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{| style="float:right;"
{{Copyedit|date=January 2007}}
|-
{{coord|50|42|N|22|59|E|type:city|display=title}}
|{{OctoberCalendar}}
|-
|{{ThisDateInRecentYears|Month=October|Day=14}} <!-- preserves autoscroll -->
|}
{{Day}}


==Events==
{{Infobox Settlement
*[[1066]] - [[Norman Conquest]]: [[Battle of Hastings]] - In [[England]] on Senlac Hill, seven miles from [[Hastings]], the forces of [[William the Conqueror]] defeat the [[Anglo-Saxons|Saxon]] army and kill King [[Harold II of England]].
| name = Szczebrzeszyn
*[[1322]] - [[Robert the Bruce]] of [[Scotland]] defeats [[King Edward II]] of [[England]] at [[Battle of Old Byland|Byland]], forcing Edward to accept Scotland's independence.
| image_shield = POL Szczebrzeszyn COA.svg
*[[1582]] - Because of the implementation of the [[Gregorian calendar]] this day does not exist in this year in [[Italy]], [[Poland]], [[Portugal]] and [[Spain]].
| pushpin_map = Poland
*[[1586]] - [[Mary I of Scotland]] goes on trial for conspiracy against [[Elizabeth I of England]].
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
*[[1656]] - [[Massachusetts]] enacts the first punitive legislation against the [[Religious Society of Friends]] (Quakers). The marriage of church-and-state in [[Puritanism]] makes them regard the ritual-free Quakers as spiritually apostate and politically subversive.
| subdivision_type = Country
*[[1758]] - [[Seven Years' War]]: [[Austria]] defeats [[Prussia]] at the [[Battle of Hochkirk]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
*[[1773]] - The first recorded [[Ministry of Education]], the [[Komisja Edukacji Narodowej]] ([[Poland|Polish]] for ''Commission of National Education''), is formed in Poland.
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
* 1773 - [[American Revolutionary War]]: The [[Kingdom of Great Britain|United Kingdom]]'s [[British East India Company|East India Company]] tea ships' cargo are burned at [[Annapolis, Maryland]].
| subdivision_name1 = [[Lublin Voivodeship|Lublin]]
*[[1789]] - [[George Washington]] proclaims the first [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving Day]].
| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]]
*[[1805]] - [[Battle of Elchingen]], [[France]] defeats [[Austria]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Zamość County|Zamość]]
*[[1806]] - [[Battle of Jena-Auerstädt]] [[France]] defeats [[Prussia]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
*[[1812]] - Work on [[London]]'s [[Regent's Canal]] starts.
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gmina Szczebrzeszyn|Szczebrzeszyn]]
*[[1834]] - In [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]] and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] stage a gun, stone and brick battle for control of a Moyamensing Township election, resulting in one death, several injuries, and the burning down of a block of buildings.
| leader_title = Mayor
*[[1840]] - [[Maronite]] leader Bashir II surrenders to the British forces and goes into exile in [[Malta]].
| leader_name = Marian Jan Mazur
*[[1843]] - The British arrest Irish nationalist [[Daniel O'Connell]] for conspiracy.
| area_total_km2 = 29.12
*[[1863]] - [[American Civil War]]: Battle of Bristoe Station - [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] General [[Robert E. Lee]] forces fail to drive the [[Union Army]] out of [[Virginia]].
| population_as_of = 2006
*[[1867]] - The 15th and last [[Shogun]] of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] resigns in [[Japan]].
| population_total = 5299
*[[1882]] - [[University of the Punjab]] is founded in present day [[Pakistan]].
| population_density_km2 = auto
*[[1884]] - [[George Eastman]] patents paper-strip photographic film.
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
*[[1888]] - [[Louis Le Prince]] films first motion picture: ''[[Roundhay Garden Scene]]''.
| utc_offset = +1
*[[1910]] - English aviator [[Claude Grahame-White]] lands his [[Farman]] biplane on Executive Avenue (now [[Pennsylvania Avenue]]) near the [[White House]].
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
*[[1912]] - While campaigning in [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]], former president [[Theodore Roosevelt]] is shot by saloonkeeper [[John Schrank]]. With a fresh flesh wound and the bullet still in him, Roosevelt still delivers his scheduled speech.
| utc_offset_DST = +2
*[[1913]] - [[Senghenydd Colliery Disaster]], the United Kingdom's worst coal mining accident, which claimed 439 lives.
| latd = 50 | latm = 41 | lats = | latNS = N | longd = 22 | longm = 58 | longs = | longEW = E
*[[1916]] - Sophomore tackle and guard [[Paul Robeson]] is excluded from the [[Rutgers]] football team when [[Washington and Lee University]] refused to play against a black person.
| elevation_m = 230
*[[1916]] - The [[Perm State University]] was founded in [[Russia]].
| postal_code_type = Postal code
*[[1920]] - Part of [[Petsamo]] province is ceded by [[Soviet Union]] to [[Finland]].
| postal_code = 22-460
*[[1925]] - Anti-French uprising in [[Damascus]] (French inhabitants flee)
| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]
*[[1926]] - The [[children's literature|children's book]] ''[[Winnie-the-Pooh]]'', by [[A.A. Milne]], is first published.
| blank_info = LZA
*[[1933]] - [[Nazi Germany]] withdraws from [[The League of Nations]].
| website = http://www.szczebrzeszyn.pl }}
*[[1939]] - German U-Boat [[Unterseeboot 47 (1938)|''U-47'']] sinks British battleship [[HMS Royal Oak (1914)|HMS ''Royal Oak'']].
*[[1940]] - [[Balham tube station#World War II |Balham tube disaster]] during [[the Blitz]].
*[[1942]] - A German [[U-boat]] sinks the ferry [[SS Caribou]], killing 137.
*[[1943]] - Prisoners at the [[Sobibor]] death camp in Poland revolt, resulting in the death of 11 SS. About half of the camp's 600 prisoners escape; about 50 survive the war.
* 1943 - U.S. 8th Air Force loses 60 [[B-17 Flying Fortress]]es during an [[Second Raid on Schweinfurt|assault]] on [[Schweinfurt]].
*[[1944]] - Allied troops land in [[Corfu]].
*[[1947]] - [[Chuck Yeager]] flies a [[Bell X-1]] faster than the [[speed of sound]], the first man to do so in level flight.
*[[1949]] - Eleven leaders of the U.S. [[Communist Party]] are convicted, after a nine-month trial, of conspiring to advocate the violent overthrow of the U.S. government.
* 1949 - [[Chinese Red Army]] occupies Canton ([[Guangzhou]]).
* [[1957]] - [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] becomes the first [[Monarchy in Canada|Canadian monarch]] to open the [[Parliament of Canada]] with the [[Speech from the Throne]].
*[[1958]] - The U.S. conducts an underground nuclear weapon test at the [[Nevada Test Site]].
* 1958 - The [[District of Columbia]] Bar Association votes to accept black Americans as members.
*[[1962]] - [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] begins: A [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] flight over [[Cuba]] takes photos of Soviet [[nuclear weapon]]s being installed.
*[[1964]] - [[Leonid Brezhnev]] becomes general secretary of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] and leader of the [[Soviet Union]], ousting [[Nikita Khrushchev]].
* 1964 - [[American civil rights movement]] leader Dr. [[Martin Luther King, Jr]] becomes the youngest recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].
*[[1966]] - The city of [[Montreal]] inaugurates the [[Montreal Metro]].
*[[1967]] - [[Vietnam War]]: Folk singer [[Joan Baez]] is arrested in a blockade of the military induction center in [[Oakland, California]].
*[[1968]] - [[Vietnam War]]: 27 soldiers are arrested at the [[Presidio of San Francisco|Presidio]] in [[San Francisco]] for their peaceful protest of stockade conditions and the [[Vietnam War]].
* 1968 - [[Vietnam War]]: The [[United States Department of Defense]] announces that the [[United States Army]] and [[United States Marines]] will be sending about 24,000 troops back to [[Vietnam]] for involuntary second tours.
* 1968 - First live telecast from a manned U.S. spacecraft [[Apollo 7]].
* 1968 - A 6.8 [[earthquake]] wrecked the Australian town of [[Meckering, Western Australia|Meckering]], and also ruptured all major roads and railways nearby.
* 1968 - [[Jim Hines]] of the [[United States|USA]] becomes the first man ever to break the ten second barrier in the [[100 metres]] [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] final at [[Mexico City]] with a time of 9.95 sec. He would be the only man to do so until [[1983]].
* 1968 - The rebuilt [[Euston railway station]] in [[London]] is opened.
*[[1969]] - The [[United Kingdom]] introduces the 50p ([[British Fifty Pence coin|fifty-pence]]) coin, replacing the ten-shilling note, in anticipation of the [[decimalisation]] of the currency in [[1971]].
*[[1973]] - [[Thailand]]'s University Students protest for a democratic government; 77 are killed and 857 injured.
*[[1979]] - The first [[Gay Rights]] March on [[Washington, D.C.]], the [[National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights]], demands "an end to all social, economic, judicial, and legal oppression of lesbian and gay people," draws 200,000 people.
*[[1981]] - Citing official misconduct in the investigation and trial, [[Amnesty International]] charges the U.S. government with holding [[Richard Marshall]] of the [[American Indian Movement]] as a political prisoner.
* 1981 - Vice President [[Hosni Mubarak]] is elected President of [[Egypt]] one week after [[Anwar Sadat]] was assassinated.
*[[1982]] - U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]] proclaims a [[War on Drugs]].
*[[1994]] - Palestinian leader [[Yasser Arafat]], Israeli Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Rabin]], and Israeli Foreign Minister [[Shimon Peres]] receive the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].
*[[1998]] - [[Eric Robert Rudolph]] is charged with 6 bombings including the 1996 [[Centennial Olympic Park bombing]] in [[Atlanta, Georgia]].


==Births==
'''Szczebrzeszyn''' [{{IPA-pl|sz|cz|e|'|b|rz|e|sz|y|n}}] {{audio|Szczebrzeszyn.ogg|listen}} ([[Yiddish]]:
*[[1257]] - King [[Przemysl II of Poland]] (d. [[1296]])
'''שעברעשין''' ''Shebreshin'') is a city in southeastern [[Poland]] in [[Lublin Voivodeship]], in [[Zamość County]], about 20 km west of [[Zamość]]. From 1975–1999, it was part of the [[Zamość Voivodeship]] administrative district. The town serves as the seat to [[Gmina Szczebrzeszyn]]. A 2004 census counted 5,357 inhabitants. It lends its name to the [[Szczebrzeszyn Landscape Park]].
*[[1404]] - [[Marie of Anjou]], queen of France (d. [[1463]])
*[[1493]] - [[Shimazu Tadayoshi]], Japanese warlord (d. [[1568]])
*[[1499]] - [[Claude of France]], wife of [[Louis XII of France]] (d. [[1524]])
*[[1630]] - [[Sophia of Hanover]], Princess Palatine and Electress of Saxony (d. [[1714]])
*[[1633]] - [[James II of England]] and VII of Scotland (d. [[1701]])
*[[1643]] - [[Bahadur Shah I]], [[Mughal Emperor]] of India (d. [[1712]])
*[[1644]] - [[William Penn]], English founder of Pennsylvania (d. [[1718]])
*[[1687]] - [[Robert Simson]], Scottish mathematician (d. [[1768]])
*[[1712]] - [[George Grenville]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (d. [[1770]])
*[[1726]] - [[Charles Middleton, 1st Baron Barham]], English sailor and politician (d. [[1813]])
*[[1733]] - [[François Sebastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt]], Austrian field marshal (d. [[1798]])
*[[1784]] - King [[Ferdinand VII of Spain]] (d. [[1833]])
*[[1790]] - [[Thursday October Christian]] (d. [[1831]])
*[[1801]] - [[Joseph Plateau]], Belgian physicist (d. [[1883]])
*[[1806]] - [[Preston King]], U.S. Senator from New York (d. [[1865]])
*[[1842]] - [[Joe Start]], American baseball player (d. [[1927]])
*[[1861]] - [[Artur Gavazzi]], Croatian geographer (d. [[1944]])
*[[1869]] - [[Joseph Duveen]], British art dealer (d. [[1939]])
*[[1873]] - [[Ray Ewry]], American athlete (d. [[1937]])
* 1873 - [[Jules Rimet]], president of FIFA (d. [[1954]])
*[[1882]] - [[Eamon de Valera]], Irish politician and patriot (d. [[1975]])
* 1882 - [[Charlie Parker (cricketer)|Charlie Parker]], English cricketer (d. [[1959]])
*[[1887]] - [[Bernard Montgomery]], British General. (d. [[1976]])
*[[1888]] - [[Katherine Mansfield]], New Zealand writer (d. [[1923]])
*[[1890]] - [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], U.S. general and 34th [[President of the United States]] (d. [[1969]])
*[[1892]] - [[Sumner Welles]], American diplomat (d. [[1961]])
*[[1893]] - [[Lillian Gish]], American actress (d. [[1993]])
*[[1894]] - [[E. E. Cummings]], American poet (d. [[1962]])
*[[1900]] - [[Agustín Lara]], Mexican composer (d. [[1970]])
*[[1902]] - [[Learco Guerra]], Italian cyclist (d. [[1963]])
*[[1904]] - [[Christian Pineau]], French World War II resistance fighter (d. [[1995]])
*[[1906]] - [[Hannah Arendt]], German political theorist and writer (d. [[1975]])
* 1906 - [[Hassan al Banna|Imam Hassan al Banna]], Egyptian founder of the Muslim Brotherhood (d. [[1949]])
* 1907 - [[Allan Jones]], American actor and singer (d. [[1992]])
*[[1908]] - [[Ruth Hale (playwright and actress)|Ruth Hale]], American playwright and actress (d. [[2003]])
*[[1909]] - [[Bernd Rosemeyer]], German racecar driver (d. [[1938]])
* 1909 - [[Dorothy Kingsley]], American screenwriter (d. [[1996]])
*[[1910]] - [[John Wooden]], American basketball player and coach
*[[1911]] - [[Le Duc Tho|Lê Ðức Thọ]], Vietnamese general and politician, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1990]])
*[[1914]] - [[Raymond Davis Jr.]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel laureate]] (d. [[2006]])
* 1914 - [[Dick Durrance]], American skier (d. [[2004]])
* 1914 - [[Harry Brecheen]], American baseball player (d. [[2004]])
*[[1916]] - [[C. Everett Koop]], [[United States Surgeon General]]
*[[1918]] - [[Marcel Chaput]], French Canadian politician (d. [[1991]])
*[[1926]] - [[Bill Justis]], American saxophonist and composer (d. [[1982]])
*[[1927]] - [[Roger Moore]], English actor
*[[1928]] - [[Frank E. Resnik]], American business executive (d. [[1995]])
*[[1929]] - [[Yvon Durelle]], Canadian boxer (d. [[2007]])
*[[1930]] - [[Mobutu Sese Seko]], [[President of Zaire]] (d. [[1997]])
*[[1931]] - [[Nikhil Banerjee]], Indian classical musician (d. [[1986]])
*[[1932]] - [[Anatoly Larkin]], Russian-American physicist (d. [[2005]])
* 1932 - [[Enrico di Giuseppe]], American tenor (d. [[2005]])
*[[1935]] - [[La Monte Young]], American composer
*[[1938]] - [[John W. Dean III]], [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]] figure
* 1938 - Empress [[Farah Diba]] of Iran
* 1938 - [[Ron Lancaster]], American-born Canadian football player and coach
*[[1939]] - [[Ralph Lauren]], American fashion designer
* 1939 - [[Rocky Thompson (golfer)|Rocky Thompson]], American golfer
*[[1940]] - [[Perrie Mans]], South African snooker player
* 1940 - [[Cliff Richard]], English singer
* 1940 - [[Christopher Timothy]], British actor
*[[1941]] - [[Art Shamsky]], American baseball player
*[[1942]] - [[Evelio Javier]], Filipino politician, lawyer, and civil servant (d. [[1986]])
*[[1944]] - [[Udo Kier]], German actor
*[[1945]] - [[Colin Hodgkinson]], English musician ([[Whitesnake]])
*[[1946]] - [[Justin Hayward]], English musician ([[Moody Blues]])
* 1946 - [[James Robert Kennedy|James Robert "Radio" Kennedy]], American football coach
* 1946 - [[Craig Venter]], American biologist
* 1946 - [[Al Oliver]], American baseball player
* 1946 - [[Dan McCafferty]], Scottish musician ([[Nazareth (band)|Nazareth]])
*[[1947]] - [[Lukas Resetarits]], Austrian cabaret artist
* 1948 - [[David Ruprecht]], American game show host
*[[1948]] - [[Engin Arık]], [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[nuclear physicist]] (d. [[2007]])
*[[1949]] - [[Katy Manning]], English/Australian actress
* 1949 - [[Katha Pollitt]], American writer
*[[1952]] - [[Nikolai Andrianov]], Soviet gymnast
*[[1952]] - [[Harry Anderson]], American actor
*[[1953]] - [[Shelley Ackerman]], American astrologer, writer, singer
*[[1954]] - [[Carole Malone]], English newspaper columnist
*[[1957]] - [[Michel Després]], Quebec politician
*[[1958]] - [[Thomas Dolby]], English musician
*[[1960]] - [[Steve Cram]], English athlete
*[[1961]] - [[Isaac Mizrahi]] American fashion designer
*[[1962]] - [[Jaan Ehlvest]], Estonian [[chess]] player
*[[1963]] - [[Yim Jae-beom]], South Korean singer
* 1963 - [[Lori Petty]], American actress
*[[1964]] - [[Olu Oguibe]], American artist
* 1964 - [[Joe Girardi]], American baseball player
* 1964 - [[Jim Rome]], American sport talk show host
*[[1965]] - [[Jüri Jaanson]], Estonian rower
* 1965 - [[Constantine Koukias]], Australian composer
* 1965 - [[Steve Coogan]], English actor
* 1965 - [[Karyn White]], American singer
*[[1966]] - [[Savanna Samson]], American porn star
*[[1967]] - [[Pat Kelly (baseball infielder)|Pat Kelly]], American baseball player
* 1967 - [[Sylvain Lefebvre]], Canadian ice hockey player
* 1967 - [[Stephen A. Smith]], American sports journalist
*[[1968]] - [[Matthew Le Tissier]], English footballer
* 1968 - [[Johnny Goudie]], American musician
*[[1969]] - [[David Strickland]], American actor (d. [[1999]])
* 1969 - [[P. J. Brown]], American basketball player
*[[1970]] - [[Jim Jackson (basketball)|Jim Jackson]], American basketball player
* 1970 - [[Daniela Peštová]], Czech supermodel
* 1970 - [[Jon Seda]], Puerto Rican actor
* 1970 - [[Pär Zetterberg]], Swedish football player
*[[1971]] - [[Jorge Costa]], Portuguese footballer
* 1973 - [[Lasha Zhvania]], Georgian politician
*[[1974]] - [[Natalie Maines]], American musician ([[Dixie Chicks]])
* 1974 - [[Jessica Drake]], American porn star
* 1974 - [[Joseph Utsler]], American musician
*[[1975]] - [[Floyd Landis]], American cyclist
* 1975 - [[Shaznay Lewis]], English singer ([[All Saints]])
*[[1976]] - [[Nataša Kejžar]], Slovenian swimmer
* 1976 - [[Henry Mateo]], Dominican baseball player
* 1976 - [[Ben Pridmore]], [[World Memory Champion]]
*[[1977]] - [[Kelly Schumacher]], Canadian basketball player
* 1977 - [[Bianca Beauchamp]], adult model
* 1977 - [[Jonathan Kerrigan]], English actor
* 1977 - [[Tina Dico]], Danish singer-songwriter
*[[1978]] - [[Justin Brannan]], American musician, writer
* 1978 - [[Ryan Church (baseball player)|Ryan Church]], American baseball player
* 1978 - [[Paul Hunter]], English [[snooker]] player (d. [[2006]])
* 1978 - [[Steven Thompson (Scottish footballer)|Steven Thompson]], Scottish footballer
* 1978 - [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]], American singer and actor
* 1978 - [[Javon Walker]], American football player
*[[1979]] - [[Stacy Keibler]], American actress / ex-professional wrestler
*[[1980]] - [[Terrence McGee]], American football player
* 1980 - [[Paul Ambrosi]], Ecuadorian footballer
* 1980 - [[Niels Lodberg]], Danish footballer
*[[1981]] - [[Boof Bonser]], American baseball player
*[[1983]] - [[Vanessa Lane]], American porn star
* 1983 - [[Lin Dan]], Chinese badminton player
*[[1984]] - [[LaRon Landry]], American football player
*[[1985]] - [[Digão]], Brazilian footballer
* 1985 - [[Daniel Clark]], Canadian actor
* 1985 - [[Sherlyn|Sherlyn González]], Mexican actress
* 1985 - [[Alexandre Sarnes Negrão]], Brazilian racing driver
*[[1986]] - [[Tom Craddock]], English footballer
* 1986 - [[Skyler Shaye]], American actress
*[[1988]] - [[MacKenzie Mauzy]], American actress
* 1988 - [[Max Thieriot]], American actor
*[[1992]] - [[Savannah Outen]], American singer/songwriter


<!-- Please do not add yourself, non-notable people, fictional characters, or people without Wikipedia articles to this list. No red links, please.
== Early history ==
Do not link multiple occurrences of the same year, just link the first occurrence.
If there are multiple people in the same birth year, put them in alphabetical order.
Do not trust "this year in history" websites for accurate date information. -->


==Deaths==
'''Szczebrzeszyn''''s history can be traced back to 1352, during the reign of [[Casimir III of Poland|Casimir III]], although archaeological evidence suggests the area had been settled for several centuries prior to this. Neighboring villages named in [[Nestor the Chronicler|Nestor]]'s 11th century [[Primary Chronicle|chronicle of Rus]] further support that Szczebrzeszyn is much older, once lying beside a major commercial route running from south to north.
*[[1066]] - [[Harold Godwinson]], [[King of England]]
*[[1092]] - [[Nizam al-Mulk]], Persian vizier (b. [[1018]])
*[[1256]] - [[Kujo Yoritsugu]], Japanese shogun (b. [[1239]])
*[[1318]] - [[Edward Bruce]], High King of Ireland
*[[1552]] - [[Oswald Myconius]], Swiss Protestant reformer (b. [[1488]])
*[[1565]] - [[Thomas Chaloner (statesman)|Thomas Chaloner]], English statesman and poet (b. [[1521]])
*[[1568]] - [[Jacques Arcadelt]], Flemish composer
*[[1610]] - [[Amago Yoshihisa]], Japanese samurai and warlord (b. [[1540]])
*[[1619]] - [[Samuel Daniel]], English poet (b. [[1562]])
*[[1637]] - [[Gabriello Chiabrera]], Italian poet (b. [[1552]])
*[[1660]] - [[Thomas Harrison]], English Puritan soldier (b. [[1606]])
*[[1669]] - [[Antonio Cesti]], Italian composer (b. [[1623]])
*[[1703]] - [[Thomas Hansen Kingo]], Danish poet (b. [[1634]])
*[[1711]] - [[Tewoflos of Ethiopia|Tewoflos]], [[Emperor of Ethiopia]] (b. [[1708]])
*[[1758]] - [[Francis Edward James Keith]], Scottish soldier and Prussian field marshal (b. [[1696]])
*[[1831]] - [[Jean-Louis Pons]], French astronomer (b. [[1761]])
*[[1911]] - [[John Marshall Harlan]], U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. [[1833]])
*[[1944]] - [[Erwin Rommel]], German field marshall (b. [[1891]])
*[[1958]] - [[Douglas Mawson]], Australian Antarctic explorer (b. [[1882]])
*[[1959]] - [[Errol Flynn]], Australian actor (b. [[1909]])
*[[1960]] - [[Abram Ioffe]], Russian physicist (b. [[1880]])
*[[1961]] - [[Paul Ramadier]], French politician (b. [[1888]])
* 1961 - [[Harriet Shaw Weaver]], English political activist (b. [[1876]])
*[[1967]] - [[Marcel Aymé]], French novelist and playwright (b. [[1902]])
*[[1973]] - [[Edmund A. Chester]], American broadcaster and journalist (b. [[1897]])
*[[1976]] - Dame [[Edith Evans]], English actress (b. [[1888]])
*[[1977]] - [[Bing Crosby]], American singer and actor (b. [[1903]])
*[[1983]] - [[Willard Price]], Canadian author and naturalist
*[[1984]] - [[Martin Ryle]], English radio astronomer, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (b. [[1918]])
*[[1985]] - [[Emil Gilels]], Ukrainian pianist (b. [[1916]])
*[[1986]] - [[Keenan Wynn]], American actor (b. [[1916]])
*[[1989]] - [[Michael Carmine]], American actor (b.1959)
*[[1990]] - [[Leonard Bernstein]], American composer and conductor (b. [[1918]])
*[[1997]] - [[Harold Robbins]], American novelist (b. [[1915]])
*[[1998]] - [[Cleveland Amory]], American writer and animal rights activist (b. [[1917]])
* 1998 - [[Frankie Yankovic]], American musician (b. [[1916]])
*[[1999]] - [[Julius Nyerere]], Tanzanian politician (b. [[1922]])
*[[2002]] - [[Norbert Schultze]], American composer and songwriter (b. [[1911]])
*[[2003]] - [[Patrick Dalzel-Job]], English soldier and inspiration for [[James Bond]] (b. [[1913]])
*[[2004]] - [[Vlassis Bonatsos]], Greek singer, actor and entertainer (b. [[1949]])
*[[2005]] - [[Jody Dobrowski]], English murder victim (b. [[1981]])
*[[2006]] - [[Jared Anderson]], American bassist (b. [[1975]])
* 2006 - [[Freddy Fender]], American musician (b. [[1937]])
* 2006 - [[Maurice Grosse]], British paranormal investigator (b. [[1919]])
* 2006 - [[Nancy Lynn]], American aviator (b. [[1956]])
* 2006 - [[Gerry Studds]], American politician (b. [[1937]])
*[[2007]] - [[Big Moe]], American rapper (b. [[1974]])
<!--
Do not add people without Wikipedia articles to this list
Do not trust "this year in history" websites for accurate date information
Do not link multiple occurrences of the same year, just link the first occurrence.
-->


==Holidays and observances==
By 1492, trade had developed enough to warrant a [[Special Act|special act]] imposed by [[John I Albert of Poland|Jan Olbracht]]. The [[Act (document)|Act]] specified which roads Szczebrzeszyn merchants could use when traveling through [[Lesser Poland]] with their wares. As merchants traveled through Szczebrzeszyn, they paid set taxes which proved to be an excellent source of [[revenue]]. For example, the tax on a wagon with merchandise was 2 [[groschen]], on an ox: 1 groschen, and on a wagon with salt from [[Drohobycz]]: a measure of salt.
* [[Calendar of Saints|RC Saints]] - [[Pope Callistus I]], [[Angadrisma]], [[Fortunatus of Todi]]

* [[Teachers' Day]], or National Education Day in [[Poland]]
After [[Jan Amor]] of [[Tarnów]]'s death in 1500, Szczebrzeszyn stayed in the hands of the Tarnowski family for the next 20 years. Later it was included in a [[dowry]] to the Kmita family. At that time, long-running feuds among family members re-ignited over the Szczebrzeszyn inheritance, while other [[magnate]]s laid claims at this time. King [[Zygmunt August]] issued a binding decree to end this dispute in 1555, which allocated rights over the city to the Gorka family of [[Greater Poland]].
*[[French Republican Calendar]] - [[Turnip|Navet (Turnip)]] Day, twenty-third day in the [[Vendémiaire|Month of Vendémiaire]]

*[[Chişinău]]'s ([[Moldova]]'s capital) local holiday (known as "Hramul Oraşului" by locals).
The Gorkas took a strong interest in religious matters, and granted freedom to all religious groups. They built a [[Greek Orthodox]] church, transformed the [[Roman Catholic]] parish church into a [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] one, and opened a [[synagogue]] nearby. Well-known supporters of the [[Reformation]] from Szczebrzeszyn, Stankar and Felix Kreutziger, sought the protection of these [[feudal]] lords. During this time, Szczebrzeszyn reached the highest levels of development.
*[[World Standards Day]]

== Rise and fall ==

A variety of reasons lead to the halting of development and, later, a steep decline. In early September, 1583, a fire swept through the [[keep|castle keep]], which destroyed all of the documents relating to privileges granted by Andrzej Gorka. These privileges were quickly renewed by the reigning king, [[Stefan Batory]]. The Gorkas also confirmed and expanded the [[Magdeburg rights|Magdeburg Laws]], which benefited the citizens.

The last of the Gorkas, Stanislaw, died in 1592, after which the Szczebrzeszyn estates were taken over by the Czarnkowski family. In 1593, [[Jan Zamoyski]] purchased Szczebrzeszyn, along with 35 surrounding villages, and integrated them into his Ordinate. Zamoyski founded a new capital city in his Zamość estates, and it was at this point that Szczebrzeszyn lost its significance and the decline began.

Despite the focus on Zamość, Zamoyski funded the [[Monastery of the Holy Franciscans]] and next to it the [[Cloister of the Holy Trinity]], the modern day [[Cloister of Saint Katarzyna]]. Apart from this, he liquidated the Catholic Temple and returned the one-time parish Cloister to the Catholics.

During the 17th century, religious animosity increased, and a 1637 decree issued by [[Tomasz Zamoyski]] resulted in the expulsion of the [[Polish Brethren|Arians]]. The city was also assaulted by the [[Tatars]], [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]], and [[Cossacks]]. In particular, the city was torched and plundered by Tatars in 1672. A multitude of [[epidemics]] decimated the population and victims of the [[Plague (disease)|Plague]] were taken to a separate cemetery outside of the city.

At the time of the [[partition of Poland]], Szczebrzeszyn had fallen into the hands of Austria.

== New development ==

The beginning of the 19th century saw a renewed interest in Szczebrzeszyn. With Zamość no longer functioning as the seat to the Zamoyski estates, the family transferred several functions to the city. The relocation of the [[provincial school]] and Holy Mercy Hospital stimulated growth and new buildings were constructed to accommodate the increasing population. The [[Chief Physician]] was moved here, and a hospital treating peasants for [[venereal diseases]] also opened.

Education become an important part of life in Szczebrzeszyn. The district school was under the direct oversight of [[Stanisław Zamoyski]] who recruited both talented teachers and students. Lady [[Teofilia Reder]] opened a private school for girls that taught many advanced subjects. Due to the strength of the schools and the direction of Stanisław Zamoyski, Szczebrzeszyn suffered less from the politics of [[Russification]] than other settlements did after the [[November Uprising]]. For this precise reason, Russian authorities disbanded the provincial school in 1852.

== During the uprising ==
<!--The long blockquote is being kept for know due to desire to reference during reconstruction of this article.-->
[[Pedagogue]] Wincenty Dawid wrote in his 1887 memoir about the November Uprising:

<blockquote>
"In the end, our tranquillity and working lives were disrupted and the model order of the Szczebrzeszyn schools was wrecked. The news, that an uprising had broken out in Warsaw, and that the Russians had abandoned the capitol city, and also the borders of the kingdom, elicited an unheard of exhilaration among everyone. The quiet shtetl, which knew of no other politics other than making appeals to the nobility, immediately felt demands to step out into the political arena together with the entire land.
<br />
"In the course of one hour, the black eagles on top of the Magistrate Building were torn down and smashed, as well as from other institutions. The old swords were unearthed, and pistols, they were cleaned off, and made ready. In the smithies, the blacksmiths worked even on holidays. Agricultural implements were beaten into pikes. Scythes were mounted on long poles.
<br />
"The [[intelligentsia]], the professors and the Rector himself, call the youth to arm themselves. A rededication of the flag was celebrated, praying in the courtyard of the school. The Rector, Zenkowski gave a speech to the lined up rows of citizens and students, armed with all sorts of ammunition, that each individual was able to make for himself. At the end of the ceremonies, 'Jeszcze Polska nie zginela' was sung. This took place in the middle of December, and immediately, Prof. Kowalski, and many older students, went off with Zenkowski to the Polish military. Only a small number of students remained in the school, only children.
<br />
"After Christmas, a movement of the Russian military began. The first to enter Szczebrzeszyn were the [[Dragoons]], whose wild, beard-covered physiognomies made a frightful impression on us. We looked with fear upon these huge men, who camped out on the same place where the battle-ready youth had stood.
<br />
"Immediately, news reached us about the decisive battles between the Polish military and its heroic leaders in the field, from [[Battle of Grochów|Grochów]], behind [[Wawer]]. Every bit of news was transmitted with great fervor from hand-to-hand, comments were made, and plans were made for the future, as is usual in a small shtetl. The joy became even greater in the spring, when our military [forces] entered [[Lithuania]] with Dembinski and Gieldung at their head, when [Wojciech] Chrzanowski and [Jozef] Dwernicki entered the [[Lublin]] region, marching on Wolhyn, on the second side of the [[Bug River]], stopping along the way to conduct general battles outside of Czaczki, and Old-Zamość.
<br />
"On the same Schulhof, on that great Thursday, Dwernicki's Uhlans and the Krakusi billeted themselves, placing several cannons around the place, which it seems to me had been plundered from Czaczki. We spiritedly approached our riders, and played with their weaponry. For several days, food and drink was carried to them from the city. They were accepted as brothers.
<br />
"When the spring and summer heat set in, a [[cholera]] epidemic spread through the city here for the first time. Horse manure was burned in the marketplace and in the streets as a remedy against the cholera, but it didn't help. Many families left the city for the surrounding forests. Prayers were offered in the [[cloisters]] to end the epidemic, or prayers of thanksgiving for those victories from the arresting of the disease. The young priest Nowakowski, a fiery orator, would tell the worshippers after prayers about the heroic deeds of our leaders. He punished and accused those young people, who withheld themselves from the military, calling each of them by their name...
<br />
"Zamość, the nearby fortress, and other points, were threatened with encirclement. Many clashes took place in Szczebrzeszyn. The [[Cossacks]] would fall upon the city, plundered, beat the [[Jews]], and the townsfolk. A minute later, the [[Uhlans]] or the Krakusi would arrive from the direction of Zamość. Once, the Cossacks, as a response to such an attack, decided to take revenge on the city, while the youth of the city took part in these clashed between the Polish military and the Cossacks. At night, the Cossacks drew near in order to torch the city and carry out a slaughter among its residents. A tumult arose in the city, and half the city's residents fled to the nearby forests. One could already hear the shooting from the direction of Janów.
<br />
"However confusion elicits wonder. The aggressive people armed themselves. The municipal policeman, an older military man, together with the sexton of the cloister, raised an alarm. Banging on the cloister drum, they gave orders in a loud voice, and in doing so, gave the impression that there was a large military detachment present. The Cossacks and Dragoons, which were already positioned outside the city, decided to pull back. Later orders restrained them from acts of vengeance."
</blockquote>

When a national liberation movement developed before the [[January Uprising]] in 1863, the greatest reaction in the entire Zamość Powiat occurred in Szczebrzeszyn. For years afterward, local residents were arrested under suspicion for being a part of the uprising.

== Russification methods ==

After the failure of the Uprising, the Russian authorities began to implement a severe policy of Russification, supplanting everything which was not Russian.

Elderly people were asked to record their recollections of that time, but as they were, for the most part, illiterate, younger literate townspeople often had to transcribe verbal memoirs from their elders. The war interrupted these efforts.

That difficult time is slowly vanishing and being forgotten, when the weak would eventually succumb, and the strong would resist the priests, gendarmes and government officials. In this respect, the women were stronger than the men.

The persecutions of the [[Uniates]] proved dramatic. An elderly peasant from Zurawnica told of a frightful scene, when one of his neighbors, a Uniate, agreed to accept the [[Russian Orthodox]] faith. The protests of his wife had no effect. Everything was arranged, all the formalities settled, but when the peasant was about to begin the [[Eucharist|communion]] ceremony, his wife went mad from mental confusion, and attacked the priest. This had a fearful effect on her husband, who refused to complete the ceremony. Being much taken by these tales, effort was made to assemble details about the Uniates in Szczebrzeszyn. A notice from the year 1843 announces that the parish of the Uniates was very poor, because it had 'a small number of adherents to the Szczebrzeszyn church (tzerkva).' In December 1877, the priest, Aleksander Górski—who, it appears, did not belong to the resistance fighters—signed his letter as the 'Rector of the Szczebrzeszyn Orthodox Parish.' It was at that time that the Uniates and the [[Greek-Catholic Church]] were liquidated, and was transformed into a Russian Orthodox church.

Later on, the priest Timofei Tracz came as Rector, and a sorrowful era was initiated for the Polish Catholics, particularly the Uniates. Although the Rector himself was once a Uniate priest, he voluntarily converted to the Russian Orthodox church and became an ideological Russifier and disseminator of his new faith. He led an ascetic existence, and his activities had a fanatical character. Over time, he became extremely influential as he became known to the highest institutional authorities.

Everyone in the Zamość region feared him. He met with little resistance in his efforts to spread the Russian Orthodox faith, and he used any method necessary: promises, chicanery, threats, and violence.

Documents in the Zwierzyniec archives confirm that there never were any Russian Orthodox faithful residing year-round in Szczebrzeszyn, with the exception of officials, who would sometime spend time here. Apart from the Russian Orthodox church, which had been transformed, as previously mentioned, from a Greek-Catholic church, the Catholic Church near the hospital was remade as a Russian Orthodox church in 1883. The number of adherents to the Russian Orthodox parish grew quickly in proportion, and in that time totaled 486 individuals.

In the year 1905, in the first two months after the publication of the [[Tolerance Manifesto]], 4,195 people in the Szczebrzeszyn parish converted from Russian Orthodoxy to the [[Roman Catholic]] faith, and 402 people from the outskirts of Zamość. The [[Tolerance Declaration]] was a severe blow to Tracz, as it undid all his efforts. He resisted the desertion, but to no avail; his health was damaged and he died in 1909.

During World War I, the [[Muscovites]] left Szczebrzeszyn and both Orthodox churches were locked down. The entire Russian Orthodox parish appeared to disappear; townspeople even changed the spelling on the grave stones of their kin, from Russian to Polish, in order to erase all traces of their former church affiliations. Even Tracz's gravesite and memorial were eradicated. In accordance with an order from the bailiff, someone during the night broke down the monument, and Trascz's coffin was transferred from the churchyard to the public cemetery.

The Rector of the Roman Catholic parish was at that time the priest, Grabarski. He was very popular, and known for his philanthropic activities—even for the benefit of Jews. He was very much beloved by the Jews. For many years, prayers were offered in synagogues on his behalf.

Life in Szczebrzeszyn during the time of the Russian rule was gray and sorrowful. The pressure of rule was felt heavily from the side of the Russian authorities. Community activity was minimal: there was no manner of spiritual movement. Despite this, a certain amount of conspiratorial activity did continue, such as illegal study. Certain organizations did exist: Mlodziez Szkolna, N.D., P.P.S.

The external character of Szczebrzeszyn was set down by the military; a Cossack battalion was stationed in the town. When World War II, military marched through the shtetl: Russian, Austrian, Russians again, and later a long time of Austrian occupation. Many forms of orientation manifested themselves: pro-Moscow, pro-Austrian, initiatives for independence. Part of the young people went off to military legions.

== In literature ==

The name Szczebrzeszyn is infamous for being very difficult to pronounce for non-native speakers. Polish poet, [[Jan Brzechwa]] used the town's name in his poem entitled ''[[Chrząszcz]]''. The line with Szczebrzeszyn goes like this:

{{audio|Pl W Szczebrzeszynie chrzaszcz brzmi w trzcinie.ogg|''W Szczebrzeszynie chrząszcz brzmi w trzcinie''}}

This roughly translates to: ''[In the town of] Szczebrzeszyn a beetle buzzes in the reed''. The phrase has been incorporated in every day language as an epitome of Polish tongue twisters and is often presented by natives to foreign learners of Polish. A monument depicting a beetle playing the violin that was erected in Szczebrzeszyn refers to the poem.

== People ==
* [[Józef Brandt]] (1841-1915), painter, born in Szczebrzeszyn
* [[Leon Bibel]] (1913-1995), painter, born in Szczebrzeszyn
* [[Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz]] (1872–1905), philosopher, sociologist, born in Szczebrzeszyn
* [[Zygmunt Klukowski]] (1885 - 1959), physician, bibliophile and historian, lived in Szczebrzeszyn

==Gallery==
<gallery caption="Szczebrzeszyn">
Image:Szczebrzeszyn3.JPG|St. Nicolas church
Image:Szczebrzeszyn19.JPG|Former synagogue, nowadays community centre
Image:Szczebrzeszyn pl kościuszki.JPG|Kościuszko square
Image:Chrzaszcz2.JPG|The statue of a beetle playing the violin</gallery>

== References ==
* ''History of Szczebrzeszyn'' by [[Zygmunt Klukowski]] (from Shebreshin Yizkor Book), Translation: Jackob Salomon Berger
* [http://szczebrzeszyn.net/ Tomasz Panczyk's Szczebrzeszyn Website]
<references/>


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/14 BBC: On This Day]
{{Commons|Szczebrzeszyn}}
* {{NYT On this day|month=10|day=14}}
* [http://www.szczebrzeszyn.net/ Szczebrzeszyn-Shebreshin Website]
* [http://www1.sympatico.ca/cgi-bin/on_this_day?mth=Oct&day=14 On This Day in Canada]
* [http://www.szczebrzeszyn.pl/ Szczebrzeszyn.pl Website]
----
* [http://www.szczebrzeszyn.info/ Szczebrzeszyn.info Website]
{{months}}
* [http://www.elohim1.republika.pl/ Szczebrzeszyn Online Website]
* [http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/pinkas_poland/pol7_00577c.html Jewish History of Szczebrzeszyn]
* [http://www.polishroots.com/slownik/szczebrzeszyn.htm History and description of Szczebrzeszyn from 1890]

<br>
{{Gmina Szczebrzeszyn}}


[[Category:Cities and towns in Lublin Voivodeship]]
[[Category:October]]


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Revision as of 23:22, 13 October 2008

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October 14 in recent years
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October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 78 days remain until the end of the year.

Events

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Holidays and observances

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