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* [[February 1]] – The [[United Nations General Assembly]] declares that China is an aggressor in the Korean War, in United Nations General Assembly Resolution 498.
* [[February 1]] – The [[United Nations General Assembly]] declares that China is an aggressor in the Korean War, in United Nations General Assembly Resolution 498.
* [[February 6]] – [[Woodbridge train wreck]]: A [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] passenger train derails near [[Woodbridge Township, New Jersey]], killing 85 people and injuring over 500, in one of the worst rail disasters in American history.
* [[February 6]] – [[Woodbridge train wreck]]: A [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] passenger train derails near [[Woodbridge Township, New Jersey]], killing 85 people and injuring over 500, in one of the worst rail disasters in American history.
* [[February 12]] – [[Muhammad Reza Shah]] marries [[Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari]].
* [[February 12]]
** The seven-nation Commonwealth Consultative Committee meets to discuss the [[Colombo Plan]] for south and south-
east Asia.<ref>Blackton, Charles S., [https://www.jstor.org/pss/3024398 The Colombo Plan], ''Far Eastern Survey'', 7 February 1951.</ref>
** [[Muhammad Reza Shah]] marries [[Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari]].
* [[February 19]] – Jean Lee becomes the last woman hanged in Australia, when she and her 2 [[pimp]]s are hanged for the murder and torture of a 73-year-old bookmaker.
* [[February 19]] – Jean Lee becomes the last woman hanged in Australia, when she and her 2 [[pimp]]s are hanged for the murder and torture of a 73-year-old bookmaker.
* [[February 25]] – The first [[Pan American Games]] open in [[Buenos Aires]].
* [[February 25]] – The first [[Pan American Games]] open in [[Buenos Aires]].
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** [[Korean War]]: [[Operation Ripper]] – For the second time, United Nations troops recapture Seoul.
** [[Korean War]]: [[Operation Ripper]] – For the second time, United Nations troops recapture Seoul.
** West Germany joins [[UNESCO]].
** West Germany joins [[UNESCO]].
⚫
* [[March 29]] – [[Second Red Scare]]: In the United States, [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]] are convicted of [[Conspiracy (criminal)|conspiracy]] to commit [[espionage]]. On [[April 5]] they are sentenced to death.
⚫
* [[March 29]]
⚫
** [[Second Red Scare]]: [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]] are convicted of [[Conspiracy (criminal)|conspiracy]] to commit [[espionage]]. On [[April 5]] they are sentenced to death.
** [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]'s ''[[The King and I]]'' opens on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], and runs for three years. It is the first of their musicals specifically written for an actress ([[Gertrude Lawrence]]). Lawrence is stricken with [[cancer]] during the run of the show, and dies halfway through its run a year later. The show makes a star of [[Yul Brynner]].
** [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]'s ''[[The King and I]]'' opens on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], and runs for three years. It is the first of their musicals specifically written for an actress ([[Gertrude Lawrence]]). Lawrence is stricken with [[cancer]] during the run of the show, and dies halfway through its run a year later. The show makes a star of [[Yul Brynner]].
** The [[23rd Academy Awards]] Ceremony is held; ''[[All About Eve]]'' wins the [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] award and five others.
** The [[23rd Academy Awards]] Ceremony is held; ''[[All About Eve]]'' wins the [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] award and five others.
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** The [[U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services]] and [[U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]] begin their closed door hearings into the dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur by U.S. President Harry S Truman.
** The [[U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services]] and [[U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]] begin their closed door hearings into the dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur by U.S. President Harry S Truman.
* [[May 8]] – [[Operation Greenhouse]]: The first [[thermonuclear]] weapon is tested in the "George" test on [[Enewetok]] Atoll in the [[Marshall Islands]] by the United States.
* [[May 8]] – [[Operation Greenhouse]]: The first [[thermonuclear]] weapon is tested in the "George" test on [[Enewetok]] Atoll in the [[Marshall Islands]] by the United States.
* [[May 14]] – The first volunteer-run passenger trains run on the [[Talyllyn Railway]] in Wales.
* [[May 15]] – A [[military coup]] occurs in [[Bolivia]].
* [[May 15]] – A [[military coup]] occurs in [[Bolivia]].
* [[May 21]] – The [[9th Street Art Exhibition]], otherwise known as the Ninth Street Show, a gathering of a number of notable artists, marks the stepping-out of the postwar New York [[avant-garde]], collectively known as the [[New York School (art)|New York School]].
* [[May 23]] – The [[Tibet (1912–51)|Tibetan government]] signs the [[Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet]] with the People's Republic of China.
* [[May 23]] – The [[Tibet (1912–51)|Tibetan government]] signs the [[Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet]] with the People's Republic of China.
* [[May 24]] – Operation Greenhouse: The first atomic bomb "boosted" by the inclusion of [[tritium]] is tested in the "Item" test on Enewetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands by the United States.
* [[May 24]] – Operation Greenhouse: The first atomic bomb "boosted" by the inclusion of [[tritium]] is tested in the "Item" test on Enewetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands by the United States.
* [[May 25]]–[[May 26|26]] – British spies [[Guy Burgess]] and [[Donald Maclean (spy)|Donald Maclean]] leave the United Kingdom to defect to the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Christopher Andrew (historian)|first=Christopher|last=Andrew|title=[[The Defence of the Realm]]|location=London|publisher=Penguin Books|orig-year=2009|year=2010|isbn=978-0-141-02330-4|pages=425–6}}</ref>
* [[May 25]]–[[May 26|26]] – British spies [[Guy Burgess]] and [[Donald Maclean (spy)|Donald Maclean]] leave the United Kingdom to defect to the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Christopher Andrew (historian)|first=Christopher|last=Andrew|title=[[The Defence of the Realm]]|location=London|publisher=Penguin Books|orig-year=2009|year=2010|isbn=978-0-141-02330-4|pages=425–6}}</ref>
* [[May 28]] – ''[[The Goon Show]]'' is first broadcast on [[BBC Home Service]] in the U.K.; the first series is entitled "Crazy People".


===June===
===June===
* [[June 4]] – The [[Foley Square trial]] concludes review in the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] as ''[[Dennis v. United States]]'', with a ruling against the defendants (overturned by ''[[Yates v. United States]]'' in 1957).
* [[June 7]] – Nazi war criminal [[Otto Ohlendorf]] is hung at [[Landsberg Prison]], [[Bavaria]].
* [[June 7]] – Nazi war criminal [[Otto Ohlendorf]] is hung at [[Landsberg Prison]], [[Bavaria]].
* [[June 14]] – [[UNIVAC I]] is dedicated by the U.S. Census Bureau.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/industry/06/14/computing.anniversary/ | work=CNN | title=50th anniversary of the UNIVAC I | access-date=April 20, 2010 | date=June 14, 2001}}</ref>
* [[June 14]] – [[UNIVAC I]] is dedicated by the U.S. Census Bureau.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/industry/06/14/computing.anniversary/ | work=CNN | title=50th anniversary of the UNIVAC I | access-date=April 20, 2010 | date=June 14, 2001}}</ref>
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===July===
===July===
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[Colombo Plan]] operations commence.
* [[July 5]] – [[William Shockley]], [[John Bardeen]] and [[Walter Brattain]], of Bell Labs, announce the invention of the [[grown-junction transistor]]. Same year, General Electric and RCA develop [[alloy-junction transistor]].
* [[July 5]] – [[William Shockley]], [[John Bardeen]] and [[Walter Brattain]], of Bell Labs, announce the invention of the [[grown-junction transistor]]. Same year, General Electric and RCA develop [[alloy-junction transistor]].
* [[July 10]]
* [[July 10]]
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* [[October 6]] – [[Malayan Emergency]]: [[Communist]] insurgents kill British commander Sir [[Henry Gurney]].
* [[October 6]] – [[Malayan Emergency]]: [[Communist]] insurgents kill British commander Sir [[Henry Gurney]].
* [[October 14]] – The [[Organization of Central American States]] (''Organización de Estados Centroamericanos'', ODECA) is formed.
* [[October 14]] – The [[Organization of Central American States]] (''Organización de Estados Centroamericanos'', ODECA) is formed.
⚫
* [[October 15]]
* [[October 15]] – [[Norethisterone]], the [[progestin]] used in the [[combined oral contraceptive pill]], is synthesized by [[Luis E. Miramontes]] in Mexico.
** [[Norethisterone]], the [[progestin]] used in the [[combined oral contraceptive pill]], is synthesized by [[Luis E. Miramontes]] in Mexico.
** On television, the situation comedy ''[[I Love Lucy]]'' airs its first episode on [[CBS]].
* [[October 16]]
* [[October 16]]
** [[Judy Garland]] begins a series of concerts in New York's [[Palace Theatre (New York City)|Palace Theatre]].
** [[Judy Garland]] begins a series of concerts in New York's [[Palace Theatre (New York City)|Palace Theatre]].
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* [[December 6]] – A [[state of emergency]] is declared in [[Egypt]], due to increasing riots.
* [[December 6]] – A [[state of emergency]] is declared in [[Egypt]], due to increasing riots.
* [[December 13]] – A water storage tank collapses in [[Tucumcari, New Mexico]], United States, resulting in 4 deaths and 200 buildings destroyed.
* [[December 13]] – A water storage tank collapses in [[Tucumcari, New Mexico]], United States, resulting in 4 deaths and 200 buildings destroyed.
* [[December 14]] – [[Raj Kapoor]]'s first blockbuster movie, ''[[Awaara]]'' is released in India.
* [[December 17]] – ''[[We Charge Genocide]]'', a petition describing [[genocide]] against [[African American]]s, is delivered to the United Nations.
* [[December 17]] – ''[[We Charge Genocide]]'', a petition describing [[genocide]] against [[African American]]s, is delivered to the United Nations.
* [[December 20]]
* [[December 20]]
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* An 18-year-old sailor is fined for kissing in public in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]. The law court calls his actions "obnoxious behavior repulsive to the public morals".<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* An 18-year-old sailor is fined for kissing in public in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]. The law court calls his actions "obnoxious behavior repulsive to the public morals".<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* The United States becomes [[malaria]]-free (excluding territories and possessions)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/25/health/scientists-eliminate-malaria/index.html?hpt=hp_c5|title=Scientists race to eliminate malaria as 'wonder drug' loses its powers|authorlink=Ed Yong|first=Ed|last=Yong|date=March 25, 2014|work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/13694-devastating-infectious-diseases-smallpox-plague.html|title=7 Devastating Infectious Diseases|work=LiveScience.com|date=February 10, 2020}}</ref>
* The United States becomes [[malaria]]-free (excluding territories and possessions)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/25/health/scientists-eliminate-malaria/index.html?hpt=hp_c5|title=Scientists race to eliminate malaria as 'wonder drug' loses its powers|authorlink=Ed Yong|first=Ed|last=Yong|date=March 25, 2014|work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/13694-devastating-infectious-diseases-smallpox-plague.html|title=7 Devastating Infectious Diseases|work=LiveScience.com|date=February 10, 2020}}</ref>
* [[Greggs]] opens its first store in [[Gosforth]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne]].


==Births==
==Births==
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* [[January 1]]
* [[January 1]]
** [[Ashfaq Hussain]], Urdu poet
** [[Ashfaq Hussain]], Urdu poet
** [[Nana Patekar]], Indian actor, writer, philanthropist and filmmaker<ref>{{cite news|title=Riveting persona|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/after-successful-directorial-debut-nana-patekar-looks-to-broaden-his-cinematic-repertoire/1/306084.html|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=9 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021052116/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/after-successful-directorial-debut-nana-patekar-looks-to-broaden-his-cinematic-repertoire/1/306084.html|archive-date=21 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[Nana Patekar]], Indian actor, screenwriter, philanthropist and filmmaker<ref>{{cite news|title=Riveting persona|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/after-successful-directorial-debut-nana-patekar-looks-to-broaden-his-cinematic-repertoire/1/306084.html|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=9 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021052116/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/after-successful-directorial-debut-nana-patekar-looks-to-broaden-his-cinematic-repertoire/1/306084.html|archive-date=21 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[January 2]] – [[Jan Fischer (politician)|Jan Fischer]], 8th [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic]]
* [[January 2]] – [[Jan Fischer (politician)|Jan Fischer]], 8th [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic]]
* [[January 3]] – [[Charles W. Mills]], British-born American philosopher (d. [[2021]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/27/us/charles-w-mills-dead.html|title=Charles W. Mills, Philosopher of Race and Liberalism, Dies at 70|first=Clay|last=Risen|work=The New York Times |date=September 27, 2021|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>
* [[January 3]] – [[Charles W. Mills]], British-born American philosopher (d. [[2021]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/27/us/charles-w-mills-dead.html|title=Charles W. Mills, Philosopher of Race and Liberalism, Dies at 70|first=Clay|last=Risen|work=The New York Times |date=September 27, 2021|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>
* [[January 8]]
* [[January 8]]
** [[Kenny Anthony]], Lucian politician, 2-time [[Prime Minister of Saint Lucia]]
** [[Kenny Anthony]], Lucian politician, 2-time [[Prime Minister of Saint Lucia]]
** [[John McTiernan]], American director, producer and writer
** [[John McTiernan]], American film-maker
* [[January 9]] – [[Crystal Gayle]], American country music singer
* [[January 9]] – [[Crystal Gayle]], American country music singer
* [[January 12]] – [[Rush Limbaugh]], American conservative radio personality (d. [[2021]])
* [[January 12]] – [[Rush Limbaugh]], American conservative radio personality (d. [[2021]])
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*[[February 24]] – [[Debra Jo Rupp]], American actress
*[[February 24]] – [[Debra Jo Rupp]], American actress
*[[February 25]] – [[Don Quarrie]], Jamaican sprinter<ref>{{cite book|title=The Sony Tape Guide to Who's who in the 1984 Olympics|publisher=Pelham Books|year=1984|isbn=9780720715194|page=42}}</ref>
*[[February 25]] – [[Don Quarrie]], Jamaican sprinter<ref>{{cite book|title=The Sony Tape Guide to Who's who in the 1984 Olympics|publisher=Pelham Books|year=1984|isbn=9780720715194|page=42}}</ref>
*[[February 27]] – [[Steve Harley]], British rock musician<ref>{{cite book |first=Martin C. |last=Strong |year=2000 |title=The Great Rock Discography |edition=5th |publisher=Mojo Books |location=Edinburgh |pages=424–25 |isbn=1-84195-017-3}}</ref>
*[[February 27]] – [[Steve Harley]], British glam rock singer-songwriter (d. [[2024]])<ref>{{cite book |first=Martin C. |last=Strong |year=2000 |title=The Great Rock Discography |edition=5th |publisher=Mojo Books |location=Edinburgh |pages=424–25 |isbn=1-84195-017-3}}</ref>


===March===
===March===
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* [[March 9]] – [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussian]], Indian tabla virtuoso, composer, percussionist, music producer and actor
* [[March 9]] – [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussian]], Indian tabla virtuoso, composer, percussionist, music producer and actor
* [[March 10]] – [[Gloria Diaz]], Filipino actress of film and television, model and beauty queen
* [[March 10]] – [[Gloria Diaz]], Filipino actress of film and television, model and beauty queen
* [[March 12]] – [[Susan Musgrave]], Canadian poet, children's writer
* [[March 13]] – [[Charo]], Spanish-American singer, entertainer
* [[March 13]] – [[Charo]], Spanish-American singer, entertainer
* [[March 14]] – [[Jerry Greenfield]], American co-founder of ''[[Ben & Jerry's]]'' ice cream
* [[March 14]] – [[Jerry Greenfield]], American co-founder of ''[[Ben & Jerry's]]'' ice cream
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* [[April 15]] – [[Beatrix Schuba]], Austrian figure skater
* [[April 15]] – [[Beatrix Schuba]], Austrian figure skater
* [[April 16]]
* [[April 16]]
** [[Ioan Mihai Cochinescu]], Romanian writer
** [[Björgvin Halldórsson]], Icelandic singer
** [[Björgvin Halldórsson]], Icelandic singer
** [[Pierre Toutain-Dorbec]], French photographer
** [[Pierre Toutain-Dorbec]], French photographer
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** [[Antonio Saldías]], Chilean historian
** [[Antonio Saldías]], Chilean historian
** [[Samuel Doe]], [[President of Liberia]] (d. [[1990]])
** [[Samuel Doe]], [[President of Liberia]] (d. [[1990]])
* [[May 8]] - [[Philip Bailey]], American singer
* [[May 9]]
* [[May 9]]
** [[Christopher Dewdney]], Canadian poet
** [[Christopher Dewdney]], Canadian poet
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** [[Dick Slater]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2018]])
** [[Dick Slater]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2018]])
* [[May 20]] – [[Christie Blatchford]], Canadian newspaper columnist, journalist and broadcaster (d. [[2020]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/rip-christie-blatchford|title=Dead at 68: Christie Blatchford was a tenacious voice for victims, a thorn to the smug &#124; National Post|newspaper=National Post|date=February 12, 2020|last1=Humphreys|first1=Adrian}}</ref>
* [[May 20]] – [[Christie Blatchford]], Canadian newspaper columnist, journalist and broadcaster (d. [[2020]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/rip-christie-blatchford|title=Dead at 68: Christie Blatchford was a tenacious voice for victims, a thorn to the smug &#124; National Post|newspaper=National Post|date=February 12, 2020|last1=Humphreys|first1=Adrian}}</ref>
* [[May 22]] – [[Kenneth Bianchi]], American serial killer and rapist<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.biography.com/crime-figure/kenneth-bianchi | title=Kenneth Bianchi - Hillside Strangler, Childhood & Crimes | date=October 3, 2023 }}</ref>
* [[May 23]]
* [[May 23]]
** [[Jill E. Barad]], American businessperson
** [[Jill E. Barad]], American businessperson
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**[[Larry Robinson]], Canadian hockey player
**[[Larry Robinson]], Canadian hockey player
* [[June 3]] – [[Jill Biden]], [[First Lady of the United States]]
* [[June 3]] – [[Jill Biden]], [[First Lady of the United States]]
* [[June 5]] – [[Suze Orman]], American financial advisor, writer and television personality
* [[June 8]] – [[Bonnie Tyler]], Welsh pop singer
* [[June 8]] – [[Bonnie Tyler]], Welsh pop singer
* [[June 9]] – [[James Newton Howard]], American musician, composer
* [[June 9]] – [[James Newton Howard]], American musician, composer
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* [[June 21]] – [[Nils Lofgren]], American musician<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nilslofgren.com/History07.html|title=Nils Lofgren, Singer, songwriter|last=Lofgren|first=Nils|year=2007|work=Nils Lofgren's official website|access-date=March 21, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220030641/http://www.nilslofgren.com/History07.html|archive-date=February 20, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* [[June 21]] – [[Nils Lofgren]], American musician<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nilslofgren.com/History07.html|title=Nils Lofgren, Singer, songwriter|last=Lofgren|first=Nils|year=2007|work=Nils Lofgren's official website|access-date=March 21, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220030641/http://www.nilslofgren.com/History07.html|archive-date=February 20, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* [[June 23]] – [[Michèle Mouton]], French rally driver
* [[June 23]] – [[Michèle Mouton]], French rally driver
* [[June 25]] - [[Elvy Sukaesih]], Indonesian dangdut singer
* [[June 25]] – [[Elvy Sukaesih]], Indonesian dangdut singer
* [[June 27]]
* [[June 27]]
** [[Ulf Andersson]], Swedish chess player
** [[Ulf Andersson]], Swedish chess player
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** [[Mick Cronin (rugby league)|Mick Cronin]], Australian rugby league player
** [[Mick Cronin (rugby league)|Mick Cronin]], Australian rugby league player
** [[Daniel Ruiz]], Spanish footballer
** [[Daniel Ruiz]], Spanish footballer
* [[June 29]]
* [[June 29]] – [[Zvi Eliezer Alonie]], Israeli rabbi
** [[Zvi Eliezer Alonie]], Israeli rabbi
** [[Craig Sager]], American sports commentator (d. [[2016]])
* [[June 30]] – [[Stanley Clarke]], American bassist
* [[June 30]] – [[Stanley Clarke]], American bassist


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** [[Richard Hadlee]], New Zealand cricketer
** [[Richard Hadlee]], New Zealand cricketer
** [[Lodewijk Jacobs]], Dutch sprint canoer
** [[Lodewijk Jacobs]], Dutch sprint canoer
** [[Bob Rigby]], U.S. soccer goalkeeper
* [[July 4]]
* [[July 4]]
** [[Beverly Boys]], Canadian diver
** [[Beverly Boys]], Canadian diver
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** [[Folorunso Alakija]], Nigerian businesswoman
** [[Folorunso Alakija]], Nigerian businesswoman
** [[Rick Kehoe]], Canadian professional ice hockey player and coach
** [[Rick Kehoe]], Canadian professional ice hockey player and coach
⚫
* [[July 16]] – [[Franco Serantini]], Italian anarchist (d. [[1972]])
⚫
* [[July 16]]
** [[Che Rosli]], Malaysian politician
⚫
** [[Franco Serantini]], Italian anarchist (d. [[1972]])
* [[July 18]]
* [[July 18]]
** [[Eva Wittke]], German swimmer
** [[Eva Wittke]], German swimmer
** [[Elio Di Rupo]], Belgian politician
** [[Elio Di Rupo]], Belgian politician
* [[July 21]] – [[Robin Williams]], American actor and comedian (d. [[2014]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/aug/12/robin-williams|title=Robin Williams obituary|date=August 12, 2014|author=Ryan Gilbey|website=The Guardian|access-date=November 6, 2021}}</ref>
* [[July 21]] – [[Robin Williams]], American actor and comedian (d. [[2014]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/aug/12/robin-williams|title=Robin Williams obituary|date=August 12, 2014|author=Ryan Gilbey|website=The Guardian|access-date=November 6, 2021}}</ref>
* [[July 22]] – [[William Nyallau Badak]], Malaysian politician
* [[July 24]]
* [[July 24]]
** [[Fiona Reid]], English-born Canadian actress
** [[Lynda Carter]], American actress and singer
** [[Lynda Carter]], American actress and singer
** [[Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury|Chris Smith]], British politician
** [[Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury|Chris Smith]], British politician
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* [[July 26]] – [[Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger]], German politician
* [[July 26]] – [[Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger]], German politician
* [[July 28]]
* [[July 28]]
** [[Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba]], Spanish politician (d. [[2019]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/12/obituaries/alfredo-perez-rubalcaba-dies.html|title=Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, 67, Dies; Helped End Basque Terrorism|date=May 12, 2019|website=New York Times|author=Raphael Minder|access-date=17 February 2024}}</ref>
** [[Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba]], Spanish politician (d. [[2019]])
** [[Santiago Calatrava]], Spanish architect and engineer
** [[Santiago Calatrava]], Spanish architect and engineer
* [[July 31]]
* [[July 31]]
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* [[August 2]] – [[Andrew Gold]], American singer-songwriter and musician ([[10cc]], [[Wax (pop band)|Wax]]) (d. [[2011]])
* [[August 2]] – [[Andrew Gold]], American singer-songwriter and musician ([[10cc]], [[Wax (pop band)|Wax]]) (d. [[2011]])
* [[August 3]] – [[Marcel Dionne]], Canadian hockey player
* [[August 3]] – [[Marcel Dionne]], Canadian hockey player
* [[August 6]]
* [[August 6]] – [[Catherine Hicks]], American actress
** [[Catherine Hicks]], American actress
** [[Daryl Somers]], Australian television personality
* [[August 8]]
* [[August 8]]
** [[Louis van Gaal]], Dutch footballer and manager
** [[Louis van Gaal]], Dutch footballer and manager
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* [[August 15]] – [[Jim Allen (cricketer)|Jim Allen]], West Indian cricketer
* [[August 15]] – [[Jim Allen (cricketer)|Jim Allen]], West Indian cricketer
* [[August 16]] – [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], 13th [[President of Nigeria]] (d. [[2010]])
* [[August 16]] – [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], 13th [[President of Nigeria]] (d. [[2010]])
* [[August 17]] – [[Richard Hunt (puppeteer)|Richard Hunt]], American puppeteer (d. [[1992]])
* [[August 19]] – [[John Deacon]], English rock bassist
* [[August 19]] – [[John Deacon]], English rock bassist
* [[August 20]] – [[Greg Bear]], American author (d. [[2022]])
* [[August 20]] – [[Greg Bear]], American author (d. [[2022]])
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* [[September 14]]
* [[September 14]]
** [[Duncan Haldane]], English-born condensed-matter physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]<ref name=whoswho>{{Who's Who | title=HALDANE, Prof. (Frederick) Duncan (Michael) | id = U18585 | volume = 1997 | edition = online [[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford}}</ref>
** [[Duncan Haldane]], English-born condensed-matter physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]<ref name=whoswho>{{Who's Who | title=HALDANE, Prof. (Frederick) Duncan (Michael) | id = U18585 | volume = 1997 | edition = online [[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford}}</ref>
** [[Volodymyr Melnykov]], [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[poet]], [[writer]], [[songwriter]] and [[composer]]
** [[Volodymyr Melnykov]], [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[poet]], [[writer]], [[songwriter]] and [[composer]]<ref>[https://esu.com.ua/article-66387 Melnikov Vladimir Nikolaevich] // Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine, vol.20, p.135-136</ref>
* [[September 15]]
* [[September 15]]
** [[Pete Carroll]], American football coach
** [[Pete Carroll]], American football coach
** [[Jared Taylor]], American author and journalist
** [[Fred Seibert]], American producer and [[Frederator Studios]] founder
** [[Fred Seibert]], American producer and [[Frederator Studios]] founder
* [[September 17]] – [[Cassandra Peterson]], American actress, known for her role in ''[[Elvira, Mistress of the Dark]]''
* [[September 17]] – [[Cassandra Peterson]], American actress, known for her role in ''[[Elvira, Mistress of the Dark]]''
Line 516: Line 499:
** [[Andrés Caicedo]], Colombian writer (d. [[1977]])
** [[Andrés Caicedo]], Colombian writer (d. [[1977]])
** [[Maureen Caird]], Australian hurdler
** [[Maureen Caird]], Australian hurdler
** [[Mike Enriquez]], Filipino radio and television newscaster (d. [[2023]])
* [[September 30]] – [[Barry Marshall]], Australian physician and recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
* [[September 30]] – [[Barry Marshall]], Australian physician and recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]


Line 562: Line 544:
* [[November 2]] – [[Thomas Mallon]], American author and critic
* [[November 2]] – [[Thomas Mallon]], American author and critic
* [[November 3]] – [[Ed Murawinski]], American cartoonist (''New York Daily News'')
* [[November 3]] – [[Ed Murawinski]], American cartoonist (''New York Daily News'')
* [[November 4]] – [[Traian Băsescu]], [[President of Romania]]
* [[November 4]]
** [[Traian Băsescu]], [[President of Romania]]
** [[Hal Malchow]], political consultant (d. [[2024]])
* [[November 7]] – [[Dennis Allen (criminal)|Dennis Allen]], Australian criminal and drug dealer, eldest son of [[Kath Pettingill]] (d. [[1987]])
* [[November 7]] – [[Dennis Allen (criminal)|Dennis Allen]], Australian criminal and drug dealer, eldest son of [[Kath Pettingill]] (d. [[1987]])
* [[November 8]] – [[Alfredo Astiz]], Argentine commander
* [[November 8]] – [[Alfredo Astiz]], Argentine commander
Line 603: Line 587:
** [[Chang Fei]], Taiwanese television personality
** [[Chang Fei]], Taiwanese television personality
** [[Patricia Wettig]], American actress
** [[Patricia Wettig]], American actress
* [[December 6]] – [[Tomson Highway]], Canadian writer
* [[December 7]] – [[Richard Darbois]], French-Canadian voice actor
* [[December 7]] - [[Richard Darbois]], French-Canadian voice actor
* [[December 8]]
* [[December 8]]
** [[Bill Bryson]], American-born British non-fiction author
** [[Bill Bryson]], American-born British non-fiction author
Line 614: Line 597:
** [[Jan Timman]], Dutch chess player
** [[Jan Timman]], Dutch chess player
* [[December 17]] – [[Ken Hitchcock]], Canadian hockey coach
* [[December 17]] – [[Ken Hitchcock]], Canadian hockey coach
* [[December 20]] – [[Peter May (writer)|Peter May]], Scottish novelist and television dramatist
* [[December 27]] – [[Levy Fidelix]], Brazilian politician, businessman, and journalist (d. [[2021]])
* [[December 27]] – [[Levy Fidelix]], Brazilian politician, businessman, and journalist (d. [[2021]])
** [[Ernesto Zedillo]], 54th [[President of Mexico]] (1994-2000)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.buscabiografias.com/biografia/verDetalle/2894/Ernesto%20Zedillo|title=Ernesto Zedillo |publisher=Busca Biografias |language=es|access-date=May 30, 2019}}</ref>
** [[Ernesto Zedillo]], 54th [[President of Mexico]] (1994-2000)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.buscabiografias.com/biografia/verDetalle/2894/Ernesto%20Zedillo|title=Ernesto Zedillo |publisher=Busca Biografias |language=es|access-date=May 30, 2019}}</ref>
Line 676: Line 658:
** [[Lyman Gilmore]], American aviation pioneer (b. [[1874]])
** [[Lyman Gilmore]], American aviation pioneer (b. [[1874]])
** [[Miloš Slovák]], Czech painter (b. [[1885]])
** [[Miloš Slovák]], Czech painter (b. [[1885]])
* [[February 19]] – [[André Gide]], French writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1869]])
* [[February 19]] – [[André Gide]], French writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1869]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andregide.org/remembrance/nytgide.html|title=New York Times obituary|website=www.andregide.org|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806050538/http://www.andregide.org/remembrance/nytgide.html|archive-date=6 August 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[February 22]] – [[Alfred Lindley]], American Olympic rower - Men's eights (b. [[1904]])
* [[February 22]] – [[Alfred Lindley]], American Olympic rower - Men's eights (b. [[1904]])
* [[February 28]]
* [[February 28]]
Line 699: Line 681:
* [[March 8]] – [[Charles Coleman (actor)|Charles Coleman]], American actor (b. [[1885]])
* [[March 8]] – [[Charles Coleman (actor)|Charles Coleman]], American actor (b. [[1885]])
* [[March 10]] – [[Kijūrō Shidehara]], Japanese diplomat, 31st [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1872]])
* [[March 10]] – [[Kijūrō Shidehara]], Japanese diplomat, 31st [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1872]])
* [[March 11]] – [[János Zsupánek]], [[Prekmurje Slovenes|Prekmurje Slovene]] poet and writer (b. [[1861]])
* [[March 12]] – [[Alfred Hugenberg]], German businessman and politician (b. [[1865]])
* [[March 12]] – [[Alfred Hugenberg]], German businessman and politician (b. [[1865]])
* [[March 13]] – [[Ants Kaljurand|Ants "the Terrible" Kaljurand]], Estonian anti-communist, freedom fighter and [[forest brother]] (b. [[1917]])<ref>Mati Mandel: ''Kogu tõde Hirmus Antsust?'', p. 159–163. Eesti Ajaloomuuseum, [[Tallinn]], 2010; {{ISBN|9789985988947}} (in Estonian)</ref>
* [[March 13]] – [[Ants Kaljurand|Ants "the Terrible" Kaljurand]], Estonian anti-communist, freedom fighter and [[forest brother]] (b. [[1917]])<ref>Mati Mandel: ''Kogu tõde Hirmus Antsust?'', p. 159–163. Eesti Ajaloomuuseum, [[Tallinn]], 2010; {{ISBN|9789985988947}} (in Estonian)</ref>
Line 744: Line 725:
[[File:Henri Carton de Wiart.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Henri Carton de Wiart]]]]
[[File:Henri Carton de Wiart.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Henri Carton de Wiart]]]]
[[File:Mary Emelia Moore.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Mary Emelia Moore]]]]
[[File:Mary Emelia Moore.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Mary Emelia Moore]]]]
[[File:Empress Teimei official portrait 4 1949.jpg|100px|thumbnail|[[Empress Teimei]]]]
* [[May 1]] – [[Klymentiy Sheptytsky]], Soviet [[Orthodox priest]], martyr and blessed (b. [[1869]])
* [[May 1]] – [[Klymentiy Sheptytsky]], Soviet [[Orthodox priest]], martyr and blessed (b. [[1869]])
* [[May 2]]
* [[May 2]]
Line 767: Line 749:
* [[May 25]]
* [[May 25]]
** [[Franz Klebusch]], German actor (b. [[1887]])
** [[Franz Klebusch]], German actor (b. [[1887]])
** [[Paula von Preradović]], Austrian poet and writer (b. [[1887]])<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schoolfield |first=G. C. |date=July 1954 |title=PAULA VON PRERADOVIĆ-AN INTRODUCTION |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0483.1954.tb00671.x |journal=German Life and Letters |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=285–292 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0483.1954.tb00671.x}}</ref>
** [[Paula von Preradović]], Austrian poet and writer (b. [[1887]])
* [[May 27]] – [[Thomas Blamey|Sir Thomas Blamey]], Australian field marshal (b. [[1884]])
* [[May 27]] – Sir [[Thomas Blamey]], Australian field marshal (b. [[1884]])
* [[May 29]]
* [[May 29]]
** [[Fanny Brice]], American entertainer (b. [[1891]])
** [[Fanny Brice]], American entertainer (b. [[1891]])
Line 911: Line 893:
* [[November 13]] – [[Nikolai Medtner]], Soviet pianist and composer (b. [[1880]])
* [[November 13]] – [[Nikolai Medtner]], Soviet pianist and composer (b. [[1880]])
* [[November 14]] – [[Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere]], Prince and Grand Master of the Order of Malta (b. [[1866]])
* [[November 14]] – [[Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere]], Prince and Grand Master of the Order of Malta (b. [[1866]])
* [[November 15]] – [[Robert Elliott (actor)|Robert Elliott]], American actor (b. [[1879]])
* [[November 15]] – [[Robert Elliott (actor, born 1879)|Robert Elliott]], American actor (b. [[1879]])
* [[November 20]]
* [[November 20]]
** [[Thomas Quinlan (impresario)|Thomas Quinlan]], British opera singer (b. [[1881]])
** [[Thomas Quinlan (impresario)|Thomas Quinlan]], British opera singer (b. [[1881]])
** [[Lou Skuce]], Canadian cartoonist (b. [[1886]])
** [[Lou Skuce]], Canadian cartoonist (b. [[1886]])
⚫
* [[November 21]]
** [[Jean Trescases]], a French [[Chief warrant officer]], during the [[First Indochina War]] (b. [[1916]])
* [[November 23]] – [[Enrichetta Alfieri]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1891]])
* [[November 23]] – [[Enrichetta Alfieri]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] religious professed and blessed (b. [[1891]])
**[[Ju Zheng]], Chinese politician (b. [[1876]])
**[[Ju Zheng]], Chinese politician (b. [[1876]])
Line 959: Line 943:


==References==
==References==
{{commons category|1951}}
{{commons category}}


{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

Revision as of 14:52, 17 April 2024

Clockwise from top-left: the Treaty of Paris establishes the European Coal and Steel Community, a precursor to the European Union; Shigeru Yoshida, Prime Minister of Japan signing the Treaty of San Francisco; Ships in Wellington harbour during the 1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute; The Sakuragichō train is on fire; The Rosenbergs sentenced to death; Leading figures of the Nepali Congress in the 1951 Nepalese revolution; Remington Rand delivers the first UNIVAC I computer; Destruction left in the wake of the 1951 eruption of Mount Lamington.
Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1951 by topic
Subject
By country
Lists of leaders
Birth and death categories
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Works category
1951 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1951
MCMLI
Ab urbe condita2704
Armenian calendar1400
ԹՎ ՌՆ
Assyrian calendar6701
Baháʼí calendar107–108
Balinese saka calendar1872–1873
Bengali calendar1358
Berber calendar2901
British Regnal year15 Geo. 6 – 16 Geo. 6
Buddhist calendar2495
Burmese calendar1313
Byzantine calendar7459–7460
Chinese calendar庚寅年 (Metal Tiger)
4648 or 4441
    — to —
辛卯年 (Metal Rabbit)
4649 or 4442
Coptic calendar1667–1668
Discordian calendar3117
Ethiopian calendar1943–1944
Hebrew calendar5711–5712
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat2007–2008
 - Shaka Samvat1872–1873
 - Kali Yuga5051–5052
Holocene calendar11951
Igbo calendar951–952
Iranian calendar1329–1330
Islamic calendar1370–1371
Japanese calendarShōwa 26
(昭和２６年)
Javanese calendar1882–1883
Juche calendar40
Julian calendarGregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar4284
Minguo calendarROC 40
民國40年
Nanakshahi calendar483
Thai solar calendar2494
Tibetan calendar阳金虎年
(male Iron-Tiger)
2077 or 1696 or 924
    — to —
阴金兔年
(female Iron-Rabbit)
2078 or 1697 or 925
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1951.

1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1951st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 951st year of the 2nd millennium, the 51st year of the 20th century, and the 2nd year of the 1950s decade.

Events

January

January 21: The eruption of Mount Lamington

February

east Asia.[4]

March

March 29: The Rosenbergs sentenced to death.
March 31: Remington Rand delivers the first UNIVAC I computer.

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Unknown dates

  • IBM (United Kingdom) is formed.[14]
  • An 18-year-old sailor is fined for kissing in public in Stockholm, Sweden. The law court calls his actions "obnoxious behavior repulsive to the public morals".[14]
  • The United States becomes malaria-free (excluding territories and possessions)[15][16]

Births

Births
January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December

January

Phil Collins
Dave Benton

February

Blaise Compaoré
Gordon Brown
Edward Albert

March

Chris Rea
Kurt Russell

April

Peabo Bryson
Beatrix Schuba
Olivia Hussey
Tony Danza
Vladimír Špidla
Dale Earnhardt

May

Christopher Cross
Anatoly Karpov
Antonis Samaras

June

Jill Biden
Suze Orman
Bonnie Tyler
Stellan Skarsgård
Álvaro Colom
Mary McAleese

July

Thomas Boni Yayi
Geoffrey Rush
Anjelica Huston
Chris Cooper
Elio Di Rupo
Lynda Carter
Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba

August

Mohamed Morsi
Juan Manuel Santos
John Deacon
Dana Rosemary Scallon

September

Michael Keaton
Alexander Downer
Mark Hamill
Michelle Bachelet

October

Sting
Bob Geldof
Karen Allen
Pam Dawber

November

Traian Băsescu
Zeenat Aman
Kathryn Bigelow

December

Jaco Pastorius
Ernesto Zedillo

Full date unknown

  • Peter Hargitay, public relations executive and a partner of the European Consultancy Network[50]

Deaths

January

Reverend Franziskus Hennemann
Amy Carmichael
Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim

February

Zaifeng, Prince Chun
André Gide

March

Blessed Zoltán Meszlényi
Kijuro Shidehara
Janusz Jędrzejewicz

April

Oscar Carmona
Ivanoe Bonomi
Charles G. Dawes

May

Homero Manzi
Henri Carton de Wiart
Mary Emelia Moore
Empress Teimei

June

Serge Koussevitzky
Ben Chifley
Blessed Maria Pia Mastena

July

Philippe Pétain

August

Robert Walker

September

Ernestina Lecuona y Casado
Maria Montez
Augusto de Vasconcelos

October

Liaquat Ali Khan

November

December

Shoeless Joe Jackson
Blessed Anton Durcovici

Date unknown

Nobel Prizes

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1951.
  1. ^ "Groundnuts Plan Modified". The Times. No. 51895. London. January 10, 1951. p. 6.
  2. ^ "Ilse Koch is given life term". Gettysburg Times. January 15, 1951. p. 2. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  3. ^ "Significant Volcanic Eruption". ngdc.noaa.gov. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
  4. ^ Blackton, Charles S., The Colombo Plan, Far Eastern Survey, 7 February 1951.
  5. ^ "King George opens Festival of Britain". BBC News. May 3, 1951. Archived from the original on March 7, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
  6. ^ Andrew, Christopher (2010) [2009]. The Defence of the Realm. London: Penguin Books. pp. 425–6. ISBN 978-0-141-02330-4.
  7. ^ "50th anniversary of the UNIVAC I". CNN. June 14, 2001. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
  8. ^ Rita, Mikko (July 13, 2016). "Jarrumiehiksi kelpasivat vain ilmavoimien lentäjät – Linnanmäen vuoristorata avattiin 65 vuotta sitten". Yle (in Finnish). Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  9. ^ Tieteen kuvalehti: Historia 11/2014, p. 74. (in Finnish)
  10. ^ "1951: Churchill wins general election". BBC News. October 26, 1951. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
  11. ^ "BBC On This Day - 2". news.bbc.co.uk.
  12. ^ "Columbia Founds War-Peace Study" (PDF). The New York Times. December 10, 1951.
  13. ^ "Key Dates for the Marshall Plan". For European Recovery: The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Marshall Plan. Washington, D.C.: The Library of Congress. July 11, 2005. Archived from the original on October 13, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2009.
  14. ^ a b "Year by Year 1951". History Channel International.
  15. ^ Yong, Ed (March 25, 2014). "Scientists race to eliminate malaria as 'wonder drug' loses its powers". CNN.
  16. ^ "7 Devastating Infectious Diseases". LiveScience.com. February 10, 2020.
  17. ^ "Riveting persona". India Today. Archived from the original on October 21, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
  18. ^ Risen, Clay (September 27, 2021). "Charles W. Mills, Philosopher of Race and Liberalism, Dies at 70". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
  19. ^ Ruslan Sagabalyan, Internet archive
  20. ^ Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. pp. 1611/2. ISBN 0-85112-939-0.
  21. ^ "Biographie du président", website of the Presidency (in French).
  22. ^ Newcomb, Horace, ed. (2004). Encyclopedia of Television (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 1168. ISBN 978-1579583941.
  23. ^ Maritza Jiménez (January 8, 2021). "Rosana Ordóñez: "Si me voy, quiero que llenen esta página de poemas y flores"". El Universal.
  24. ^ "Gordon Brown | prime minister of United Kingdom | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
  25. ^ The Sony Tape Guide to Who's who in the 1984 Olympics. Pelham Books. 1984. p. 42. ISBN 9780720715194.
  26. ^ Strong, Martin C. (2000). The Great Rock Discography (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Mojo Books. pp. 424–25. ISBN 1-84195-017-3.
  27. ^ "Tommy Hilfiger". New York. 34. New York Magazine Company: 27. 2001.
  28. ^ Leroy, Francis (2003). A century of Nobel Prizes recipients : chemistry, physics, and medicine. New York: Marcel Dekker. p. 226. ISBN 9780824708764.
  29. ^ Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. p. 196. ISBN 1-85227-745-9.
  30. ^ Carrillo, Josue (July 7, 2023). "Murió la escritora, Milagros Mata Gil -". Noticia al Dia (in Spanish). Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  31. ^ The Time Almanac. Information Please LLC. 2011. p. 75.
  32. ^ Humphreys, Adrian (February 12, 2020). "Dead at 68: Christie Blatchford was a tenacious voice for victims, a thorn to the smug | National Post". National Post.
  33. ^ "Kenneth Bianchi - Hillside Strangler, Childhood & Crimes". October 3, 2023.
  34. ^ Lofgren, Nils (2007). "Nils Lofgren, Singer, songwriter". Nils Lofgren's official website. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  35. ^ "Máire Mhic Ghiolla Íosa" (in Irish). president.ie. Archived from the original on June 11, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
  36. ^ Ryan Gilbey (August 12, 2014). "Robin Williams obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
  37. ^ Raphael Minder (May 12, 2019). "Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, 67, Dies; Helped End Basque Terrorism". New York Times. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
  38. ^ McIver, Joel (September 3, 2014). "Jimi Jamison obituary". The Guardian.
  39. ^ Reid, Suzanne (1998). Presenting young adult science fiction. New York London England: Twayne Publishers Prentice Hall International. p. 36. ISBN 9780805716535.
  40. ^ LastName, FirstName (2001). Texas biographical dictionary. St. Clair Shores, Mich: Somerset. p. 291. ISBN 9780403099924.
  41. ^ Ibbotson, Sophie (2013). South Sudan. Chalfont St. Peter: Bradt Travel Guides. p. 12. ISBN 9781841624662.
  42. ^ "HALDANE, Prof. (Frederick) Duncan (Michael)". Who's Who. Vol. 1997 (online Oxford University Press ed.). Oxford: A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  43. ^ Melnikov Vladimir Nikolaevich // Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine, vol.20, p.135-136
  44. ^ Stan Fischler; Shirley Fischler (2003). Who's Who in Hockey. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-7407-1904-2.
  45. ^ Thompson, Clifford (1999). World authors 1990-1995. New York: H.W. Wilson. p. 507. ISBN 9780824209568.
  46. ^ Orttung, Robert (2000). The republics and regions of the Russian Federation : a guide to politics, policies, and leaders. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe. p. 70. ISBN 9780765605597.
  47. ^ "Jim Diamond". HeraldScotland. October 12, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  48. ^ "Michelle Bachelet". Britannica Presents 100 Women Trailblazers. February 25, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
  49. ^ "Ernesto Zedillo" (in Spanish). Busca Biografias. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
  50. ^ Matthew Hall (October 18, 2009). "Meet FFA's man of mystery". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  51. ^ "First World War.com - Who's Who - Sir Ernest Swinton". www.firstworldwar.com.
  52. ^ Jagdish Mehra, Helmut Rechenberg (2000). The Historical Development of Quantum Theory
  53. ^ "New York Times obituary". www.andregide.org. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  54. ^ Mati Mandel: Kogu tõde Hirmus Antsust?, p. 159–163. Eesti Ajaloomuuseum, Tallinn, 2010; ISBN 9789985988947 (in Estonian)
  55. ^ "John Flynn biography | Royal Flying Doctor Service". www.flyingdoctor.org.au.
  56. ^ Schoolfield, G. C. (July 1954). "PAULA VON PRERADOVIĆ-AN INTRODUCTION". German Life and Letters. 7 (4): 285–292. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0483.1954.tb00671.x.
  57. ^ "Kansanedustajat: Ville Kiviniemi" (in Finnish). Helsinki, Finland: Parliament of Finland. Archived from the original on March 15, 2019. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  58. ^ "Egbert Van Alstyne". RagPiano.com.
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