Olympic history of Kazakhstan
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As an independent state, Kazakhstan was first represented at the 1994 Olympic Games. Kazakhstan is one of the few countries that made its Olympic debut at the Winter Games. Since 1994 Kazakhstan has sent athletes to all winter games, since 1996 to all summer games. From 1952 to 1988 Kazakh athletes were members of the Olympic teams of the Soviet Union. In 1992 Kazakhs took part in the United Team of the Former Soviet Republics . Young athletes have taken part in all of the youth games held so far in summer and winter.
Overview
Summer games
Kazakhstan first competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics as an independent state. The first Olympians were on July 19, 1996, the wrestlers Nurum Dusenow, Yuri Melnichenko and Däulet Turlychanow . The first woman in Kazakhstan at the Summer Olympics was swimmer Yevgenia Yermakova a day later.
Atlanta 1996
In Atlanta, Kazakh athletes competed in athletics, boxing, wrestling, weightlifting, modern pentathlon, shooting, cycling, swimming, diving, canoeing, fencing, archery, judo and gymnastics. At the very first participation there were the first medals for Kazakhstan, including three Olympic victories. The first medalist and also Olympic champion at the summer games was the wrestler Yuri Melnichenko, who won the bantamweight in the Greco-Roman style. In the freestyle flyweight division, Mäulen Mamyrow won a bronze medal. In boxing, Vasily Schirow won the light heavyweight division. Bolat Shumadilow won silver in the flyweight, Bolat Nijasymbetow bronze in the light welterweight and Jermachan Ybrajymow bronze in the light middleweight. Alexander Parygin contributed to the third Olympic victory in Atlanta with his victory in the modern pentathlon. In weightlifting, Anatoly Chrapaty won silver in the 1st heavyweight division. The marksmen could win three medals. The marksman Sergei Belyayev won two silver medals with the small bore rifle, one in the three-position fight, the second in the prone position. Wladimir Wochmjanin finally won bronze with the rapid fire pistol.
The athletes Igor Potapowitsch with 4th place in the pole vault and Sergei Korepanow with 8th place in walking over 50 kilometers achieved further top placements. The canoeist Konstantin Negodjajew reached the finals over 500 meters in the single-canoe and finished 7th. Irina Wügussowa was seventh in diving in water diving. Galina Beljajewa was sixth with the air pistol, Julija Bondarewa was seventh. In the wrestling, Däulet Turlychanow lost his fight for the bronze medal in the middleweight division of the Greco-Roman style.
Yuri Melnichenko, first Olympic champion at the 1996 Summer Games, on a 2007 Kazakh postage stamp
Alexander Parygin, 1996 Olympic champion, on a 2013 Kazakh postage stamp
Yermachan Ybrajymow, bronze 1996, on a Kazakh postage stamp from 2007
Sydney 2000
Kazakh rowers, water polo players and triathletes made their Olympic debut in Sydney. Kazakh athletes achieved three Olympic victories, as they did four years earlier. In the 100-meter hurdles, Olga Schischigina became the first Kazakh woman to become an Olympic champion at the summer games. In boxing, Beksat Sattarchanow was Olympic champion in featherweight, Yarmachan Ybrajymow in light middleweight. In the flyweight division, Bolat Schumaldilow repeated his silver medal from Atlanta. Muchtarchan Dildäbekow took silver in the super heavyweight division. The freestyle wrestler Islam Bairamukow won silver in the heavyweight division. The cyclist Alexander Vinokurow won another silver medal in the road race.
The athlete Swetlana Salewskaja reached the top with 6th place in the high jump and weightlifter Sergei Filimonov in the middleweight division. The freestyle wrestler Gennadi Lalijew lost his fight for bronze in the middleweight division. In the shooting, Vladimir Guschtscha was eighth with the free pistol, Dina Aspandiyarova sixth with the air pistol and Olga Dowgun seventh with the small- bore rifle in the three-position fight. The cyclist Andrei Teterjuk finished sixth in the individual time trial. In canoeing, the two-man Canadian crossed 500 meters in seventh place. The gymnast Sergei Fedorschenko reached the device finals in the horse jump and was fifth. In the triathlon, Dmitri Gaag was fourth.
Athens 2004
A Taekwondoin from Kazakhstan took part for the first time in Athens. The boxer Baqtijar Artajew became Olympic welterweight champion. Gennadi Golowkin won silver in the middleweight division, Serik Jeleuow bronze in the lightweight division. In weightlifting, Sergei Filimonov won silver in the middleweight division. The freestyle wrestler Gennadi Lalijew also won silver in the middleweight division and the wrestler Georgi Tsurtsumia in the super heavyweight division of the Greco-Roman style. In this style Mchitar Manukjan won bronze welterweight. The athlete Dmitri Karpov won bronze in the decathlon.
In the welterweight of freestyle wrestling, Leonid Spiridonow lost his battle for the bronze medal. Vladimir Issachenko reached 6th place with the free pistol among the sport shooters. Olga Dowgun was fourth with the small bore rifle in the three-position fight. Cyclist Alexander Vinokurow took 5th place in the individual time trial. The swimmer Wladislaw Poliakow was fifth both over 100 meters and over 200 meters chest. Jernar Jerimbetow reached the gymnastics finals on parallel bars and finished 8th. In rhythmic gymnastics, Alija Jusupowa was fourth.
Bayqtiyar Artayev, 2004 Olympic champion, on a Kazakh postage stamp from 2013
Gennady Golovkin, silver 2004, on a Kazakh postage stamp from 2016
Mchitar Manukjan (l.), Bronze 2004, in his preliminary round match against Oscar Wood (USA)
Dmitri Karpov, bronze 2004
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Beijing 2008
Handball, volleyball and table tennis were first played by Kazakh athletes in Beijing. The Beijing Games were overshadowed by several doping cases. The weightlifter Ilya Ilyin had won the gold medal in the middle heavyweight division. During follow-up tests in 2016, doping was detected. The IOC subsequently disqualified Ilyin and denied him the Olympic victory. Three Kazakh women were disqualified in women's weightlifting. Irina Nekrasowa had won the silver medal in the middleweight division. In 2016 she was convicted of doping and subsequently disqualified. Her teammate Maija Manesa , who could not qualify for the final battle, was subsequently disqualified. Marija Grabowezkaja lost her bronze medal in the super heavyweight division . Vladimir Sedov's fourth place in the light heavyweight division was also canceled. Alla Waschenina initially took second place in the heavyweight division, but was declared Olympic champion after the disqualification of the original winner, the Chinese Cao Lei .
In wrestling, too, there were subsequent disqualifications for Kazakh athletes. In the heavyweight freestyle, the silver medalist Taimuras Tigijew was disqualified. Asset Mambetow, who competed in the Greco-Roman heavyweight division, lost his bronze medal. In contrast, Nurbakyt Tengisbajew was awarded the silver medal in the lightweight of the Greco-Roman style after the disqualification of the runner-up Vitali Rəhimov from Azerbaijan.
The boxer Baqyt Särsekbajew won the welterweight gold medal. In the light heavyweight division, Jerkebulan Schynalijew won bronze. In freestyle wrestling, Marid Mutalimow won bronze in the super heavyweight division and Jelena Schalygina won bronze in the middleweight division. Asqat Schitkejew won silver in the light heavyweight division of the judo tournament. In Taekwondo, Arman Tschilmanow won the bronze medal in the heavyweight division.
The track and field athlete Olga Rypakowa narrowly missed a medal with fourth place in the triple jump. Olga Dowgung was sixth in the sport shooter with the air rifle and in the three-position fight with the small-bore rifle. Jelena Strutschajewa was sixth in the trap shooting. Alija Yusupova finished fifth in rhythmic gymnastics.
London 2012
Kazakh tennis players took part for the first time in London. At the London Games, too, there were disqualifications for doping among the Kazakh athletes. All four original Olympic weightlifting champions were convicted of doping and disqualified. Ilya Iljin's blood sample was examined at the same time as the sample from 2008 and evidence of doping was also found here. In the women, the featherweight Sülfija Tschinschanlo was disqualified, in the middleweight Maija Manesa and in the heavyweight Swetlana Podobedowa .
The athlete Olga Rypakowa was Olympic champion in the triple jump, the cyclist Alexander Vinokurow in the road race and the boxer Serik Säpijew in the welterweight division. In the light heavyweight division, Ädilbek Nijasymbetow won silver, Ivan Dytschko won bronze in the super heavyweight division and Marina Wolnowa in the middleweight division. Three bronze medals were won in the wrestling by Danijal Gadschijew in the light heavyweight of the Greco-Roman style, Aqschürek Tangatarow in the welterweight of the freestyle and Güsel Manjurowa in the heavyweight of the freestyle.
Olga Rypakowa, Olympic champion 2012, bronze 2016
Serik Säpijew, Olympic champion 2012, on a Kazakh postage stamp from 2013
Ädilbek Nijasymbetow, silver 2012 and 2016, on a Kazakh postage stamp from 2016
Ivan Dytschko, bronze 2012
Aqschürek Tangatarow, bronze 2012
Güsel Manjurowa, bronze 2012, silver 2016, on a Kazakh postage stamp from 2016
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Rio de Janeiro 2016
In Rio de Janeiro, the weightlifter Nischat Rachimow became Olympic middleweight champion. The men won another three bronze medals with Farchad Charki in the featherweight division, Denis Ulanow in the light heavyweight division and Alexander Saitschikow in the heavyweight division. In addition, Arli Chontey placed fourth in the bantamweight division. In the women's category, Karina Goritschewa won silver in the middleweight division and Schasira Schapparkul won bronze in the light heavyweight division. The boxer Danijar Jeleussinow became Olympic welterweight champion. As four years earlier, Ädilbek Nijasymbetow won silver in the light heavyweight division and Wassili Levit won silver in the heavyweight division. In the women’s category, Dariga Shakimova won bronze in the middleweight division. The third Kazakh Olympic champion from Rio de Janeiro was the swimmer Dmitri Balandin , who won over 200 meters chest. He finished eighth over the 100 meter distance. The wrestlers contributed three medals. Güsel Manjurowa won silver in the heavyweight division, Jekaterina Larionowa won bronze in the middleweight division and Elmira Sysdykowa won bronze in the light heavyweight division. The judoka Jeldos Smetow won silver in the extra light weight, in the same weight class Galbadrachin Otgontsetseg won bronze in the women. Defending champion Olga Rypakowa won bronze this time in the triple jump.
In the modern pentathlon Jelena Potapenko was ninth in the individual ranking. The cyclist Andrei Seiz took 8th place in the road race. In the canoe regatta, the women's two-man kayak over 500 meters reached the finals and came in seventh. Inna Klinowa finished eighth in a single kayak over 200 meters.
Nischat Rachimow, Olympic champion 2016
Danijar Jeleussinow, Olympic champion 2016, on a Kazakh postage stamp from 2016
Dmitri Balandin, 2016 Olympic champion
Vasily Levit, silver 2016, on a Kazakh postage stamp from 2016
Jeldos Smetow, silver 2016, on a Kazakh postage stamp from 2016
Shazira Schapparkul, silver 2016, on a Kazakh postage stamp from 2016
Dariga Shakimova, bronze 2016, with her trainer
Winter games
Kazakhstan's first ever Olympians were winter sports enthusiasts who took part in the 1994 Winter Games in Lillehammer. On February 13, 1994, the speed skaters Radik Biktschentajew, Yevgeny Sanarov and Vadim Sajutin, the alpine ski racer Andrei Kolotwin and the cross-country skiers Oksana Kotowa, Jelena Volodina and Jelena Tschernetsowa were the first Olympians in Kazakhstan.
Lillehammer 1994
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At the first participation in the Olympic Games three medals could be won. All of them were won in cross-country skiing by Vladimir Smirnov , who took part in the Winter Olympics in 1988 for the Soviet Union and in 1992 for the United Team of the Independent Soviet Republics and won medals. Smirnow became Olympic champion over 50 kilometers in classic style and won silver over 10 kilometers in classic and pursuit. Inna Scheschkil took 4th place in the sprint in the biathlon . In speed skating, Lyudmila Prokaschowa was fourth over 3000 meters and sixth over 5000 meters. Other athletes competed in figure skating, short track, ski jumping, freestyle skiing and alpine skiing.
Nagano 1998
Vladimir Smirnov won another bronze medal in the pursuit in 1998. He finished fourth over 10 kilometers in classic style and eighth over 50 kilometers in free style. The speed skater Lyudmila Prokaschowa won another bronze medal over 5000 meters. She finished 7th over 3000 meters. In 1998, a Kazakh ice hockey team qualified for the Olympic tournament for the first time. She reached the quarterfinals, u. a. after a 5: 5 draw in the semifinals against Austria, but lost there with 1: 4 against Canada.
Salt Lake City 2002
There was no success in Salt Lake City. For the most part, the athletes stayed in the middle places and could not put themselves in the limelight. A women's team had qualified in ice hockey. All games were lost, in the placement round the German team lost 4-0.
Turin 2006
In Turin the cross-country skiers got some good results. So occupied Maxim Odnodworzew in skiathlon 9th place in the team sprint Nikolai Tschebotko and Yevgeny Koschewoi 6th place achieved in hockey were again the men there. In five preliminary round games only one victory was achieved, so the team was eliminated from the tournament.
Vancouver 2010
Another medal was celebrated in Vancouver. In the biathlon Jelena Khrustaljowa won the silver medal over 15 kilometers. In the sprint she also reached 5th place. In cross-country skiing, Alexei Poltoranin was fifth in the sprint. He achieved the same placement in the team sprint with his partner Nikolai Tschebotko.
Sochi 2014
In 2014, figure skater Denis Ten won the bronze medal in singles. In cross-country skiing, Alexei Poltoranin was ninth over 15 kilometers. The duo Poltoranin / Tschebotko finished eighth in the team sprint. The speed skater Roman Krech was seventh over 500 meters. Denis Kusin also took 7th place over 1000 meters and was ninth over 1500 meters. In the short track, the men's relay reached 5th place. In freestyle, Dmitri Reicherd took 5th place on the moguls . Julija Galyschewa was seventh in the women's race . At the Aerials, Shanbota Aldabergenowa took 6th place. In Sochi, Kazakh tobogganists and snowboarders competed for the first time.
Pyeongchang 2018
In 2018, the mogul skiers were the athletes who could deliver top results. Above all, Julija Galyschewa took the bronze medal among women. In the men's category, Pawel Kolmakow was seventh and Dmitri Reicherd eighth.
Youth games
Youth Summer Games
In the first Summer Youth Games in Singapore in 2010 , 47 young athletes, 20 boys and 27 girls, took part. A total of six medals were won, two gold, silver and bronze medals each. Youth Olympic champions were Schanibek Kandibajew, who won the gold medal in the light heavyweight wrestling of the Greco-Roman style and the weightlifter Schasira Schapparkul, who triumphed in the light heavyweight division. Silver won the Taekwondoin Nursultan Mamajew in the featherweight division and the weightlifter Sülfija Tschinschanlo in the middleweight division. Bronze went to the flyweight wrestler Akan Baimanganbetow of the Greco-Roman style and the weightlifter Rustam Sybay in the middleweight division. Another gold medal, which is not taken into account in Kazakhstan's medal balance, was won by the judoka Kairat Agibajew, who won with the mixed team in Essen .
51 young Kazakhs, 25 boys and 26 girls, took part in the second Summer Youth Games , held in Nanjing in 2014 . They won three gold, one silver and four bronze medals. Youth Olympic champions were the boxer Abylaichan Schüssipow in the welterweight, the judoka Baurschan Schauntajew in the flyweight and the freestyle wrestler Muchambet Kuatbek in the bantamweight. Silver won the middleweight boxer Vadim Kassakow. The bronze medals went to the team of rhythmic gymnastics, to the wrestler Yevgeny Poliwadow in the middleweight division of the Greco-Roman style as well as to the weightlifter Shaslan Kalijew in the middleweight division and Tatjana Kapustina in the heavyweight division.
Youth Winter Games
38 youngsters, 12 boys and 26 girls, took part in the 2012 Winter Youth Games in Innsbruck . One silver and two bronze medals were won. The biathlete Galina Vishnevskaya won silver in the sprint and bronze in the pursuit. Cross-country skier Sergei Malischew won bronze over 10 kilometers in the classic style. The girls' ice hockey team met the German team in the preliminary round and lost 2-0. After losing the semi-final against Sweden 0:11, they were again defeated by the German team in the bronze medal, this time 4: 7.
In 2016 in Lillehammer , 20 young people, 11 boys and nine girls, took part. They brought home two bronze medals. These were won by the biathlete Arina Pantowa in the sprint and the figure skater Elisabet Tursynbajewa in the individual. Two more bronze medals, which are not included in the Kazakh medals table were a silver medal by the speed skater Anwar Muchamadejew with the mixed team Team 9 and a bronze by the Shorttrackerin Anita Nagaj with the mixed relay team F .
Galina Vishnevskaya, silver and bronze 2012
Elisabet Tursynbajewa, bronze 2016
Overview of the participants
Summer games
| year | Athletes | Flag bearer | sports | Medals | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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total | rank | ||
| 1896-1948 | not participated | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1952-1988 | Participation in the Olympic teams of the former Soviet Union | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1992 | Participation in the Olympic team of the United Team | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1996 | 96 | 72 | 24 | Yermachan Ybraymov | 18th | 11 | 7th | 8th | 2 | 5 | 7th | 7th | 5 | 8th | 1 | 6th | 8th | 3 | 3 | 4th | 4th | 11 | 24 | ||||||||
| 2000 | 130 | 86 | 44 | Yermachan Ybraymov | 25th | 11 | 6th | 7th | 6th | 7th | 10 | 6th | 4th | 5 | 4th | 8th | 2 | 1 | 26th | 4th | 3 | 4th | 7th | 22nd | |||||||
| 2004 | 114 | 73 | 41 | Asqat Shitkeev | 21st | 12 | 3 | 8th | 2 | 4th | 8th | 13 | 3 | 3 | 8th | 2 | 23 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 4th | 3 | 8th | 40 | |||||||
| 2008 | 130 | 60 | 70 | Baqyt Akhmetov | 19th | 16 | 8th | 10 | 2 | 6th | 3 | 14th | 7th | 1 | 10 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 12 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4th | 8th | 37 | ||||
| 2012 | 113 | 73 | 40 | Nurmachan Tinäliev | 24 | 15th | 8th | 11 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 6th | 5 | 3 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 2 | 12 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 6th | 10 | 24 | |||||
| 2016 | 101 | 55 | 46 | Ruslan Schaparov | 23 | 12 | 8th | 12 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 12 | 1 | 2 | 6th | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 18th | 22nd | |||||
| total | 15th | 20th | 27 | 62 | 43 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Winter games
| year | Athletes | Flag bearer | sports | Medals | ||||||||||||||||
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total | rank | ||
| 1924-1948 | not participated | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1952-1988 | Participation in the Olympic teams of the former Soviet Union | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1992 | Participation in the Olympic team of the United Team | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1994 | 29 | 19th | 10 | Kairat Bikenow | 10 | 2 | 8th | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 12 | ||||
| 1998 | 60 | 45 | 15th | Vladimir Smirnov | 10 | 8th | 7th | 5 | 4th | 2 | 2 | 22nd | 2 | 2 | 20th | |||||
| 2002 | 50 | 20th | 30th | Radik Bikeshtayev | 14th | 2 | 8th | 4th | 1 | 2 | 19th | |||||||||
| 2006 | 55 | 43 | 12 | Alexander Koreshkov | 17th | 2 | 4th | 4th | 3 | 2 | 23 | |||||||||
| 2010 | 37 | 21st | 16 | Dias Keneschow | 11 | 9 | 4th | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6th | 2 | 1 | 1 | 25th | |||||
| 2014 | 50 | 34 | 16 | Jerdos Akhmadiev | 11 | 10 | 6th | 2 | 5 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 26th | |||
| 2018 | 46 | 26th | 20th | Absal Ashghaliyev | 7th | 10 | 6th | 3 | 6th | 1 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 27 | ||||
| total | 1 | 3 | 4th | 8th | 27 | |||||||||||||||
List of medal winners
Summer games
Gold medals
| Surname | Games | sport | discipline | annotation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yuri Melnichenko | 1996 Atlanta | Wrestling | Bantamweight, Greco-Roman | first medal and Olympic victory at summer games |
| Vasily Shirov | 1996 Atlanta | Boxing | Light heavyweight | |
| Alexander Parygin | 1996 Atlanta | Modern pentathlon | singles | |
| Beksat Sattarchanov | 2000 Sydney | Boxing | Featherweight | |
| Yermachan Ybraymov | 2000 Sydney | Boxing | Light middleweight | |
| Olga Schischigina | 2000 Sydney | athletics | 100 meter hurdles | |
| Baqtiyar Artayev | 2004 Athens | Boxing | Welterweight | |
| Alla Waschenina | 2008 Beijing | Weightlifting | Heavyweight | |
| Baqyt Sarsekbayev | 2008 Beijing | Boxing | Welterweight | |
| Serik Säpiev | 2012 London | Boxing | Welterweight | |
| Alexander Vinokurov | 2012 London | Cycling | Road racing | |
| Olga Rypakova | 2012 London | athletics | Triple jump | |
| Nishat Rakhimov | 2016 Rio de Janeiro | Weightlifting | medium weight | |
| Danijar Jeleussinow | 2016 Rio de Janeiro | Boxing | Welterweight | |
| Dmitri Balandin | 2016 Rio de Janeiro | swim | 200 meters chest |
Silver medals
Bronze medals
Winter games
Gold medals
| Surname | Games | sport | discipline | annotation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vladimir Smirnov | 1994 Lillehammer | Nordic skiing | 50 kilometers classic | Kazakhstan's first ever Olympic victory at the Olympic Games |
Silver medals
| Surname | Games | sport | discipline | annotation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vladimir Smirnov | 1994 Lillehammer | Nordic skiing | 10 kilometers classic | Kazakhstan's first ever Olympic medal win |
| Vladimir Smirnov | 1994 Lillehammer | Nordic skiing | persecution | |
| Elena Khrustalyova | 2010 Vancouver | biathlon | 15 kilometers |
Bronze medals
| Surname | Games | sport | discipline | annotation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vladimir Smirnov | 1998 Nagano | Nordic skiing | persecution | |
| Lyudmila Prokaschowa | 1998 Nagano | Speed skating | 5000 meters | |
| Denis Ten | 2014 Sochi | figure skating | singles | |
| Yulia Galysheva | 2018 Pyeongchang | Freestyle | Mogul slope |
Medals by sport
Summer games
| sport | gold | silver | bronze | total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boxing | 7th | 7th | 8th | 22nd |
| athletics | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4th |
| Weightlifting | 2 | 3 | 5 | 10 |
| Wrestling | 1 | 5 | 9 | 15th |
| Cycling | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Modern pentathlon | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| swim | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Judo | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| shoot | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Taekwondo | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| total | 15th | 20th | 27 | 62 |
Winter games
| sport | gold | silver | bronze | total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cross-country skiing | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4th |
| biathlon | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| figure skating | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Speed skating | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| total | 1 | 3 | 2 | 7th |
Web links
- Kazakhstan in the Sports-Reference database (English; archived from the original )
- Kazakhstan on Olympic.org - The Official website of the Olympic movement (English)
- Website of the NOK of Kazakhstan (kas.)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b IOC announcement of November 25, 2016
- ↑ Sport1 on November 17, 2016
- ↑ Message from the IMF
- ↑ Associated Press announcement of October 26, 2016
- ↑ IOC announcement of November 17, 2016 (engl.)
- ↑ Zeit Online on June 16, 2016 ( Memento of the original from December 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
