- 1308 and 1314: Philip IV of France orders the arrest of all Knights Templar ; They are charged with heresy and sodomy, but the charges are only brought up to get hold of the wealth of the order. The leaders of the Templars were burned at the stake in 1314.
- 1323: In France, Arnold von Verniolle , a deacon , is suspected of heresy and sodomy; the transcript of the trial shows how a man attracted to men lived and found partners in rural France; he is sentenced to life in chains with water and bread.
- 1327: According to legend, the ousted King Edward II of England is killed by the anal introduction of a glowing poker. Edward II, known as "Sodomite", had a number of arguments with the English aristocracy , who had repeatedly banished his former lover Piers Gaveston , the Earl of Cornwall .
- Around 1370: Around 1370 Jan van Aersdone and William Case were executed in Antwerp , Holland . The charge was same-sex sex, which was forbidden and heavily vilified. The tradition of their names makes Aersdone and Case an exception. Another couple from the 14th century whose names are still known were Giovanni Braganza and Nicoleto Marmagna from Venice , Italy .
- 1391: Two women and 15 men are arrested in Mechelen , today's Belgium, and charged with sodomy, only one of the men is convicted.
15th century AD
- April 1424: In Florence, St. Bernard of Siena preaches for three days against same-sex sexuality and other forms of pleasure, culminating in a burning of cosmetics, wigs and other accessories used in this context. These sermons and those of other clerics solidify public opinion against same-sex relationships and influence the authorities to step up measures to persecute them.
- 1432: Florence becomes the first European city with its own authority for the prosecution of sodomy, the " Uffiziali di Notte " (Officers of the Night) persecute more than 10,000 men and boys over the next 70 years; probably 2000 of them were convicted and sentenced, while most of them were able to prevent further investigations by paying fines.
- 1451: Pope Nicholas V allows the papal inquisition to prosecute male sodomy.
- Around 1475: According to a chronicle written a century later, the regent of the Inca Cápac Yupanqui in present-day Peru very energetically persecuted men who are same-sex love, burns them in public places and destroys their houses; most of those persecuted belong to recently conquered peoples.
- 1476: Leonardo Da Vinci is anonymously reported twice to the Florentine authorities for sodomy and acquitted for lack of witnesses.
- November 1494: Girolamo Savonarola strongly criticizes the Florentine population for their "hideous sins" (especially same-sex sexuality and card games) and demands that they renounce their mistresses and "beardless youths".
- 1499: In Spain, King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I change the current sodomy laws; In the new version, guilty perpetrators are no longer castrated and stoned, but rather burned at the stake while their fortune falls to the crown. Fernando de Rojas writes “ La Celestina ” in which the main character is a shrewd old woman whose excesses include sexual intercourse with women.
Modern times
16th century AD
- October 1513: The Spanish conquistador Vasco Núñez de Balboa discovers a community of male crossdressers in what is now Panama and, according to eyewitness reports, feeds at least 40 of them to his dogs.
- 1514: Following protests from younger residents, the Florentine authorities lower the sodomy fines for 18-25 year olds. Studies of contemporary court and population records indicate that one in twelve Florentine males was suspected of sodomy in his youth.
- 1531: Martin Luther accuses the Catholic clergy and monks of sodomy.
- 1530 and 1532: In the Netherlands , new statutes make “unnatural sin” a capital crime. Charles V declares a law that expressly forbids female same-sex relationships as well as male relationships as part of the Constitutio Criminalis Carolina .
- 1533: With King Henry VIII of England , with the enactment of the "Buggery Act" in English civil law, the tradition of the so-called sodomy laws begins , which at that time included all sexual acts that did not serve the purpose of procreation Declared offense. This included masturbation , anal intercourse, and oral intercourse , regardless of the sex of those involved . The punishment for anal intercourse was death by hanging.
- 1542: The 22-year-old Japanese warlord Takeda Shingen signs a statement confirming to his 16-year-old lover Kasuga Gensuke that he never had sex with a certain Yashichiro, nor that he ever will, and swears by his immortal soul Loyalty to Kasuga.
- 1547: The Freiburg native Agatha Dietzsch is for wearing men's clothes and his marriage to a woman, Anna Reulin, to the pillory made and banished.
- 1549: Francis Xavier begins his mission in Japan; In a letter to one of his Jesuit colleagues, he reports that the Japanese have only one major flaw: Nobody finds the unnatural sin abnormal or abhorrent.
- 1551: In a letter from Brazil , the Portuguese missionary Father Pero Correia reports that homoerotic love is just as common among local women as in Africa, where he was previously stationed; According to his observation, Brazilian women bear arms and would even enter into same-sex marriages.
- 1555: Authorities in Calvinist Geneva begin to pay more attention to the sin of sodomy, especially among the city's growing foreign population; up to 1670 there was one beheading, one hanging, six drownings, six exiles and four flogging for sodomy.
- 1566: Pope Pius IV starts a campaign to free the city of Rome from the "sodomites".
- 1568: In Geneva, a woman charged with adultery confesses to having had sex with a woman; she is drowned.
- 1582: One of Japan's most feared warlords, Oda Nobunaga , dies in an ambush with his teenage lover Mori Panmaru.
- 1593: Christopher Marlowe's tragedy “Edward II” is probably the first English-language play that sympathizes with a love affair between men.
- 1596: Francis Cabral, a Catholic missionary in Japan, writes to the Vatican that the casual attitude of the population towards same-sex love is one of the greatest hurdles in the effort to Christianize the country.
17th century AD
- Around 1600: The word “ tribade ” appears in Western Europe as a term for same-sex loving women.
- 1609: The Jesuit envoy to China, Matteo Ricci, is one of many Europeans who are shocked at the legality, prevalence and public discussion of "unnatural sin".
- May 24, 1610: The Virginia Colony enacts the first law against sodomy in the American colonies.
- 1623: Michelangelo's great-nephew publishes the first printed edition of the artist's poems; the masculine terms in the love poem are replaced by feminine ones; The original version was not printed until 1863.
- November 30, 1624: Richard Cornish of Virginia Colony is charged, convicted, and hanged of sodomy.
- Around 1630: The “Brief Chronology of Love” appears in China with a detailed chapter on sexual love between men and anecdotes from two millennia of same-sex male relationships.
- 1631: In England, Mervyn Tuchet, 2nd Earl of Castlehaven, is charged with fornication and rape and beheaded on Tower Hill , accused by his son who feared that his father's lover and servant might inherit part of the property.
- November 11, 1634: In Ireland a "law against the sin of the Buggerie" is passed by the Irish House of Commons , promoted by the Anglican Bishop John Atherton
- November 15, 1636: The Colony of Plymouth in what is now Massachusetts compiles the first complete code of law in the colonies; Sodomy, rape and buggerie are one of the eight categories in which the death penalty is imposed.
- 1641: The correction of Caspar Bartholin's anatomical writings, the Anatomicae Institutiones Corporis Humani by his son Thomas Bartholin, supports the theory that an enlarged clitoris is the cause of female same-sex desire.
- December 5, 1641: The second man to be hanged in Ireland for "the sin of Buggerie" is Bishop John Atherton.
- December 5, 1642: Massachusetts Bay servant convicted of "improper practices" with another woman to be flogged; this is the first recorded case of criminal prosecution of same-sex relationships between women in North America .
- 1646: The Portuguese colonial powers in Brazil extend the laws banning same-sex relationships to women, punishable by cremation at the stake.
- March 6, 1649: Married women Sarah White Norman and Mary Vincent Hammon in Plymouth , Massachusetts are charged with “dissolute behavior in bed with one another”; charges against 15-year-old Mary Hammon are dropped while Sara Norman is coerced will publicly confess their "unchaste behavior".
- 1652: The Japanese authorities forbid all kabuki groups consisting only of young men to put an end to the current preference for pederastic relationships.
- 1654: In Portugal Francisco Correa Netto writes a series of love letters to a musician named Manuel Viegas, the oldest openly homoerotic letters in a modern European language. In the end, Netto is betrayed by Viegas, who hands over the letters to the church and thus surrenders his lover to the Portuguese Inquisition.
- March 1, 1656: The " New Haven Law Code" is the first law in the colonies that threatens same-sex sexual activity between women with the death penalty; the law quotes Romans , verse 26 ( Rom 1.26 EU ) as the basis of the law.
- 1686: Ihara Saikaku's “Lives of Women in Love” contains a paragraph describing sex between the heroine of the book and a female employee.
- 1687: In Japan Ihara Saikaku publishes the “Great Mirror of Male Love”, 40 love stories between older and younger men. About half describe relationships among samurai and the others describe kabuki actors and their admirers.
- 1688: In England, Aphra Behn wrote "To the Fair Clarinda, Who Made Love to Me, Imagined More than Woman" in which she defended her sexual attraction to younger women.
- 1697: Emperor Kangxi had three servants of his son executed during the Qing Dynasty when he learned that they were procuring male boys for themselves and his son.
18th century AD
- 1706: Peter the Great criminalizes sexual acts between men in the Russian military , otherwise same-sex love remains legal and, according to contemporary sources, widespread.
- 1725: Customers of a London "Molly House", a brothel for men who have sex with men, defend themselves against a police raid; this is one of the first documented examples of same-sex lovers protesting against the enforcement of public law. Paris is home to around 20,000 “sodomites,” according to General Lenoir, around 50 of whom are arrested annually, and although sodomy remains a capital crime, most of those arrested are only imprisoned, often for life.
- 1726: The brothel of Margaret Clap (Mother Clap) for same sex sexually circulating men (called a molly house ) in London is attacked by the police, Clap comes lost their lives and all arrested in the house men in Tyburn executed, the London gallows . In Paris, Benjamin Deschauffours is burned at the stake on the Place de Greve ; although he was charged with crimes such as rape and murder, some of his contemporaries believe this to be an unjustified punishment for committed sodomy; an anonymous scribe publishes a manifesto of protest.
- 1730–1811: In the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands , widespread panic leads to a sensational series of sodomy trials, culminating in 1730–1737, 1764–1776, and 1795–98, respectively. As early as 1731, 250 men and boys were found guilty of the crime, around 10% were hanged or burned, the vast majority of them were exiled or whipped.
- 1731: In Faan , a small village in North Holland, 22 young men are strangled and burned at the stake despite the protests of their relatives and neighbors for confessing to masturbating each other.
- 1732: In Ireland, William King writes the first draft of the wicked poetic satire The Toast on a group of women in Dublin , one chapter using the term "lesbian", one of the earliest English references to the word in its present sense.
- 1740: During the Qing Dynasty, the first Chinese law against consensual sodomy is written, albeit rarely applied.
- July 1750: Bruno Lenoir and Jean Diot, two workers from Paris are burned after being caught having same-sex sex on a Paris street. This marks the first and the last case in the next 25 years that men were executed solely for sodomy.
- 1760: The work L'Onanisme , written by the doctor Simon-Auguste Tissot , reinforces the popular belief that a significantly enlarged clitoris is the cause of same-sex desire in women. He points out that this predisposition, which is related to " hermaphroditism ", occurs very frequently. Over the next few decades, the Swiss work was often translated and reprinted.
- 1764: Voltaire's Dictionnaire Philosophique (Philosophical Dictionary) contains an article on "Love in the manner of Socrates", together with a list of historical people who were devoted to homoerotic love.
- 1770: In Les Confessions , Jean-Jacques Rousseau describes his perceived panic and inner resistance when a “disguised African” tried to seduce him, but then leads the defense of a friend for this attempted seduction. This is arguably one of the earliest pleadings for tolerance of same-sex love in modern European literature.
- 1778: Two Irish cousins, Lady Eleanor Butler and Sarah Ponsonby, run away to Wales together and become the celebrated " Ladies of Llangollen ". Their romantic friendship, almost certainly sexual in nature, becomes one of the most famous relationships of this era.
- February 23, 1778: After Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben fears persecution in Prussia after indiscretions about his relationships with young men , he arrives in Valley Forge , Pennsylvania , accompanied by his handsome 17-year-old secretary to train the ragged army of George Washington .
- March 11, 1778: In Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, Lieutenant Frederick Gotthold Enslin becomes the first American to be discharged from the army for attempted sodomy.
- 1779: In the United States, on June 18, 1779 , Thomas Jefferson prepares a draft of Virginia's criminal legislation that provides castration as a punishment for sodomy. It reads as follows: “ Whosoever shall be guilty of rape, polygamy, or sodomy with a man or woman, shall be punished; if a man, by castration, a woman, by boring through the cartilage of her nose a hole of one half inch in diameter at the least. " (English for:" Whoever because of rape, polygamy or sodomy with a man or a woman is found guilty, should be punished; if he is a man, he should be castrated, if it is a woman, a hole of at least half an inch in diameter should be drilled through her nasal septum. ")
- 1782: Johann Friedel's "Letters on the Galleries of Berlin " is the first book to describe same-sex male cruising and prostitution in Berlin.
- 1783: Friar Pascal is the last Frenchman to be burned for sodomy; this unusually harsh punishment in Enlightenment France is explained by the gravity of the crime: Pascal killed a boy whom he tried to rape. All except those accused of sodomy have been imprisoned instead of executed since 1715.
- October 25, 1783: Deborah Sampson is honorably discharged from the Massachusetts Regiment in Westpoint , New York . After numerous fights in the battles of the regiment, her disguise was only noticeable after a year and a half after being wounded. She had some connections with women during this period, although she later married and received a military pension.
- Around 1785: Popular prints by the Japanese artist Kitagawa Utamaro and other illustrators show unambiguous same-sex erotic encounters between women and men as well as between heterosexual couples.
- With the criminal law passed on November 30, 1786 , the death penalty was abolished in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and on January 1, 1787 with the Josephine Penal Law in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs.
- 1788: Mary Wollstonecraft publishes Mary: A Fiction that uses her own biography to chronicle love for another woman; this type of romantic friendship described in the novel becomes a common theme in fiction and everyday life of 19th century women.
- 1790 - Groups of militant “sodomite citizens” petition the National Assembly , the governing body of the French Revolution , to demand freedom and recognition.
- 1791: In Germany, an article appears in the magazine on empirical soul science that is considered the first attempt at a scientific approach to male homosexuality.
- September 25, 1791: With the entry into force of the new penal code as part of and as a consequence of the French Revolution, sexual acts between men are decriminalized in France.
- 1795: Belgium and Luxembourg decriminalize same-sex acts. Marquis de Sade wrote The Philosophy in the Boudoir , which describes almost every imaginable variant of sexual activity; The book was banned two decades later, but remained an underground classic until it was re-published to the general public in the 1960s.
- 1796: In France, the work La Religieuse ("The Nun") by the encyclopaedist Denis Diderot is published posthumously , in which a decadent and libidinal mother superior tries to seduce a young nun; his characterization of the morally neglected woman who desires other women becomes common in the French novels of the 19th century.
- 1798: Mederic Louis-Elie Moreau de St. Mery, a French lawyer and politician, leaves Philadelphia , about which he later writes in a letter how shocked he was at the women enjoying "unnatural lust" with their own kind, although they were like most Americans, “not passionate” compared to French women.
19th century AD
- Around 1805: The Turkish Ambassador to France, Halet Efendi, is shocked by the number and shamelessness of the prostituting boys who work around the Palais Royal Markt; He writes that Europeans consider all Muslims to be sodomites, and that there is no such scandalous place in the Muslim world as Paris.
- 1807: Shen Fu's autobiography gives an indication of how upper-class Chinese women organized their love affairs with other women: When his wife, Shen Yun, was in love with a singer, she tried to keep her as her husband's concubine , she fell ill and died after the girl is married to another man.
- 1810: The police raided the “White Swan” pub on Vere Street in London . The “White Swan” was one of the first “gay bars” to be visited by a large number of men; Contemporary witnesses describe most of them as effeminate, with exceptions such as "Fanny, an athletic river boatman" and "Lucy, a Herculean coal bearer". In France, the Code pénal comes into force, consensual same-sex acts are not punishable, many Western states and their colonies adopt this code as a law.
- 1811: The Netherlands decriminalizes same-sex acts.
- 1812: As a result of the trial and the subsequent defamation lawsuit by two Scottish teachers, Miss Pirie and Miss Woods, for "indecent and criminal acts" against themselves and one of their students, the public authorities debate whether sexual intercourse between women is possible at all and will happen to the conclusion that it is impossible.
- 1813: Thanks to the support of the lawyer Anselm von Feuerbach , Bavaria exempts sexual acts between men from punishment based on the Civil Code .
- 1816: Four members of the "Africaine" crew are hanged in London . Their execution is part of a campaign to punish "Buggerie" in the English Navy .
- 1822: Spain's new law makes no mention of sodomy.
- 1828: The term "crimes against nature" is first used in the United States Penal Code .
- 1832: Russia punishes anal intercourse between men in the new penal code (Article 995) with exile to Siberia for up to five years .
- August 1833: Captain Nicholas Nicholls is sentenced to death for sodomy; an anonymous poet protests with Don Leon against this judgment; supposedly an autobiographical poem by Lord Byron , but it is believed to have been written by one of his contemporaries who has an exceptionally good knowledge of the poet's late love life. This work is one of the earliest works against the persecution of same-sex love.
G. Catlin (1796–1872), Dance to the Berdache, ceremonial dance in honor of the Berdache (bisexual person)
- Around 1835: Although anatomically not a bisexual person, the woman chief, who wears women's clothing and looks attractive to women, takes a total of four women to underline her elitist status, which she enjoys thanks to her courage and talent in hunting and in the field War has reached.
- 1835: For the first time in history, same-sex love is declared illegal by the Polish Congress , then under the Tsarist regime . Two well-known novels Honoré de Balzac's The Girl with the Golden Eyes and Théophile Gautier's Mademoiselle de Maupin (whose main character describes himself as belonging to the “third sex”) describe lesbian femmes fatale of androgynous beauty; these decadent and glamorous heroines became a stereotype for a century and a half .
- 1836: In Switzerland, Heinrich Hoessli writes the first edition of Eros: The Greek Man's Love, a historical study and defense of same-sex love and one of the first books to call for social tolerance for those affected.
- 1840: Last known execution for male same-sex acts in Great Britain , but the death penalty remains theoretically possible until the law reform in 1861. The German state of Hanover decriminalizes same-sex relationships.
- 1850: The bohemian Yokel's Preceptor guidebook lists Fleet Street and The Strand among the places one could be almost certain to find men looking for other men.
- 1851: In Prussia, the most powerful of the states that will later form Germany, a forerunner to the later Paragraph 175 is issued, which criminalizes sexual man-man acts. Although less strict than the later paragraph, it runs counter to the general German trend to decriminalize same-sex sexuality.
- 1852: Forensic scientist Johann Ludwig Casper is the first in Germany to claim that affinity for the same sex is innate. Portugal decriminalizes same-sex acts
- July 4, 1855: Walt Whitman publishes the first edition of Leaves of Grass .
- 1857: The French Anibroise Tardieu publishes a very influential "medical-legal study" which contains a list of symptoms by which one can recognize men who have a tendency to unnatural practices; including a funnel-shaped rectum , deformed lips and small teeth.
- 1858: The Ottoman Empire (today's Turkey ) and Iraq decriminalize sodomy.
- 1860: Walt Whitman publishes the third edition of Leaves of Grass . Announced as the “Comrades' Poem” it now contains Adam's sex-positive children and the homoerotic Calamus poems.
- 1861: In England, Ireland and Wales the criminal consequences of convicted sodomists are reduced from execution (hanging) to prison terms .
Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825–1895) LGBT pioneer
- 1862: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs coined the term "Uranian" in Germany, based on a passage in Plato's symposium. In Ulrich's usage, the term refers to people whom he understands as “third sex” - a person with a female soul in a male body and vice versa. The term and the concept behind it will be used and observed frequently in Europe and North America in the coming decades.
- 1863: Two women serving in the Union Army in men's clothing are discovered in the United States . The two soldiers had recognized each other shortly after their independent engagement and shared an "intimacy" in General Philip Sheridan's words. You have been discharged from the army.
- 1864: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs publishes the first of his twelve pamphlets of social and legal studies on "Uranic love" in Germany
- Around 1865: The booming silk industry and the subsequent economic independence made it possible for women in Guangdong, China , to form a "resistance movement against marriage" and to live together without their families; This movement existed until the Japanese invasion in 1937 and at its height it had more than 100,000 women, many of whom lived together in longstanding lesbian relationships.
- 1865: In San Marino , sodomy is decriminalized.
- 1866: Horatio Alger, preacher at the Unitarian Church of Brewster in Massachusetts, is removed from office for "acts too disgusting to name" committed with two boys, flees to New York City and writes for Boys' novels career.
- August 29, 1867: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs is the first self-proclaimed man-loving man who speaks out in public for the rights of same-sex lovers when he pleads for a resolution at the German Jurists' Congress in Munich to urge the repeal of the laws against the sodomists .
- 1867: Charles Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du Mal contains a number of poems that celebrate les beers and emphasize their uniqueness, one of which is Sappho; he is one of the leaders of the French trend that portrays lesbian love as divine-evil decadence.
- May 6, 1868: The term homosexuality appears for the first time in a letter from Karl-Maria Kertbeny to Karl Heinrich Ulrichs.
- 1869: In an open letter to the Prussian Minister of Justice, Karoly Maria Kertbeny uses the word "homosexual" for the first time in a public forum. The German doctor Karl Friedrich Otto von Westphal published an article in a scientific journal, which for the first time looked at the "opposing sexual feelings" from the perspective of the incipient specialty psychiatry. For him, homosexuality is more a disease than a moral failure and he advocates it Decriminalization to make it easier for those affected to seek medical treatment.
_-_1857_-_pic_by_Mathew_Brady_(1822-1896).gif)
- Around 1870: In Rome, a group of women whom Henry James calls the “white, marble crowd” creates one of the most appreciated sculptures of their time; This network is formed around the actress Charlotte Cushman , members include Emma Stebbins , Anne Whitney and Mary Edmonia Lewis, many of whom live in so-called "Boston Marriages", female relationships similar to marriage.
- 1871: Despite protests in Germany, homosexual acts between men are criminalized by section 175 of the Reich Criminal Code. Guatemala and Mexico decriminalize homosexual acts.
- May 1873: As part of a campaign to “modernize” the country and promote national revitalization, the Meiji government makes consensual sexual intercourse between men a criminal offense for the first time in Japanese history.
- June 1, 1880: The United States census finds 63 men imprisoned in 22 states for "crimes against nature."
- 1883: The Japanese government corrects its 1873 legislation and re-legalizes consensual homosexual acts from the age of 16.
- 1886: In England, the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885 , which criminalizes sexual relations between men but not between women, comes into effect with the consent of Queen Victoria ( Royal Assent ). Argentina decriminalizes homosexuality, while Portugal makes homosexual acts a criminal offense again. Richard von Krafft-Ebing publishes his trend-setting and influential Psychopathia Sexualis , which describes same-sex oriented sexuality as a degenerative disorder.
- 1889: The Paris travel guide Des Plaisirs takes the reader to a restaurant on Montmartre that is frequented by lesbians. Consensual homosexual acts between adults is becoming legal in Italy . The maximum penalty for sodomy in Scotland is reduced from hanging to prison. The Cleveland Street scandal shakes England.
- 1892: The terms " bisexual " and " heterosexual " are used in the translation of Krafft-Eving's Psychopathia Sexualis by Charles Gilbert Chaddock for the first time in their current meaning.
- January 26, 1892: Newspapers across the United States report the murder of 17-year-old Freda Ward by her lover, 19-year-old Alice Mitchell. This is the first time that lesbian love has been discussed in the media. The case becomes a popular example of the dangers of same-sex love.
- 1894: Alfred Kinsey , a biologist and pioneer in the study of human sexuality , is born on June 23rd. In France, Pierre Louÿs wrote The Songs of Bilitis (Les Chansons de Bilitis) , which contain lesbian love poems spoken by the fictional character Bilitis, who is described as a contemporary of Sapphos on Lesbos.
Oscar Wilde , 1854-1900
- 1895: The trial of Oscar Wilde ends with his two-year prison sentence for “ grossly immoral behavior ” under the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885. Adolfo Caminha wrote Bom-Crioulo in Brazil , a naturalistic novel about romantic and sexual obsession a sailor to the 15-year-old cabin boy.
- January 1895: Edward Carpenter quietly publishes a pamphlet called Homogenic Love and Its Place in Society , one of the first documents to stress that same-sex love and the men and women who practice it make positive contributions to society.
- 1896: The first successful, regular magazine for homosexuals in Germany, Der Eigen , is first published on Staten Island , New York. Alice Austen begins to photographically document the life of a small group of her female friends and her lover Gertrude Tate.
- 1897: Magnus Hirschfeld founds the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee on May 14th to organize the promotion of homosexual rights and the repeal of paragraph 175. George Cecil Ives organizes the first gay rights group in England, the Order of Chaeronea . Oscar Wilde is released from prison and spends the remainder of his life for three years in self-imposed exile in France and Italy.
- January 13, 1898: The German Reichstag debates a petition to repeal Section 175, initiated by Hirschfeld and signed by dozens of prominent opposition leaders, but the petition is only supported by one political party in the Reichstag, the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (later the SPD ) led by August Bebel . The attempt at reform fails.
- 1899: Hirschfeld publishes the first of 23 published yearbooks for sexual intermediate stages , a compendium of scientific articles and an annual bibliography related to the study of male and female homosexuality. Arthur J. Cohen wrote A Marriage Below Zero , the first American novel to openly discuss sex between men.
The 20th century
1900s
- Around 1900: The Dutch weekly "Pst-Pst" contains some of the first examples of lesbian personals. Elisar von Kupffer publishes the groundbreaking anthology Freundesliebe , which presents writings on homoerotic love from around the world.
- 1901: The Austrian writer Aimee Duc (pseudonym of Minna Wettstein-Adelt) published Are there women? a novel about a group of independent women in Geneva, one of the world's first positive depictions of lesbian love.
- 1902: Edward Carpenter publishes Iolaus: An Anthology of Friendship in England , the first English-language collection of writings on same-sex love from "pagan times" to the present.
- 1903: Magnus Hirschfeld supervises the first large-scale study on sexual preference in Berlin; 2.2% of 6611 students and workers state that they have sex with other men. In Russia, the sentence for homosexual acts is reduced from five years in Siberian exile to prison terms of three months or more; Vladimir Nabokov , strongly influenced by Hirschfeld's work, works together with other reformers for the decriminalization of homosexuality.
- February 21, 1903: In New York City , on February 21, the New York police carried out the first recorded raid in the USA on a gay bathhouse , the Ariston Hotel Baths . Of the 78 men found, 26 were arrested, 12 tried for offenses against the sodomy law, and 7 of them were sentenced to between 4 and 20 years in prison.
- October 9, 1904: In a speech to the Scientific Humanitarian Committee in Berlin, the women's rights activist Theo Anna Sprüngli (1880–1953), under her pseudonym Anna Rüling, proposes a union of feminists with “Uranian” men and women in order to promote the similar interests of to advance both movements in their struggle for social reform.
- 1905: Sigmund Freud employed for the first time in the Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality intensively with homosexuality, which it considers contrary to the valid doctrine of the degenerative disorder of a kind aberration.
- 1906: In Russia, Mikhail Alexejewitsch Kusmin Flügel publishes , the story of a young man who recognizes and learns to appreciate the value of his homoerotic tendencies.
- 1907: Adolf Brand , chairman and activist of the Community of Owners , who were working on the repeal of Section 175, publishes a document that outlines the Chancellor of the German Empire, Prince Bernhard von Bülow , as a homosexual. The prince sued Brand for defamation and was able to clear his name. Brand was sentenced to an 18-month prison term. The bisexual Russian intellectual Lidiya Zinovyeva-Annibal publishes 33 monsters. A woman's love in tsarist St. Petersburg. - the first Russian novel that explicitly deals with female homosexuality. Sholem Asch's play Der Gott der Rache celebrates its premiere in Berlin, the story of a Jewish girl and daughter of a brothel owner is one of the first plays to present lesbian love scenes on a modern European stage. In New York, the American representative of the Scientific Humanitarian Committee Otto Spengler speaks in what is probably the first public speech of this kind about homosexuality in the United States.
- 1907–1909: The Harden-Eulenburg affair preoccupies the socio-political debate in Germany.
- 1908: Edward Prime Stevenson, an American writer who spent most of his life in Europe, published under a pseudonym The Intersexes: A History of Similisexualism as a Problem in Social Life in Italy. The book is the first detailed account of gay subcultures in major US cities. In Germany, an attempt to criminalize female homosexuality only just fails because of the required majority in the Reichstag.
1910s
- 1910: Emma Goldman speaks out for the first time publicly for homosexual rights.
- 1913: The term fagot (English: fagot) is first printed in Portland , Oregon as a synonym for homosexual in a vocabulary index for criminal jargon
- 1917: The October Revolution in Russia leads to the repeal of the previous criminal code, including Article 995.
1920s
1928 issue of the periodically published lesbian magazine Die Freund (published by Friedrich Radszuweit )
- 1920: The term gay is used for the first time within the subculture as a synonym for homosexual.
- 1921: The first attempt to criminalize lesbian relationships in British history fails.
- 1922: The introduction of a new criminal code in the Soviet Union officially decriminalizes homosexual acts.
- 1923: The term fag in relation to gays is first printed in Nels Anderson's The Hobo
- 1924: The first homosexual civil rights movement in the United States is founded in Chicago , The Society for Human Rights . The movement only existed for a few months until the police disbanded it. Panama , Paraguay and Peru legalize homosexuality.
- 1925: The Polish-Jewish migrant Eva Kotchever opens the city's first lesbian pub in New York City, called the Eve Addams Tearoom .
- 1928: The Well of Loneliness by Radclyffe Hall is published in the United States. This sparked both heated legal debates and public discussions about homosexuality.
- 1929: On May 22nd, Katharine Lee Bates , author of America the Beautiful , dies . On October 16, the German Reichstag votes for the repeal of paragraph 175, the seizure of power by the National Socialists prevents the implementation of the resolution.
1930s
- 1930: The new Danish penal code decriminalizes homosexuality.
- 1932: The new Polish Criminal Code decriminalizes homosexuality across the country.
- 1933: The National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) bans all homosexual associations. Homosexuals are sent to concentration camps. The library in Magnus Hirschfeld's Institute for Sexology is burned, the institute destroyed. The Philippines decriminalize homosexuality, while homosexual acts are once again criminalized in the USSR.
- 1934: Uruguay decriminalizes homosexuality.
- 1936: The Spanish poet Federico García Lorca is shot at the beginning of the civil war.
- 1937: The pink triangle is first used for gay men in German concentration camps.
1940s
- 1940: Iceland decriminalizes homosexuality.
- 1941: Transsexuality is first related to homo- and bisexuality.
- 1942: The Switzerland decriminalized homosexuality, unless the parties over 20 years old.
- 1944: Sweden decriminalizes homosexuality if those involved are over 20 years old. Suriname legalizes homosexuality.
- 1945: When the Allies liberated the German concentration camps , those interned on charges of homosexuality were not liberated; they were served their sentences under Section 175. Portugal decriminalized homosexuality for the second time in its history.
- 1946: COC Nederland (then Cultuur- en Ontspannings Centrum ), one of the first homophile organizations, is founded in the Netherlands . COC is the oldest existing LBGT association to this day.
- 1947: Vice Versa , the first LBGT-related publication in North America, is written and self-published by Edith Eyde in Los Angeles .
- 1948: The homosexual group Forbundet af 1948 ("League of 1948") is founded in Denmark.
- 1948: The communist rulers in Poland set 15 years as the age of consent from which any sexual acts are free from punishment, regardless of whether they are heterosexual or homosexual.
1950s
- 1950: The Riksförbundet för homosexuellas, bisexuellas och transpersoners rättigheter (RFSL - Federation for the Rights of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and Transgender People ) is founded in Sweden . The government of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) cancels the additions of the National Socialists to paragraph 175 in part. The Mattachine Society , the first American gay association, is founded in Los Angeles. 190 people in the US are being dismissed from public service because of their sexual orientation, the beginning of what is known as " Lavender scare ".
- 1952: Dale Jennings successfully uses incitement to defend himself against the allegations of bribery. ONE, Inc. an early gay movement is founded in California .
- 1954 On June 7, dies Alan Turing as a result of cyanide poisoning , 18 months after a one-year libido dampening received hormone treatment as punishment for homosexuality. The first French gay association , Arcadie , is founded.
- 1955: The Daughters of Bilitis , the first US lesbian civil rights association, is founded in San Francisco , California.
- 1956: Thailand decriminalizes homosexual acts.
- 1957: The American doctor Harry Benjamin coined the term " transsexual ". The Wolfenden Report recommends decriminalizing consensual homosexual behavior between adults in the UK. The psychologist Evelyn Hooker publishes a study that homosexual men are just as well adapted as non-homosexual men; This study is a decisive factor in the removal of homosexuality in 1973 from the manual of mental disorders of the American Psychiatric Association to advance (American Association psychiatrists).
- 1958: The Homosexual Law Reform Society is established in the United Kingdom. Barbara Gittings founds the New York section of the Daughters of Bilitis .
1960s
- 1961: The Czechoslovakia and Hungary decriminalize sodomy. The Vatican declared that anyone who is affected by the "perverse inclination" to homosexuality, should be allowed to bear religious vows or the Roman Catholic Church to be ordained. With his candidacy for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors (City Council of San Francisco), Jose Sarria is the first openly gay person in the world to run for public office.
- 1962: Illinois becomes the first US state to remove sodomy laws from its penal code.
- 1963: Israel de facto decriminalizes sodomy and sexual acts between men with a decision against the corresponding passage in the old British Mandate Act of 1936 (the previous law was in fact never applied).
- 1964: On September 19, the first public demonstration for gay rights after World War II took place. Outside the US Army induction center on Whitehall Street, New York City , ten men and women (four homosexuals and six heterosexual supporters) held a vigil against the dismissal and dishonorable discharge of homosexuals. The event was sponsored by the Sexual Freedom League . In Les Crane Show , Randy Wicker appears as the first openly gay person on US national television. After this performance, he received many letters from gays and lesbians all over the country.
- 1965: In the USA, several vigils for the rights of homosexuals take place on the east coast throughout the year, some of which were noticed in the media.
- 1966: The National Planning Conference of Homophile Organizations ( National Planning Conference of Homophile Organizations ) is founded (1967 renamed to NACHO - North American Conference of Homophile Organizations). The Compton's Cafeteria Riot of transgender and crossdressers in Los Angeles takes place.
- 1967: The Chad decriminalized homosexuality. The Sexual Offences Act 1967 decriminalized homosexual male behavior in England and Wales . Wainwright Churchill publishes in the book Homosexual Behavior Among Males (English: " Homosexual Behavior Among Males ") the groundbreaking scientific study that treats homosexuality as a reality of life and coined the term "homoerotophobia" as a possible harbinger of homophobia . The first gay-oriented bookstore, the Oscar Wilde Bookshop, opens in New York . The first Latin American homosexual organization Nuestro Mundo (Spanish: Our World) is founded in Argentina . A raid on the Black Cat Bar in San Francisco gives new impetus to the gay civil rights movement.
- 1968: Paragraph 175 is weakened in East Germany, homosexual acts are in future exempt from punishment for over 18-year-olds. Bulgaria decriminalizes homosexual acts between adults.
- 1969: The Stonewall uprising takes place in New York . Paragraph 175 is toned down in West Germany. Homosexual behavior is legalized in Canada from the age of 21 with sexual acts and from the age of 14 without sexual acts, a quote from the Canadian Prime Minister from that year: The government has no business in the bedrooms of the nation (English: “The Government has no business in the nation's bedrooms ”). Poland decriminalizes homosexual prostitution . The first American student group for gays FREE is born at the University of Minnesota . A section of the Daughters of Bilitis is formed in Melbourne and is considered the first Australian homosexual civil rights organization.
1970s
- 1970: The first Gay Liberation Day March (English "March for the day of the liberation of the gays") takes place in New York. The first Gay Freedom Day March takes place in Los Angeles. The first "gay-in" takes place in San Francisco. In Australia the CAMP (Campaign Against Moral Prosecution - English: "Campaign against moral persecution") is founded.
- 1971: Society Five , a gay civil rights organization, is founded in Melbourne . Homosexuality is legalized in Austria , Costa Rica and Finland . The American states of Colorado and Oregon repeal the sodomy laws. The US state of Idaho is also repealing the laws, but is reintroducing them because of indignation among Mormons and Catholics . The Netherlands set the age of consent for homosexual acts to 16 and thus adapt this to the heterosexual legal situation. The US Libertarian Party calls for the repeal of all laws dealing with victimless crimes , including the sodomy laws. Frank Kameny is the first openly gay candidate for the United States Congress . The University of Michigan sets up the first academic office for LGBT programs, known as the Gay Advocate's Office (ger .: Office of the Prosecutor of gays)
- 1972: Sweden becomes the first country in the world to allow transsexuals to legally change their gender and to offer free hormone therapy. Hawaii legalizes homosexuality. In South Australia, the Dunstan government is introducing a form of consensual adult protection; this protection was initiated by a bill by Murray Hill, the father of former Secretary of Defense Robert Hill , and repealed the state sodomy laws in 1975. Norway legalizes homosexuality. East Lansing , Ann Arbor, and San Francisco are the first communities in the United States to legislate for gay rights. The first gay demonstration in the Federal Republic of Germany takes place in Münster.
- 1973: The American Psychiatric Association removes homosexuality from its catalog of mental illnesses, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-II); this decision is largely based on the studies and advocacy of Evelyn Hooker . Malta legalizes homosexuality. In the Federal Republic of Germany (at that time only West Germany) the age from which homosexual acts are allowed is reduced to 18, although the age of consent for heterosexual acts is 14 years.
- 1974: With election to Ann Arbor City Council, Kathy Kozachenko becomes the first openly gay American woman to be elected to public office. Ohio repeals the sodomy laws. The first official telephone counseling for LBGT seekers, the London Lesbian and Gay Switchboard , opens in London ; the Brighton Lesbian and Gay Switchboard follows a year later .
The Gay Pride Flag : symbol of the gay civil rights movement from 1978, today a general symbol for LBGT
- 1975: Elaine Noble becomes the second openly gay American woman to be elected to public office, winning a seat in the Massachusetts State House . South Australia becomes the first Australian state to allow homosexuality between consenting adults in a non-public setting. Panama is the second country in the world to allow transsexuals to adjust their personality documents to their new gender after the gender reassignment surgery.
- 1976: The Homosexual Law Reform Coalition (English: Coalition for the Rights of Homosexuals) and the Gay Teachers Group (English: Association of Gay Teachers) are founded in Australia . The state of Australian Capital Territory decriminalizes private homosexual acts between consenting adults. In Denmark, the age of consent is being adjusted.
- 1977: Harvey Milk is elected to the San Francisco city and county government, making him the third openly gay person to hold public office in the United States. The County Dade County in Florida adopted a regulation on the citizens' rights, it is the same year after one of Anita Bryant stated, revoke militant campaign against gay rights. Québec is the first major administrative entity in the world to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation in public and private spheres. Croatia , Montenegro , Slovenia and Vojvodina legalize homosexuality.
- 1978: Robert Grant founds Christian Voice to begin his national crusade against gay rights in the United States. In San Francisco, Harvey Milk and Mayor George Moscone are shot dead by former councilor Dan White . The Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras , a gay and lesbian carnival in Sydney, takes place for the first time. The rainbow flag is first used in connection with the gay pride movement. In Sweden the age of consent is standardized. The first lesbian- feminist BDSM organization, Samois , is founded in San Francisco, well-known members of the group are Pat Califia and Gayle Rubin , the group is one of the earliest representatives of sex-positive feminism .
- 1979: The first gay rights protest march takes place in Washington, DC . Harry Hay calls the first meeting of the Radical Faeries in Arizona . Cuba and Spain decriminalize homosexuality.
1980s
- 1980: The Democratic National Convention (English: National Assembly of Democrats) is the first major political party in America to give a platform to the demand for homosexual civil rights. Scotland decriminalizes homosexuality; David McReynolds is the first LBGT member to run for the office of American President, he is on the list of candidates for the US Socialist Party .
- 1981: The European Court of Human Rights declares in the trial “Dudgeon v. United Kingdom “the criminalization of homosexuals in Northern Ireland is inadmissible, this leads to the decriminalization of homosexual practices there in the following year. Victoria , Australia and Colombia decriminalize homosexuality and set a uniform age of consent for sexual acts. The Moral Majority begins their anti-homosexual crusade. Norway is the first country in the world to pass an anti-discrimination law to protect homosexuals. Hong Kong's first gender reassignment surgery is carried out.
- 1982: France adjusts the age of consent. The first Gay Games take place in San Francisco and attract around 1,600 participants. Northern Ireland decriminalizes homosexuality. Wisconsin is the first American state to prohibit discrimination against homosexuals. New South Wales is the first Australian state to criminalize discrimination based on suspected or actual homosexuality.
- 1983: Gerry Studds , the Massachusetts representative in the American Congress, comes out as a homosexual and is the first homosexual member of Congress. Guernsey (including Alderney , Herm and Sark ) and Portugal decriminalize homosexuality. AIDS is referred to as the "gay curse" by the Reverend Jerry Falwell .
- 1984: The gay and lesbian organization Ten Percent Club (English: Ten Percent Club) is established in Hong Kong. Massachusetts voters re-elect Gerry Studds as their representative, despite the revelation of his homosexuality the previous year. New South Wales and the Northern Territory in Australia legalize homosexual acts. Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury, said after being elected to the British Parliament : "My name is Chris Smith. I'm the Labor MP for Islington South and Finsbury, and I'm gay ” (“ My name is Chris Smith, I'm a Labor MP for Islington South and Finsbury, and I'm gay ”). He is the first openly gay politician in the UK Parliament. The Comunidad Homosexual Argentina , (CHA - Spanish: Homosexual Association of Argentina) unites a number of other groups that have existed for a long time.
- 1985: France prohibits lifestyle discrimination (French: moeurs) in work and services. The first memorial for the gay victims of the Holocaust is erected. Belgium adjusts the age of consent.
- 1986: The Homosexual Law Reform Act is passed in New Zealand , legalizing sexual intercourse between men over 16. In the case of “Bowers v. Hardwick "holds the top American Court, the Supreme Court on the law of Georgia found that oral or anal prohibits sex; in doing so, the judges decide that the constitutional right to privacy does not include homosexual relationships. However, the Supreme Court makes no statement as to whether or not the law should apply to heterosexuals.
- 1987: ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) holds its first large protest demonstration, 17 demonstrators are arrested. American Congressman Barney Frank is coming out . Homomonument , a memorial for the persecuted homosexuals in Amsterdam , is opened.
- 1988: Sweden becomes the first country to pass laws protecting homosexual rights in the areas of social services, taxes and inheritance. " Section 28 " is passed in England and Wales, Scotland passed an almost identical legal regulation. Svend Robinson , Member of the Canadian Parliament, makes his homosexuality public. Canada is lowering the age of consent for homosexual acts to 18. Belize and Israel decriminalize ( de jure ) sodomy and sexual activity between men (the corresponding section of the previous British Mandate law, in existence since 1936, was never applied).
- 1989: Western Australia legalized male homosexuality, Liechtenstein legalized homosexuality. Denmark is the first nation in the world to pass registered partnership laws for same-sex couples; As far as possible, these couples have the same rights that result from marriage, with the exception of the right to adoption and a church wedding.
1990s
- 1990: The English LGBT civil rights and action group OutRage! forms up. In Czechoslovakia, the legal age of consent will be adjusted. Jersey legalizes homosexual acts. Justin Fashanu is the first professional football player to come out in the press.
- 1991: The Bahamas , Hong Kong, Ukraine and Queensland in Australia decriminalize homosexuality. The “ red ribbon ” is used for the first time as a symbol of the campaign against AIDS / HIV.
- 1992: The World Health Organization (WHO) removes homosexuality from the ICD-10 , the international classification of diseases. Australia allows gay men to serve in the military for the first time. The Isle of Man , Estonia and Latvia legalize homosexuality. Iceland, Luxembourg and Switzerland adjust the age of consent concerned. Nicaragua is once again making homosexuality a criminal offense.
- 1993: Brandon Teena is raped and murdered. The third protest march for gay rights takes place in Washington. Sodomy laws on Norfolk Island and the Republic of Ireland are repealed. Gibraltar and Russia decriminalize consensual male sodomy (with the exception of Chechnya ). Lithuania legalizes homosexuality. Norway enacts laws that allow registered partnerships for same-sex couples who have the same rights as married couples; except for the right to adoption and church marriage.
- 1994: Bermuda , Serbia (including Kosovo ) and South Africa legalize homosexuality. The UK is reducing the age of consent at which homosexual acts among men are allowed to 18 years. The AMA (American Medical Society) condemns alleged cures for homosexuals. Canada grants asylum to homosexuals whose welfare is at risk in their home country. Paragraph 175 is repealed in Germany. Israel's Supreme Court equates the rights of homosexual couples with the rights of heterosexual couples who live together under normal law.
- 1995: Sweden allows registered partnerships. The Supreme Court of Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada , the sexual orientation among the protected rights of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Engl. Canadian Charter of Human Rights) that discrimination on these grounds should be excluded. Albania and Moldova decriminalize homosexuality.
- 1996: The age of consent from which sexual acts are allowed is adjusted in Burkina Faso . Iceland allows registered partnerships. Hungary recognizes same-sex partnerships in unregistered domestic communities. Romania decriminalizes homosexuality as long as it doesn't cause a scandal. Macedonia decriminalizes homosexuality.
- 1997: South Africa becomes the first nation to incorporate the prohibition of sexual orientation discrimination in its current constitution. The United Kingdom extends the right of reunification to same-sex couples in the course of immigration - analogous to the rights of married couples. Fiji becomes the second country to incorporate protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation in its constitution. The laws prohibiting non-public homosexual acts will be repealed in Tasmania, Australia 's last state; also in Ecuador ; In Russia, the statutory provisions on the age of consent are being adjusted.
- 1998: Matthew Shepard is murdered. The Employment Equality Act is introduced in Ireland, which covers dismissal based on sexual orientation. Sexual orientation is included in the Alberta Declaration of Human Rights (ILPA) , based on the case “Vriend v. Alberta ". Ecuador is the third country to expressly prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation. Bosnia-Herzegovina , Chile , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan legalize homosexuality. Croatia and Latvia have the same age of consent. Cyprus decriminalizes homosexuality.
- 1999: California enacts law for couples living together. France enacts registered partnership laws. In England that is Queer Youth Alliance (ger .: Alliance of Queer Youth) was founded. Israel's Supreme Court recognizes a lesbian partner as the second legal mother of her partner's biological son. In Finland, the age of consent for sexual acts is equated.
The 21st century
The beginning of the 21st century is characterized worldwide by increasing political recognition, equality and, above all, the visibility of homosexual life and social concepts; however, there are occasional counter-trends.
Increasingly, parts of Judaism, parts of Buddhism and parts of Hinduism as well as a number of Christian churches, especially Protestantism, Anglicanism and Old Catholicism, are no longer ethically and theologically judging homosexual acts as sinful. Openly homosexual clergy are ordained and partnered / married homosexual couples receive a church wedding or at least a public blessing service after they go to the registry office .
Chronology of the international, national and subnational processes and events:
-
2000
- Legalization of homosexuality:
-
Decriminalization:
-
" Section 28 " (promotion of homosexuality, spreading homosexual writings) in Scotland is canceled.
-
-
Adjustment of the age of consent:
-
Great Britain -
Belarus
-
Israel
-
-
Partnership Laws:
-
Vermont is the first state in the United States to legalize same-sex civil partnerships. -
Israel recognizes same-sex relationships as a reason for immigration for foreign partners of Israeli citizens.
-
-
General equality:
-
The German Bundestag officially apologizes to the gays and lesbians who were persecuted under the Nazis and for the damage done to homosexual citizens up to 1969. -
The ban on homosexuals from serving in the UK military is lifted.
-
-
Political Movements:
-
The 1st World Pride takes place in Rome .
-
-
2001
-
Legalization:
-
Arizona repeals its sodomy law. -
All states in the United Kingdom legalize homosexuality if they haven't already.
-
- Adjustment of the age of consent:
-
Partnership Laws:
-
Germany enacts laws on registered cohabitation.
-
-
Opening of marriage:
-
With the legalization of same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is the first country to recognize this way of life.
-
-
Political Movements:
-
In Berlin, the openly gay politician Klaus Wowereit is elected mayor. -
Protesters disrupt the first pride parade in Belgrade .
-
-
Legalization:
-
2002
-
Adjustment of the age of consent:
-
Bulgaria
-
Estonia -
Moldova
-
Austria -
Romania
-
Hungary -
Western Australia
-
Cyprus
-
-
Legalization:
-
In China , homosexuality is being decriminalized. -
Romania repeals Article 200, which was used to ban "scandalous sodomy".
-
-
Partnership Laws:
-
A civil partnership law is passed in Buenos Aires , making it the first Latin American city to legalize same-sex relationships. -
Sweden allows the adoption of children for same-sex couples. -
Zurich extends marriage-like rights to same-sex couples.
-
-
Hate Crimes :
-
The openly gay Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn is murdered by Volkert van der Graaf.
-
-
Adjustment of the age of consent:
-
2003
- Criminalization:
-
Legalization:
-
Armenia decriminalizes fornication between men. -
The German Federal Court of Justice decides in favor of civil cohabitation.
-
" Section 28 " is repealed in England and Wales.
-
The US Supreme Court orders the rest of the state's sodomy laws to be repealed.
-
-
Adjustment of the age of consent:
-
Lithuania -
Northern Territory and New South Wales
-
-
Opening of marriage:
-
Same-sex marriage is legalized in Belgium.
-
-
2004
- Legalization:
-
Anti-discrimination:
-
Portugal is the fourth country in the world to have protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation in its constitution.
-
-
Opening of marriage:
-
Massachusetts allows same-sex marriage, while eleven other states prevent it through public referendums. Domestic cohabitation is legalized in New Jersey .
-
Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil accepts civil partnership. -
Australia prohibits same-sex marriage while in
-
New Zealand civil unions are allowed. Registered communities are allowed in Luxembourg. -
Same-sex couples are given the right to adopt in Belgium and are treated as equal to marriage.
-
-
Political Movements:
-
The 1st Baltic Pride in the Estonian capital Tallinn is going on peacefully and without any counter-protests worth mentioning.
-
-
2005
-
Anti-discrimination:
-
New Zealand is the first country in the world to ban hate crimes and labor discrimination based on gender identity .
-
Maine inserts sexual orientation and gender identity into pre-existing anti-discrimination laws.
-
-
Legalization:
-
Puerto Rico repeals anti-sodomy law.
-
-
Adjustment of the age of consent:
-
In Hong Kong, the age of consent for heterosexual and homosexual acts is being adjusted
-
-
Blocking the marriage:
-
Uganda and Latvia are changing their constitution to prevent same-sex marriages.
-
-
Opening of marriage:
-
Same-sex marriage, along with the right to adoption, is legalized in Spain and Canada. -
The South African Supreme Court ruled that it would be against the constitution to prohibit gay marriages, leading to the legalization of same-sex marriages on December 1, 2006.
-
-
Partnership Laws:
-
Andorra recognizes same-sex partners in so-called "stable relationships". -
The UK is introducing civil partnerships that are legally equivalent to marriage, except for the marriage itself.
-
-
Convictions: Two gay teenage boys named Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni are executed in Iran .
-
In Switzerland, votes are taken for the extended rights of registered same-sex couples.
-
-
Political Movements:
-
André Boisclair becomes the party leader of the Parti Québécois , becoming the first openly gay leader of a major political party in North America. -
The 2nd Baltic Pride takes place in the Latvian capital Riga amid massive counter-protests and the protection of the police.
-
-
Culture:
-
The film Brokeback Mountain by Taiwanese director Ang Lee , based on the novella by Annie Proulx , is coming to theaters.
-
-
Anti-discrimination:
-
2006
-
Adjustment of the age of consent:
-
Serbia and the Isle of Man adjust the age of consent for heterosexual and homosexual acts.
-
-
Anti-discrimination:
-
South Australia is the last Australian state to pass laws as far as they affect all couples.
-
Germany includes gender identity in anti-discrimination laws.
-
In the Faroe Islands , discrimination based on sexual orientation becomes inadmissible due to a tight decision at 17:15. -
Section 28 is repealed on the Isle of Man.
-
In Illinois , sexual orientation discrimination is banned; the US state of Washington extends the anti-discrimination laws to sexual orientation.
-
-
Legalization:
-
Missouri legalizes homosexuality between consenting adults.
-
Fiji legalizes consensual homosexuality.
-
-
Political Movements:
-
The 1st Pride March in Moscow ends in violence. -
The first regional Southeastern European Pride March takes place in Zagreb . -
The International Conference on LGBT Human Rights takes place in Montreal ( International Conference on LGBT Human Rights ).
-
-
Blocking the marriage:
-
In the United States, the Federal Marriage Amendment creates a constitutional amendment through which only heterosexual marriages are to be allowed in the United States, barely passing the American Senate .
-
-
Partnership Laws:
-
The Czech Republic and Slovenia enable civil cohabitation. -
Civil unions are introduced in Mexico City .
-
-
Opening of marriage:
-
South Africa legalizes same-sex marriage.
-
The Supreme Court of Israel directs legislation to recognize same-sex marriages entered into abroad.
-
-
Adjustment of the age of consent:
-
2007
- Anti-discrimination:
-
Adjustment of the age of consent:
-
The age of consent for homosexual and heterosexual acts, which has been adjusted in Portugal and South Africa, will become law when a new penal code is introduced.
-
-
Legalization:
-
Nepal and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus legalize homosexuality based on an order from their respective Supreme Court.
-
-
Partnership Laws:
-
The registered partnership comes into force in Switzerland .
-
South Australia (June 1st) and Victoria (December 1st)
-
New Jersey, USA -
Washington, USA (July 22nd) -
Coahuila , Mexico
-
-
Adjustment of the age of consent:
-
On the island of Jersey , the age of consent for heterosexual and homosexual acts will be adjusted.
-
-
Political Movements:
-
The first Gay Pride parade, which takes place at all in a Muslim country, is in Istanbul , Turkey hosted -
On August 9, Logo TV will be the first to host a presidential candidate debate focused solely on LGBT issues. Six Democratic candidates participate, while all Republican candidates decline the invitation.
-
-
2008
-
Legalization:
-
Nicaragua repeals its sodomy law with the introduction of a new criminal code in March 2008. -
Under the leadership of France, the United Nations Declaration on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity is the first time that all EU countries have submitted a motion to legalize homosexuality at UN level in the General Assembly. At the end of 2008, homosexuality was a criminal offense in around 75 of the 192 UN member states.
-
-
Partnership Laws:
-
Civil partnership laws go into effect in the states of New Hampshire and Oregon .
-
In Uruguay , a partnership law comes into force on January 1, 2008. -
In the Australian Capital Territory, civil partnership comes into effect on April 1st.
-
In Oregon, a domestic community law has been postponed by the federal court.
-
-
Opening of marriage:
-
In California , the California federal court allows same-sex marriage.
-
In Connecticut , marriage is opened.
-
-
Legalization:
-
2009
-
Legalization:
-
On July 2, 2009, the Delhi High Court ruled that the Homosexual Acts Criminal Offenses were unconstitutional. Homosexuality is legalized with it. However, this decision was overturned by the Supreme Court of India.
-
-
Partnership Laws:
-
From July 2009 the law in Hungary will come into force allowing registered partnerships; "Unregistered coexistence" was possible there since 1996.
-
Partnership laws come into effect in the states of Nevada , Wisconsin, and Colorado .
-
-
Opening of marriage:
-
On January 1, 2009, the law on same-sex marriage will come into force in Norway . -
On May 1, 2009, Sweden will open marriage to same-sex couples.
-
In Argentina , the first same-sex couple in Latin America got married in December 2009 .
-
In the states of Iowa and Vermont , marriage is opened.
-
-
Political Movements:
-
On February 1st, 2009 Iceland will elect the world's first openly lesbian head of government, Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir .
-
-
Legalization:
-
2010
-
Partnership Laws:
-
From January 2010 the Registered Partnership Act will come into force in Austria .
-
-
Opening of marriage:
-
In March 2010, the law on opening marriage came into force in Mexico City and the first homosexual couples in Central America can marry there.
-
Similarly, in Washington, DC and New Hampshire , United States, marriage for gay couples will be approved in March 2010.
-
In early July 2010, marriage in Iceland for homosexual couples will be approved.
-
In August 2010, marriage in Argentina will be approved for homosexual couples.
-
-
Partnership Laws:
-
Political Movements:
-
Two gay men in Malawi who were sentenced to 14 years of forced labor for marrying are pardoned by the country's president under pressure from the UN. -
For the first time the Baltic Pride takes place in Lithuania.
-
In the Belarusian capital Minsk , participants in an LGBT demonstration are arrested by the police.
-
The EuroPride is taking place for the first time in a new EU member state, namely in the Polish capital Warsaw. -
The first state-approved LGBT demonstration in Russia is taking place in Saint Petersburg .
-
-
Political Movements:
-
2011
-
Partnership Laws:
-
In Ireland , the Partnership Act comes into force on January 1, 2011. -
In the United States civil partnership laws in the states occur Hawaii , Illinois , Delaware and Rhode Iceland into force.
-
In Liechtenstein , the Partnership Act comes into force on September 1, 2011.
-
- Opening of marriage:
-
Legalization:
-
In the Human Rights Council of the United Nations , a resolution on the decriminalization of homosexuality is passed for the first time with a narrow majority .
-
-
Political Movements:
-
With Elio Di Rupo , Belgium has the world's first openly gay head of government.
-
-
Partnership Laws:
-
2012
-
Legalization:
-
Homosexual acts are legalized in the African island state of Sao Tome and Principe . -
Homosexual acts are legalized in Lesotho .
-
-
Legalization:
-
Opening of marriage:
-
In Denmark , on June 15, 2012, the law on opening marriage comes into force.
-
In the US states of Maine , Maryland and Washington , marriage is opened.
-
-
Opening of marriage:
-
In Brazil , the states of Sergipe , Espírito Santo and Bahia open marriage.
-
In the Mexican state of Quintana Roo , marriage is opened.
-
-
2013
-
Opening of marriage:
-
In France , the law on opening marriage comes into force at the end of May.
-
In Uruguay , the law on opening marriage comes into force in July 2013.
-
In New Zealand , the law on opening marriage comes into force in August 2013.
-
In Brazil , the states of Mato Grosso do Sul , Ceará and Paraná open marriage.
-
The marriage is opened in the US states of Rhode Island , Delaware , Minnesota , Illinois , New Jersey and Hawaii . In the state of California , marriage is reopened after a ruling by the Supreme Court. In the state of New Mexico , marriage is reopened after a court ruling.
-
In Colombia , same-sex marriages are made possible as a result of a ruling by the Colombian Constitutional Court.
-
-
Partnership Laws:
-
In 2013 the Partnership Act came into force in Costa Rica .
-
-
Opening of marriage:
-
2014
-
Opening of marriage:
-
In England and Wales , the marriage law will come into force on March 29, 2014.
-
In Scotland , the law on opening marriage will come into force in autumn 2014.
-
The states of Pennsylvania , Oregon , Wisconsin , Virginia , West Virginia , North Carolina , Nevada , Indiana , Oklahoma , Colorado , Idaho , Alaska , Arizona , Wyoming , Kansas , Montana, and South Carolina will marry.
-
- Partnership Laws:
-
Legalization:
- Homosexual acts are legalized in the Pacific island nation of Palau .
-
Opening of marriage:
-
2015
-
Opening of marriage:
-
In Luxembourg , the law on opening marriage comes into force in January 2015. -
In Ireland , the marriage law will come into force in autumn 2015.
-
In the US states of Florida and Alabama , marriage is opened.
- In the British territory of Pitcairn , marriage will be opened in May 2015.
- In the US Territory of Guam , marriage will begin in June 2015.
-
The United States Supreme Court has declared same-sex marriage legal in all states.
-
In June 2015, the Supreme Court of Mexico ruled that the ban on gays and lesbians from marriage violated the principle of equal treatment in the Mexican Constitution. The Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación did not order the immediate opening of marriage in the entire country. But same-sex couples have the right to force the marriage opening by an order before a district court in the respective states. In August 2015, the Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación ruled that a federal ban on adoption by same-sex couples was unconstitutional.
-
In the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Guerrero and Nayarit , marriage is opened.
-
- Partnership Laws:
-
Opening of marriage:
-
Legalization:
-
Homosexual acts are legalized in Mozambique .
-
-
Legalization:
-
2016
-
Opening of marriage:
-
In the Mexican state of Jalisco marriage opens.
-
In Greenland , the law on opening marriage comes into force on April 1, 2016. -
In Colombia , marriage is opened as a result of the decision of the Colombian Constitutional Court.
-
In the Faroe Islands , marriage is opened in parliament.
-
Isle of Man On the Isle of Man , marriage is opened by parliament.
-
-
Opening of marriage:
-
Legalization:
-
Homosexual acts are legalized in the Seychelles . -
On Nauru homosexual acts be legalized. -
In Belize , homosexual acts are legalized.
-
-
Legalization:
- 2017
-
2018
-
Opening of marriage
-
In Australia , the marriage law will come into force in January 2018.
-
-
Opening of marriage
-
Legalization:
-
In India homosexual acts are legalized.
-
In Trinidad and Tobago , homosexual acts are legalized.
-
-
Legalization:
- 2019
-
2020
-
Opening of marriage
-
Marriage is opened in Costa Rica .
-
In Northern Ireland , marriage is opened.
-
-
Partnership laws
-
The Partnership Act comes into force in Monaco . -
The Partnership Act comes into force in Montenegro .
-
-
Opening of marriage
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ A b David F. Greenberg : The Construction of Homosexuality. University of Chicago Press, 1990, ISBN 0-226-30628-3 , p. 34.
- ^ J. Angulo Cuesta, M. García Diez: Diversity and meaning of Palaeolithic phallic male representations in Western Europe. ( Memento of the original from July 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Actas Urol Esp. Volume 30, 2006, pp. 254-267.
- ↑ a b Timothy Taylor: Uncovering the prehistory of sex. ( Memento of the original from October 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: British Archeology. Volume 15, June 1996 (English)
- ↑ Joseph Rhawn: Sexuality: Female Evolution & Erotica. Second, revised edition, University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-9700733-6-4 .
- ^ Austin V. Whittall: Orgies, a brief history. SwingerTravel.com.ar, 2007, at eioba.com
- ↑ University of Texas: Image of the scratch drawing ( Memento of the original from October 3, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Paul L. Vasey: Intimate Sexual Relations in Prehistory: Lessons from the Japanese Macaques. Taylor & Francis Ltd., 1998
- ^ Margherita Mussi : Earliest Italy: An Overview of the Italian Paleolithic and Mesolithic. Springer Verlag, 2001, ISBN 0-306-46463-2 , p. 344.
- ↑ The Epic of Gilgamesh (in detail and as a summary)
- ↑ Michael Brinkschröder: Sodom as a symptom. Walter de Gruyter, 2006, ISBN 3-11-018527-X , p. 234; Exemplary positions: 1. Tafel, V, 3-V1,28; 2. Plate, II, 19f .; 3rd panel, I, 19; 8. Plate, II, 17; 10. Plate, Ix, II, 1-9 and III, 20-24
- ↑ World Archeology Issue 32, October 2000, pp. 193-208. Reeder, Greg: Same-sex desire, conjugal constructs, and the tomb of Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep
- ↑ Parkinson: The Journal of Egyptian Archeology 81 (1995), pp. 71-74.
- ^ David F. Greenberg: The Construction of Homosexuality. University of Chicago Press, 1988, ISBN 0-226-30628-3 .
- ↑ Parkinson: The Journal of Egyptian Archeology 81 (1995), pp. 70-71.
- ↑ Xiaomong Xiong: History of Homosexuality in China. Rosa Winkel Press, Hong Kong 1984.
- ↑ George Devereaux: Greek Pseudo-homosexuality and the Greek Miracle. In: Symbolae Osloenses. 13, pp. 70-92 (1967).
- ^ Thomas K. Hubbard (author): Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: A Sourcebook of Basic Documents. University of California Press, 2003.
- ↑ Journal of Homosexuality of April 20, 1990: Edward Brongersma JD: The Thera Inscriptions Ritual or Slander?
- ↑ Aeschines, Timarchum 21; Demosthenes, speeches 22.30
- ↑ Ellen Greene (author): Reading Sappho: Contemporary Approaches , Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. Review by Gregory Hays, University of Illinois (English)
- ↑ Ellen Greene (author): Reading Sappho: Contemporary Approaches Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, ISBN 0-520-20195-7 (English)
- ↑ Thucydides in the price excursion VI 54.1
- ↑ Brett Hinsch: Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990
- ↑ cf. 3. Book of Moses 20, verse 13 text passage
- ↑ Jane McIntosh Snyder: The Woman and the Lyre: Women Writers in Classical Greece and Rome. Southern Illinois University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-8093-1455-X .
- ^ Plato: Symposium. 189a – 193d Text passage (German) ( Memento of the original from May 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Nick Fisher ( transl .): Aeschines Against Timarchos. Clarendon Press, 2001, ISBN 0-19-814902-6 .
- ^ D. Ogden: Homosexuality and Warefare in ancient Greece. In: Alan B. Lloyd (Ed.): Battle in Antiquity. Focus Publishing, London, 1997, ISBN 0-7156-2695-7 .
- ↑ George Bühler: Laws of Manu. translation to English
- ↑ English summary of the text passages ( Memento of the original from August 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Catullus poems in the German translation
- ↑ Strabon 4.4.6 (English translation)
- ↑ Publius Vergilius Varo: Ecl.2, Alexis (Latin version and German translation)
- ↑ Axel Schock, Karen Susan Fessel: OUT! Querverlag, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-89656-111-1 , p. 15 ( PDF excerpt ( memento of the original from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. )
-
^ Philon: De specialibus legibus. Esp. Part III / IV
Charles Duke Yonge: The Works of Philo Judaeus. The contemporary of Josephus, translated from the Greek , London, HG Bohn, 1854-1890; there:
On Abraham , 133-141; The Special Laws, III , 37-42; On the Contemplative Life or Suppliants , 59-63 - ↑ Wayne R. Dynes: Philo Judaeus (approx. 20 BC - approx. AD 45) (PDF; 129 kB), in: Wayne R. Dynes (Ed.): The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality (Garland Reference Library of Social Science) , Taylor & Francis, March 1990, ISBN 0-8240-6544-1 , pp. 982-983.
- ^ Ragnhild Schanke: Rituals and same-sex unions. In: M. Digoix, P. Festy: Same-sex couples, same-sex partnerships, and homosexual marriages - Documents de travail n ° 124. Ined, 2004, pp. 273-292. (English)
- ↑ Fordham University: Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum - Nero (English / Latin)
- ↑ Texts of Satyricon (lat.)
- ↑ German Martial Translations
- ^ Flavius Josephus works in English translation
- ^ Dio Cassius, Epitome of Book 68.6.4; 68.21.2-6.21.3
- ↑ Falk Georges Bechara: Histological, electron microscopic, immunohistological and IR spectroscopic examinations of the skin of 2000-year-old bog corpses , 2001, p. 15, inaugural dissertation, Clinic for Dermatology and Allergology of the St. Josef Hospital - University Clinic - of the Ruhr University Bochum
- ↑ Erwin J. Haeberle : The sexuality of man. Manual and atlas. Second, expanded edition. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1985; 10.2.1 Sex and Law
- ↑ Juvenal: Satire 2
- ↑ Oneirokritika 1.78 and 1.80
- ^ Lukian von Samosata : Discussions of the Hetaerae in the Gutenberg-DE project
- ^ A b c d e Warren Johansson, William A. Percy: Homosexuality in the Middle Ages. Text on the Humboldt University website in the Magnus Hirschfeld Archive for Sexology
- ↑ Introduction and excerpt from the Papyris Magicis ( Memento from May 31, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
- ^ Willem den Boer: Some Minor Roman Historians. Brill Archive, 1972, ISBN 90-04-03545-1 , p. 70.
- ↑ Fang-fu Juan: Sex in China: Studies in Sexology in Chinese Culture. Springer, 1991, ISBN 0-306-43860-7 .
- ↑ a b From: Josef Spindelböck: Responsible freedom. Contributions to theological ethics , Kleinhain 2004, pp. 241–265: The moral judgment of homosexuality
- ↑ a b Creighton University, Kathleen Collins: Annotated Bibliography for the Study of Women's Literature - Sappho of Lesbos ( Memento of the original from December 18, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English)
- ↑ Adolf Lippold: Theodosius the great and his time. 2nd Edition. Munich 1980, p. 40ff.
- ^ Alain Danielou: The Complete Kama Sutra. Park Street Press, 1994, ISBN 0-89281-492-6 .
- ^ J. Harries, Ian N. Wood (Eds.): The Theodosian Code. Studies in the Imperial Law of Late Antiquity. London, 1993, ISBN 0-7156-2428-8 .
- ↑ Arno Schmitt: LIW £ A®T IM FIQH: MALE HOMOSEXUALITY? ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 422 kB)
- ↑ Allen J. Frantzen: Introduction to The Anglo-Saxon Penitentials (English)
- ^ A b c John Boswell: Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality. University of Chicago Press, 2005, ISBN 0-226-06711-4 .
- ↑ Queer Theory: Abu Nuwas ( Memento of the original from February 20, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English)
- ↑ Wayne R. Dynes: (Ed.): The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Garland Publishing 1990, ISBN 0-8240-6544-1 (Randy Conner: Buddhism. Pp. 169–170)
- ↑ a b Master's thesis S. Claussen: The Daoist sex theory and forms of prostitution in China. 1992, pp. 66–70 ( PDF )
- ^ William A. Percy: Canon Law
- ↑ a b c Jo Ann Hoeppner Moran (Cruz), Department of History, Georgetown University: The ROMAN DE LA ROSE and Thirteenth-Century Prohibitions of Homosexuality ( Memento of the original from February 17, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link became automatic used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Drogo: Vita S. Godelevae
- ^ Decretales Gregorii IX, liber quintus, tit. XXXI, cap. iv; in Corpus Juris Canonici, II, col. 836
- ↑ Vern L. Bullough, James Brundage (author): The Sin Against Nature and Homosexuality in Sexual Practices and the Medieval Church. Prometheus Books, 1982, p. 64.
- ↑ Jeffrey Richards: Sex, Dissidence and Damnation: Minority Groups in the Middle Ages, Routledge, 1990, p 143rd
- ^ Stonewall: Lesbian and Gay History
- ↑ Bernd Roeck: Outsiders, marginal groups, minorities: foreigners in Germany in the early modern period. S. 120, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1993, ISBN 3-525-33591-1 .
- ↑ Alfonso X: Las Siete Partidas - Setena partida - Título XXI: 'De los que facen pecado de luxuria contra natura' in: Samuel Parsons Scott (transl.), Robert Ignatius Burns (ed.), Alfonso X .: Las Siete Partidas : Underworlds: The Dead, the Criminal, and the Marginalized (Partidas VI and VII) , University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8122-1742-X , p. 1427 ( page on Google Books )
- ↑ cf. Boswell pp. 289–290: Boswell notes that these laws are enacted privately; H. do not represent royal laws, but are locally limited.
- ^ Salvatore J. Licata, Robert P. Petersen: Historical Perspectives on Homosexuality. Haworth Press, ISBN 0-917724-27-5 .
- ↑ site Templer.de , especially the chronology of doom
- ↑ Diss John Balnaves. Bernard of Morlaix: The Literature of Complaint, the Latin tradition and the 12th Century "Renaissance". Australian National University, 1997, chap. 4th
- ↑ Welt Online: Eduard II. - Cruel death of a gay king
- ^ Crompton, Louis: Homosexuality and Civilization. Cambridge & London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003
- ↑ Bernardino de Siena: Prediche volgari sul campo di Siena Abominabile peccato della maladetta soddomia. Vol. 2, Milan 1427, p. 1149.
- ↑ Kent Gerard, Gert Hekma: The Pursuit of Sodomy: Male Homosexuality in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe. Haworth Press, ISBN 0-86656-491-8 , pp. 27-31.
- ↑ Larry P. Gross, James D. Woods: The Columbia Reader on Lesbians and Gay Men in Media, Society, and Politics. Columbia University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-231-10446-4 , p. 158.
- ↑ PM History: PJ Blumenthal: The rise and fall of the Girolamo Savonarola , available at Moneymuseum ( Memento of the original from November 16, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Pietro-Martire d'Anghiera : Sommario dell'istoria dell'Indie occidentali , 1492–1525, Decade III, Book 1, pp. 145–146 (Italian)
- ↑ Smith & Hogan: Criminal Law (10th edition), ISBN 0-406-94801-1 .
- ↑ Tsuneo Watanabe, Jun'ichi Iwata: The Love of the Samurai. A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality. GMP Publishers, 1987, ISBN 0-85449-115-5 .
- ^ A b Valerie Traub: The Renaissance of Lesbianism in Early Modern England. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-44885-9 .
- ↑ World History of Male Love - Japan ( Memento of the original from July 2, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English)
- ^ Iowa Pride Network: Timeline ( Memento of the original from May 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ cf. History of homosexuality in Switzerland
- ↑ Wayne R. Dynes: (Ed.): The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Garland Publishing 1990, ISBN 0-8240-6544-1 (Warren Johansson: Infany , pp. 599-600)
- ^ Rice University: Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900: David Stymeist: Status, sodomy, and the theater in Marlowe's Edward II. , 2004
- ↑ Dictionnaire portatif or Dictionnaire philosophique, Genève 1764, 334 p. Voltaire Foundation, accessed December 29, 2018 .
- ↑ See Thomas Jefferson The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. Edited by Andrew A. Lipscomb, Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association (1904), Vol. I, pp. 226-227 of Jefferson's For Proportioning Crimes and Punishments.
- ↑ Johann Friedel, Sonja Schnitzler (ed.): Letters about the gallanteries of Berlin. Eulenspiegel Verlag, 1987, ISBN 3-359-00125-7 .
- ↑ Chauncey, 1995.
- ^ Christiane Leidinger : Anna Rüling: A Problematic Foremother of Lesbian Herstory In: Journal of the History of Sexuality. 4/2004, University of Texas Press, pp. 477-499.
- ↑ Quotation: "All the fagots [sic] (sissies) will be dressed in drag at the ball tonight".
- ↑ Nels Anderson: The Hobo. Quote: “Fairies or Fags are men or boys who exploit sex for profit” .
- ↑ a b J. Louis Campbell, J. Louis Campbell III: Jack Nichols, Gay Pioneer: "Have You Heard My Message?" Haworth Press, 2007, ISBN 978-1-56023-652-8 , p. XVII.
- ↑ Getting Rid of Sodomy Laws: History and Strategy that Led to the Lawrence Decision ( Memento of the original dated December 14, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English)
- ↑ Sodomy Laws, Idaho ( Memento of August 13, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
- ↑ 365Gay: Hong Kong Gay Sex Law Dead ( memento of the original from October 19, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English)
- ↑ Pinknews: Gay sex at 16 legal, Isle of Man ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English)
- ↑ Pinknews: South Australia gays get new rights ( Memento of the original from December 22, 2009 on WebCite ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English)
- ↑ World Legal Wrap Up - November, 2006 ( Memento of the original dated February 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 112 kB)
- ↑ 365gay: Island Chain Votes To Ban Discrimination Against Gays ( Memento of the original from January 3, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English)
- ↑ Stonewall: Timeline of lesbian and gay history (English)
- ↑ Pinknews: Repeal of anti gay law in Missouri (English)
- ↑ Pinknews: Fiji legalizes consensual homosexuality ( Memento of the original from September 26, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English)
- ↑ CONGRESS 1ST SESSION SJ RES. 1 text and voting results (English)
- ↑ Office of Public Sector Information: Equality Act 2006 (English)
- ↑ Website of the Commission for Equality and Human Rights ( Memento of the original dated November 1, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English)
- ↑ Announcement at Pinknews (English)
- ↑ Google News: change in the law in Nepal (English)
- ↑ BBC-News: State votes for consent age drop (English)
- ↑ Amendment to the Sexual Offences (Jersey) Law 2007 ( memento of the original from January 9, 2013 on WebCite ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English)
- ↑ Video
- ↑ Queer: UN Initiative
- ↑ Decriminalization of Homosexuality in India
- ↑ Report to Pinknews ( Memento of the original from June 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English)
- ↑ Pride Radio: Bald civil unions in Hungary
- ↑ Queer: Norway opens up marriage
- ↑ Sweden opens marriage
- ^ Spiegel: First gay marriage in Latin America
- ^ Jonas Moody: Iceland Picks the World's First Openly Gay PM , Time . January 30, 2009. Accessed January 31, 2009.
- ↑ CNN: Mexico City law allowing same-sex unions takes effect.
- ↑ Malawi's President pardons convicted gay couple. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Minsk: arrests at gay rally. ( Memento of the original from May 17, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Gaycitynews: Going Legal in Russia. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ GGG: Partnership Act in Ireland
- ↑ Queer: New York opens marriage to gays and lesbians
- ↑ telanon: Novo codigo penal ja entrou em vivor
- ↑ queer.de:Dänemark open marriage
- ↑ queer.de : Eighth state in the USA opens marriage
- ↑ queer.de: Ten out of 26 states have opened marriage
- ↑ Queer.de : Palau legalizes homosexuality
- ↑ Queer.de : Marriage opening on the Pitcairn Islands
- ↑ Guam Just Recognized Gay Marriage & It's The First US Territory To Do So - But Won't Be The Last
- ↑ Zeit Online: The highest US court declares gay marriage nationwide permissible : http://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/zeitgeschehen/2015-06/hoechstes-us-gericht-erklaert-homo-ehe-landesweit-fuer- permissible
- ↑ Queer.de: Decision of the Constitutional Court, Mexico : Adoption ban for gay couples unconstitutional
- ↑ In-Cyprus: Civil-Unions become law ( Memento of the original from November 27, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Mozambique To Decriminalize Homosexuality June 29: Southeast African Nation Is Latest Country In Africa To Legalize Being Gay
- ↑ Riigikogu võttis vastu kooseluseaduse (Estonian) Riigikogu, October 9, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2014
- ↑ Estonia is the first ex-Soviet republic to vote for gay marriage Zeit Online from October 9, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
- ↑ Handelsblatt.de:Athen approves same-sex partnership
- ↑ Queer.de: Seychelles legalize homosexuality
- ↑ Queer.de: Nauru legalizes homosexual acts
- ↑ Queer.de: Homosexuality now legal
- ↑ Queer.de: Finland: President signs law to open marriage
