List of Bismarck Towers
A Bismarck tower is a special form of the Bismarck monument .
background
Numerous, mostly private initiatives pursued the goal of building Bismarck towers between 1871 and 1914 after the establishment of the Reich. In 1885 Otto von Bismarck celebrated his 70th birthday. After his dismissal as Reich Chancellor in 1890, an unprecedented veneration of Bismarck began in Germany, which increased after the former Chancellor's death in 1898. Many of these towers were planned from 1890 onwards.
distribution
Of the 240 Bismarck towers and columns, there are still 173 structures in what is now Germany, France, the Czech Republic, Poland, Russia, Austria, Cameroon, Tanzania and Chile. Another 66 of these structures, u. a. in what is now Denmark and Papua New Guinea no longer exist. In the Federal Republic of Germany 146 of the former 184 towers are still preserved. Some, including all 47 towers based on the “ Götterdämmerung ” design by Wilhelm Kreis , were built as so-called Bismarckian columns or converted into such. This name can be traced back to the student body's competition announced in 1899, which was intended to encourage the construction of as many fire pillars as possible (and not observation towers). But other Bismarck towers are also often referred to as the Bismarck column.
For historical details of the Bismarck Towers see Bismarck Monument .
Denmark
Parts of Denmark were formerly part of Prussia from 1864 to 1920, province of Schleswig-Holstein .
| object | location | Location | Construction year | height | comment | image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bismarck National Monument (Aabenraa) | 55 ° 8 ′ 6 ″ N, 9 ° 26 ′ 31 ″ E | Aabenraa / North Schleswig (since 1920 Denmark ) | 1901 | 45 m | Erected from 1895 to 1901. Was blown up in 1945. As early as 1919, the seven-meter-high Bismarck statue had been brought across the new German-Danish border to Schleswig-Holstein to Scheersberg ; it has been on the Aschberg near Ascheffel since 1930 . |
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Germany
Baden-Württemberg
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Bavaria
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Berlin
| object | location | Location | Construction year | height | comment | image |
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| Bismarck Observatory | 52 ° 24 ′ 59 "N, 13 ° 38 ′ 12" E | Berlin | 1904 | 40 m | Location: on the Müggelberge , blown up in the spring of 1945. |
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Brandenburg
Bremen
| object | location | Location | Construction year | height | comment | image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bismarck Tower (Bremerhaven) | 53 ° 32 ′ 22 "N, 8 ° 37 ′ 47" E | Bremerhaven- Reinkenheide | 1911 | 22.6 m | In ruins after the Second World War, the ruins were blown up and removed in 1966. |
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Hamburg
| object | location | Location | Construction year | height | comment | image |
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| Bismarck Tower (Hamburg) | 53 ° 32 ′ 56 "N, 9 ° 58 ′ 11" E | Hamburg | 1890 | Around 1890, an observation tower with a lighting function was built at the "Trichter" amusement bar at the harbor. Around 1906 this was renamed "Bismarck Tower". The name could be related to the inauguration of the neighboring 35 m high Bismarck monument in Hamburg's Elbpark on June 2, 1906. The garden restaurant including the tower is said to have been demolished in 1926, and according to other sources destroyed by aerial bombs in 1942. |
Hesse
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Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
| object | location | Location | Construction year | height | comment | image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bismarck Column (Greifswald) | 54 ° 5 ′ 33 "N, 13 ° 24 ′ 58" E | Greifswald | 1900 | 10 m | Location: on the Epistelberg. Draft Götterdämmerung |
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| Bismarck Tower (Krakow am See) | 53 ° 39 ′ 39 ″ N, 12 ° 16 ′ 21 ″ E | Krakow am See | 1907 | 12 m | Blown up in 1945 |
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| Bismarck Column (Rostock) | Rostock | 1901 | 8 m | Draft Götterdämmerung , no longer available | ||
| Bismarckwarte (Seebad Heringsdorf) | 53 ° 56 ′ 43 "N, 14 ° 10 ′ 18" E | Heringsdorf seaside resort | 1907 | 42 m | in its time "Germany's highest pillar of fire". Not available anymore |
Lower Saxony
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North Rhine-Westphalia
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Rhineland-Palatinate
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Saarland
Two planned Bismarck towers in Saarbrücken and Saarlouis were never built.
Saxony
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Saxony-Anhalt
From 1896 to 1931, 16 Bismarck towers were built in what is today Saxony-Anhalt, 15 of which are still preserved today. Only the monument in Hasselfelde was demolished.
| object | location | Location | inauguration | height | Redevelopment | Remarks | image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bismarck Tower Ballenstedt | 51 ° 42 ′ 52 "N, 11 ° 15 ′ 32" E | Ballenstedt - Opperode | May 20, 1931 | 11 m | 1994-1995 | built by Wilhelm Kreis - design Götterdämmerung |
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| Bismarck Tower Castle | 52 ° 16 ′ 32 "N, 11 ° 52 ′ 21" E | Castle (near Magdeburg) | 22 Mar 1907 | 27 m | 2006 | Architect: Hermann Eggert ; During the time of the GDR , the tower was named Flämingturm after the ridge on whose foothills it is located . |
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| Bismarck Tower Calbe | 51 ° 54 '59 "N, 11 ° 43' 8" E | Calbe (Saale) | 22 Mar 1904 | 30 m | 1990s | Location: Wartenberg ; highest Bismarck tower in Saxony-Anhalt |
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| Bismarck Tower Coswig | 51 ° 54 ′ 36 "N, 12 ° 31 ′ 2" E | Coswig (Anhalt) | Aug 31, 1902 | 15 m |
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| Bismarck Tower Dessau | 51 ° 50 ′ 56 "N, 12 ° 14 ′ 59" E | Dessau-Rosslau | Apr 1, 1915 | 12.5 m | 2005 | 1955 Renaming to Schillerturm |
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| Bismarck Tower Halberstadt | 51 ° 52 ′ 31 ″ N, 11 ° 2 ′ 8 ″ E | Halberstadt | 22 Mar 1907 | 22 m | 1996-1998 |
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| Bismarck tower Petersberg | 51 ° 35 ′ 48 "N, 11 ° 57 ′ 11" E | Petersberg near Halle | Sep 24 1902 | 15 m | 1999-2000 | Draft Götterdämmerung ; the tower was destroyed in 1945 and could not be climbed until 2000 |
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| Bismarck tower Hasselfelde-Trautenstein | 51 ° 39 ′ 23 "N, 10 ° 47 ′ 47" E | Carlshaushöhe near Hasselfelde | May 21, 1901 | 20 m | The tower was demolished in 1981 by the Soviet army because it was in a restricted military area |
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| Bismarck tower Naumburg | 51 ° 8 ′ 48 ″ N, 11 ° 46 ′ 8 ″ E | Naumburg (Saale) in the Burgenland district | Aug 30, 1902 | 14 m | 1992-1993 | 1945 Renaming to Burgscheidelturm. Bismarck relief lost. Refurbished in 1992. |
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| Bismarck tower Osterwieck | 51 ° 59 ′ 13 "N, 10 ° 42 ′ 43" E | Big Fallstein near Osterwieck | Aug 21, 1904 | 19 m | 1974-1975 |
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| Bismarck Tower Quedlinburg | 51 ° 46 ′ 54 "N, 11 ° 9 ′ 16" E | Quedlinburg | Apr 1, 1896 | 20 m | 1993-1994 | The tower cannot be climbed |
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| Bismarck tower in Salzwedel | 52 ° 48 ′ 55 "N, 11 ° 7 ′ 27" E | Salzwedel | Apr 1, 1900 | 25 m | 1990s | Location: Schwarzer Berg near Steinitz (Salzwedel) . The tower is not open to the public. |
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| Bismarck tower Schnarsleben | 52 ° 9 ′ 5 ″ N, 11 ° 29 ′ 4 ″ E | Niederndodeleben near Magdeburg | Sep 11 1910 | 12 m | 1993-1994 | Location: Great Wartberg near Schnarsleben |
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| Bismarck tower Schönebeck | 51 ° 59 ′ 26 "N, 11 ° 41 ′ 42" E | Bierer Berg near Schönebeck | May 29, 1897 | 13.5 m | 1994 | Height before 1907 : 10 m |
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| Bismarck Tower Weissenfels | 51 ° 12 ′ 19 ″ N, 11 ° 58 ′ 53 ″ E | Weissenfels | Aug 28, 1907 | 21 m | since 2006 | As part of the gradual renovation, the tower dome was completed in 2007 for the 100th anniversary of the tower. The four eagles removed during the GDR era came back to the tower in pairs in May 2010 and June 2012. The focus in 2013 is the design of the outdoor area. |
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| Bismarck Tower Wettin | 51 ° 35 ′ 23 "N, 11 ° 47 ′ 40" E | Wettin | June 4, 1905 | 21.5 m | The tower is the highest vantage point in the Saalekreis |
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Schleswig-Holstein
Thuringia
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France
Parts of France were formerly part of the realm of Alsace-Lorraine.
| object | location | Location | Construction year | height | comment | image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bismarck Tower (Metz) | 49 ° 7 ′ 18 ″ N, 6 ° 8 ′ 8 ″ E | Metz , Scy-Chazelles site | 1902 | 13.5 m | Draft Götterdämmerung |
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| Bismarck Column (Mörchingen) | 48 ° 55 ′ 40 "N, 6 ° 38 ′ 7" E | Mörchingen | 1901 | 6.7 m | Draft Götterdämmerung , demolished in 1918. |
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| Vaurseine Tower | 49 ° 29 ′ 52 "N, 3 ° 44 ′ 20" E | near Laon , in the village of Vaurseine , municipality of Ployart et Vaurseine | 1915 | Late medieval stone tower, renamed the Bismarck tower during the period when the region was occupied by German troops in the First World War. |
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Austria
| object | location | Location | Construction year | height | comment | image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bismarck Tower (Rosenau) | 48 ° 36 ′ 23 "N, 15 ° 4 ′ 6" E | Zwettl-Lower Austria | 1907 | 9 m | The tower is located near Rosenau , Lower Austria. |
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Poland
For today's Poland, the former areas are among Prussia province of Brandenburg , Pomerania , Posen and province of Silesia .
| object | location | Location | Construction year | height | comment | image |
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| Bismarck Tower (pear tree) | 52 ° 35 '51 "N, 15 ° 52' 49" E | Międzychód (German: Birnbaum) | 1900 | 13.5 m | Inaugurated in 1900, demolished in 1937 | |
| Bismarck Tower (Bromberg) | 53 ° 7 ′ 3 ″ N, 18 ° 1 ′ 16 ″ E | Bydgoszcz (German: Bromberg) | 1913 | 25 m | on the Bismarck-Höhe on the Brahe. Inaugurated in 1913, renamed the Freedom Tower in 1921 , blown up in 1928. | |
| Bismarck Tower (Culm) | 53 ° 20 ′ 45 "N, 18 ° 27 ′ 12" E | Chełmno (German: Culm) | 1909 | 23 m | on the site of the old order castle (demolished) | |
| Bismarck Tower (Drengfurth) | 54 ° 12 ′ 54 ″ N, 21 ° 32 ′ 24 ″ E | Srokowo (German: Drengfurth, Lower Silesia) | 1902 | 12.5 m | Landscape Barten, east of the city center on a hill (in ruins) |
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| Bismarck Tower (Drossen) | 52 ° 27 ′ 5 "N, 14 ° 56 ′ 48" E | Ośno Lubuskie (German: Drossen) | 12 m | Wooden construction; tore off | ||
| Bismarck Tower (Elbing) | 54 ° 9 ′ 54 ″ N, 19 ° 28 ′ 43 ″ E | Elblag (German: Elbing) | 1904 | 12 m | Stagnitter heights near the Seeteich forester's lodge. Tore off. | |
| Bismarck Tower (Filehne) | 52 ° 53 ′ 24 "N, 16 ° 11 ′ 2" E | Wieleń (German: Filehne) | 1902 | 13 m | Location on Knospes Höh |
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| Bismarck Tower (Flatow) | 53 ° 21 ′ 6 "N, 17 ° 2 ′ 33" E | Zlotow (German: Flatow) | 1908 | 15 m | on the Galgenberg (demolished 1968) | |
| Bismarck Tower (Frankfurt on the Oder) | 52 ° 19 ′ 39 "N, 14 ° 35 ′ 36" E | Slubice | 1901 | 14.5 m | until 1945 as Dammvorstadt part of Frankfurt (Oder) ; Draft Götterdämmerung , as a lookout tower, including a view of the battlefield of the battle of Kunersdorf . Inaugurated in 1901, blown up by the Wehrmacht in 1945. |
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| Bismarck Tower (Fraustadt) | 51 ° 48 ′ 59 "N, 16 ° 19 ′ 42" E | Wschowa (German: Fraustadt) | 1905 | 12 m | Draft Götterdämmerung , inaugurated in 1905, date of destruction unknown. | |
| Bismarck Tower (Glogau) | 51 ° 37 '59 "N, 16 ° 7' 1" E | Głogów (German: Glogau) | 1906 | 15 m | on the Gurkauer Berg. Draft Götterdämmerung . Laying of the foundation stone in 1906, blown up around 1945. | |
| Bismarck Tower (Gottesberg) | 50 ° 46 ′ 0 ″ N, 16 ° 12 ′ 56 ″ E | Boguszów (German: Gottesberg) | 1902 | 11 m | on the Winklerberg. Inauguration in 1902, blown up in 1947. | |
| Bismarck Tower (Grünberg) | 51 ° 54 ′ 55 "N, 15 ° 27 ′ 33" E | Zielona Góra (German: Grünberg, Lower Silesia) | 1902 | 20 m | on the Meiseberg |
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| Bismarck Tower (Guben) | 51 ° 57 ′ 50 "N, 14 ° 43 ′ 42" E | Gubin (German: Guben) | 1908 | 26.7 m | Blasted by the SS on March 2, 1945 to avoid artillery shelling of Guben, as it was visible from afar and the town of Guben, viewed from the Russian side, was directly behind the mountain with the tower. | |
| Bismarck Tower (Katowice) | 50 ° 14 ′ 27 ″ N, 19 ° 0 ′ 14 ″ E | Katowice | 1903 | 20 m | in the south park on the Beatenhöhe. Inaugurated in 1903, demolished in 1933. |
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| Bismarck Tower (Kempen) | 51 ° 16 ′ 29 ″ N, 17 ° 58 ′ 16 ″ E | Kępno (German: Kempen) | 1911 | 15 m | Inaugurated in 1911, renamed the Kosciuszko Tower in 1920 . Date of destruction unknown. | |
| Bismarck Tower (Lauenburg) | 54 ° 32 ′ 37 "N, 17 ° 45 ′ 36" E | Lębork (German: Lauenburg) | 1913 | 31 m |
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| Bismarck Tower (Lichtfelde) | 53 ° 59 ′ 35 ″ N, 19 ° 16 ′ 56 ″ E | Jasna (German: Lichtfelde) | 1915 | 29 m | on the forest mountain (demolished) |
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| Bismarck Tower (Melno) | 53 ° 25 ′ 58 "N, 18 ° 58 ′ 11" E | Melno (former Gut Melno / Report, Graudenz district, West Prussia province) | 1901 | 8 m | on the Mühlberg north of the estate (demolished after 1945) | |
| Bismarck Tower (Meseritz) | 52 ° 25 ′ 0 ″ N, 15 ° 33 ′ 4 ″ E | Międzyrzecz (German: Meseritz) | 1914 | 15.5 m | Blown up in the late 1950s or early 1960s | |
| Bismarck Tower (Möstchen) | 52 ° 15 ′ 28 "N, 15 ° 22 ′ 16" E | Mostki (German: Möstchen) |
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| Bismarck Tower (Myslowitz) | 50 ° 13 ′ 39 ″ N, 19 ° 9 ′ 26 ″ E | Mysłowice (German: Myslowitz) | 1907 | 22 m | at the Dreikaisereck ; based on the Götterdämmerung design ; removed between 1933 and 1938 | |
| Bismarck Tower (Neustettin) | 53 ° 41 ′ 37 "N, 16 ° 41 ′ 35" E | Szczecinek (German: Neustettin) | 1911 | 19 m | on the Burgwerder at the Streizigsee | |
| Bismarck Tower (Ober-Johnsdorf) | 50 ° 49 ′ 59 "N, 16 ° 50 ′ 3" E | Janówek (German: Ober-Johnsdorf, Lower Silesia) | 1869 | 22.5 m | Erected in 1869 as the first ever Bismarck tower |
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| Bismarck Tower (Osterode) | 53 ° 42 ′ 27 ″ N, 19 ° 56 ′ 51 ″ E | Ostróda (German: Osterode in East Prussia) | 1902 | 21 m | in the city park on the north bank of the Drewenz Lake (preserved) |
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| Bismarck Tower (Peterswaldau) | 50 ° 40 ′ 49 ″ N, 16 ° 29 ′ 8 ″ E | Pieszyce (German: Peterswaldau, Lower Silesia) | 1906 | 25 m | On the Hohen Eule (1015 m) in the Owl Mountains (Polish: Gory Sowie), Peterswaldau district , Lower Silesia - renovated in two construction stages from 2005 to 2009 with the help of EU funding (Interreg IIIa), publicly accessible (climbable), public exhibition on history and renovation of the tower on the 1st floor (access level); also called Bismarck tower Reichenbach |
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| Bismarck Tower (Pollnow) | 54 ° 7 ′ 22 "N, 16 ° 41 ′ 57" E | Polanów (German: Pollnow) | 1930 | Completed in 1930, destroyed in 1945, the remains demolished shortly afterwards; today the location of a fire watch tower | ||
| Bismarck Tower (Ratibor) | 50 ° 4 ′ 56 "N, 18 ° 15 ′ 43" E | Racibórz (German: Ratibor) | 1913 | 18 m | Blown up in 1933 |
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| Bismarck Tower (Ratzebuhr) | 53 ° 32 ′ 42 "N, 16 ° 50 ′ 56" E | Okonek (German: Ratzebuhr) | 1908 | 22 m | also known as the Tecław Tower in Poland |
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| Bismarck Tower (Sagan) | 51 ° 37 ′ 24 "N, 15 ° 20 ′ 17" E | Żagań (German: Sagan, Lower Silesia) | 1909 | 20 m | Location on the Burgberg (Bismarck-Höhe) |
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| Bismarck Tower (Schivelbein) | 53 ° 46 ′ 1 "N, 15 ° 46 ′ 32" E | Świdwin (German: Schivelbein) | 1911 | 22 m | Location in the city park |
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| Bismarck Tower (Schwiebus) | 52 ° 15 ′ 15 ″ N, 15 ° 30 ′ 50 ″ E | Świebodzin (German: Schwiebus) | 1908 | 22 m | Location on the vineyard near the Widok housing estate | |
| Bismarck Tower (Sensburg) | 53 ° 51 ′ 58 "N, 21 ° 17 ′ 49" E | Mrągowo (German: Sensburg) | 1906 | 23 m | Location in the city park |
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| Bismarck Tower Sorau | 51 ° 36 '16 "N, 15 ° 7' 47" E | Żary (German: Sorau) | 25 m | Tower was not completed |
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| Bismarck Tower (Stettin) | 53 ° 28 ′ 38 "N, 14 ° 36 ′ 6" E | Szczecin-Gocław (German: Stettin) | 1921 | 25 m | on the vineyard in the Gotzlow district |
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| Bismarck Tower (Stonsdorf) | 50 ° 51 ′ 9 "N, 15 ° 44 ′ 10" E | Staniszów (German: Stonsdorf) | 1901 | 14 m | on the Prudelberg. Inaugurated in 1901, blown up before 1992. | |
| Bismarck Column (Thorn) | 53 ° 0 ′ 35 "N, 18 ° 34 ′ 18" E | Toruń (German: Thorn) | 1901 | 12 m | Location on Bromberger Strasse. Dismantled in 1926. |
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| Bismarck Tower (goat neck) | 50 ° 17 ′ 41 ″ N, 17 ° 21 ′ 24 ″ E | Głuchołazy (German: goat neck) | 1902 | 30 m | on the Mittelkoppe. Timber construction, inaugurated in 1902, destroyed by a storm in 1912. | |
| Bismarck Tower (Zobten) | 50 ° 53 '12 "N, 16 ° 43' 44" E | Sobótka (German: Zobten am Berge, Lower Silesia) | 1907 | 15 m | on the Ślęża (German: Zobtenberg) |
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Russia
Russia includes the northern part of the former East Prussia province .
| object | location | Location | Construction year | height | comment | image |
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| Bismarck Tower (Insterburg) | 54 ° 39 '10 "N, 21 ° 47' 13" E | Insterburg , location near Georgenburgkehlen | 1913 | 15 m | Partially collapsed in 2018 | |
| Bismarck Tower (Galtgarben) | 54 ° 48 ′ 1 ″ N, 20 ° 15 ′ 0 ″ E | Galt sheaves | 1906 | 22.58 m | In 1945 blown up by Wehrmacht soldiers |
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| Bismarck Tower (Ober Eißeln) | 55 ° 1 ′ 13 ″ N, 22 ° 6 ′ 55 ″ E | Gorino (Kaliningrad) | 1911 | 19.7 m | Ruin, buried on the north side is Bernhard Penner |
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| Bismarck Tower (Gumbinnen) | 54 ° 31 '21 "N, 22 ° 9' 14" E | Gumbinnen | 1903 | 12 m | Location: Kallner Berge , blown up in 1945 |
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Czech Republic
| object | location | Location | Construction year | height | comment | image |
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| Bismarck Tower (Asch) | 50 ° 14 ′ 1 ″ N, 12 ° 12 ′ 7 ″ E | Ash | 1903 | 34 m | Location: on the Hainberg (Haj) |
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| Bismarck Tower (Eger) | 50 ° 4 ′ 15 "N, 12 ° 18 ′ 23" E | Eger | 1909 | 18 m | Location: on the Grünberg (Zelená hora) |
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| Bismarck Tower (Nixdorf) | 50 ° 57 ′ 58 ″ N, 14 ° 19 ′ 12 ″ E | Nixdorf | 1905 | 26 m | Location: on the dance plan (Tanečnice) |
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Overseas
| object | location | Location | Construction year | height | comment | image |
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| Bismarck Tower (Concepción) | 36 ° 50 ′ 18 ″ S, 73 ° 2 ′ 15 ″ W. | Concepción , Chile | 1921 | 9.15 m | On the Cerro Caracol above the town of Concepción . Inaugurated in 1921, so badly affected by the Chillán earthquake in 1939 that the upper floor had to be removed. Further severe damage in the Concepción earthquake in 1960 and earthquake in Chile in 2010 . |
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| Bismarck Tower (Cape Nachtigal) | 3 ° 57 '7 "N, 9 ° 12' 43" E | Cape Nachtigal, Cameroon | 1901 | 10 m | South of Limbe on Cape Nachtigal, which separates Ambas Bay from Man of War Bay. Built in 1901, used as a lighthouse from 1903 and until at least 1965. |
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| Bismarck Tower (New Guinea) | Papua New Guinea | 1910 | On the Varzinsberg near Toma on the Gazelle Peninsula . Inauguration in 1910, further fate unknown. | |||
| Bismarck Column (Tanzania) | Tanzania | 1901 | 10 m | On the Singinoberg southwest of Kilwa Kivinje . A column made of coral stones, clad with Indian sandstone, on which a tripod with a fire bowl. Inauguration in 1901, further fate unknown. |
See also
literature
- Henning K. Müller: "Memory of the founder of the German Empire erased." The Bismarck Tower in Schiffdorferdamm and its end 50 years ago. In: Jahrbuch der Männer vom Morgenstern 2016, Issue 95, Bremerhaven 2017, ISBN 978-3-931771-95-9 , pp. 73-110.
- Sieglinde Seele , Günter Kloss: Bismarck Towers and Bismarck Columns. An inventory . Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 1997, ISBN 3-932526-10-4 .
- Sieglinde Seele: Lexicon of the Bismarck Monuments. Towers, statues, busts, memorial stones and other honors. An inventory in words and pictures. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2005, ISBN 3-86568-019-4 .
- Jörg Bielefeld, Alfred Büllesbach: Bismarck Towers - Architecture, History, Landscape Experience . Morisel, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-943915-08-2 .
Web links
Commons : Bismarck Towers - Collection of images, videos and audio files
- Bismarck Towers
- Information portal Bismarck towers - Jörg Bielefeld's information portal on Bismarck towers and columns
- The Bismarck Tower (SPIEGEL Online)
Individual evidence
- ^ Lower Saxony yearbook for regional history. Volume 82, Hannover 2010, p. 182.
- ↑ a b Regina Scheer: Dealing with Monuments / A Research in Brandenburg ( Memento of the original from December 2, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Potsdam 2003, ISBN 3-932502-36-1 .
- ↑ Bismarcktuerme.de: Bismarck Tower Greifswald
- ^ Hannoversche Allgemeine: Excerpts from the "Stadtlexikon Hannover": Bismarck Column , September 30, 2009
- ↑ Bismarck tower on Möhnesee travel guide. Retrieved February 10, 2017 .
- ^ Bismarckism. Accessed January 31, 2020 .
- ↑ bismarcktuerme.de
- ↑ Historisches Chemnitz.de: The Bismarck Tower
- ↑ https://www.bismarcktuerme.de/ebene4/sachsan/halbers.html
- ↑ http://www.bismarcktuerme.de/ebene4/sachsan/naumburg.html
- ↑ http://www.bismarckturm-naumburg.de/?Willkommen
- ↑ Mitteldeutsche Zeitung : Eagles soar on the Bismarck Tower , June 8, 2012
- ↑ Mitteldeutsche Zeitung: The work assignments at the Bismarck Tower began for 2013 , accessed on October 2, 2013.
- ↑ Bismarck Tower-Itzehoe. , accessed July 13, 2011
- ^ Gitta Günther, Wolfram Huschke, Walter Steiner (eds.): Weimar. Lexicon on city history. Weimar 1998. ISBN 3-7400-0807-5 , pp. 45 f.
- ↑ Sputnik News: Centennial Bismarck Tower near Kaliningrad collapsed
- ↑ bismarcktuerme.de: From the Bismarck Tower to the Lighthouse , accessed on May 13, 2015
