Sports in Israel
The sport in Israel is much older than the state itself and closely related to the history of political movements within the Zionism linked. Because most Israeli sports clubs, both in popular and professional sports, belong to an association, which in turn is at least originally a sub-organization of a political movement.
In addition to the team sports soccer and basketball , tennis , judo , sailing and athletics are also popular.
Major sporting events such as the Sea of Galilee Swimming (which crosses the Sea of Galilee), the Tiberias Marathon , the Israman Triathlon in Eilat or the Jerusalem March attract many athletes and spectators from abroad.
The Sports Department of the Ministry of Sports and Culture supports the development of sports programs, promotes the training of teachers and coaches at the Wingate Institute for Sports Education, and coordinates the activities of various sports associations and organizations. A large part of the sporting activities and sports facilities as well as the annual prizes for outstanding sporting achievements are financed from the proceeds of the state lottery.
history
Beginnings
The beginning of sport in Israel lies in the formation of Jewish gymnastics and sports clubs. Jews were represented in large numbers in European gymnastics clubs in the 19th century. The establishment of Jewish associations is justified by two effects. On the one hand, Jews were forced out of national gymnastics clubs due to growing anti-Semitism . Austria is a drastic example of this ; there the Jews were excluded from the gymnastics clubs in 1901. On the other hand, emerging nationalism motivated some Jews to join Jewish associations.
The first Jewish gymnastics club was founded in Constantinople in 1895 , but this club did not send any signal. Only after Max Nordau's speech at the second Zionist congress on "Muscle Judaism", in which he called for the physical training of Jews, was the national Jewish Joodsche Gymnastiek-en Athletiekvereeniging Attila Groningen on April 16, 1898, in Groningen (Netherlands), October 1898, the Zionist gymnastics club Bar Kochba was founded in Berlin under the direction of Wilhelm Lewy . Germany and especially Berlin played the central role in the formation of the Zionist gymnastics clubs. The Zionist sports newspaper “Jüdische Turnzeitung” (JTZ) was published here and the executive members had an important influence on the founding of other clubs. The first gymnastics clubs in Palestine were also set up with the active help of Elias Auerbach and Ernst Hermann , two former Berlin Bar Kochba members. The World Maccabi Association and finally the Maccabi. In the course of this association, further associations were founded throughout Germany and abroad.
The value of gymnastics exercises was emphasized at the Zionist Congresses. At the 6th Zionist Congress in 1903, Max E. Mandelstamm gave a speech in which, like Nordau before, he called for the physical "lifting" of the Jews. In addition, gymnastics demonstrations were held and at this 6th congress the "Jüdische Turnerschaft", the association of Zionist gymnastics clubs, was founded. From this association the Maccabi World Association was founded at the 21st Zionist Congress in Karlsbad in 1921. In the sports clubs the Jewish youth should be introduced to Zionism. The physical training was not seen as an end in itself, but propagated in order to heal the “people's body” and to get the youth used to physical work in Palestine. The Makkabi movement therefore worked closely with the Zionist youth organization Hapoel Hazair and the Hachshara centers (training centers for emigration to Palestine).
The first Jewish sports clubs were founded in 1906: the clubs HaRishon LeZiyyon in Jaffa (today Maccabi Tel Aviv ) and Bar Giora in Jerusalem. The Rehovot Games took place in Rehovot as early as 1908 , when the local sports club invited those from Jaffa and other interested parties. The games took place annually until the outbreak of World War I in 1914, with the exception of 1911 a total of six times. The sporting activities of the Jews were viewed with suspicion by the Ottoman occupiers of Palestine.
British mandate period
The British brought with them a sporting tradition and a strong enthusiasm for sport. Football, the most popular British sport, also became popular among the Jewish and Arab populations of the Mandate area.
In addition to the Makkabi sports clubs, which were closely related to political Zionism, workers' sports clubs were also set up, which were related to the Histadrut trade union federation and which came together in the umbrella organization " HaPoel ", which was founded in 1924 . Also in 1924 the umbrella organization " Betar " was founded, in which revisionist sports clubs came together, and the religious sports clubs came together in the umbrella organization "Elitzur", which was founded in 1939. The Jewish sports world was as fragmented as the political life of the Jews. This fragmentation was only to dissolve long after the state was founded, but it can still be seen in the names of many associations.
The football association of the then British Mandate Palestine , later the Israeli national football association , was founded in 1928 and joined FIFA a year later . In 1935 the National Olympic Committee for the Mandate Palestine was founded, which did not take part in the 1936 Olympic Games and expressly did not want this to be understood as a boycott in its correspondence with the International Olympic Committee , but was not yet able to find an appropriate team to post.
The country's first sports stadium was built near Tel Aviv for the first Maccabiade . The games were played from March 28 to March 31, 1932 in front of 20,000 visitors. The year 1932 is a symbolic year, because exactly 1800 years earlier, in AD 132, the revolt of Bar Kochba against the Romans began. Three years later, from April 2 to 7, 1935, the second Maccabiade took place with 40,000 to 50,000 visitors and 1,350 athletes from 28 countries. The third Maccabiade planned for 1938 was not carried out because of the Arab uprising . After that, there was no further Maccabiade due to the National Socialist horrors , the Second World War and independence .
20th century after the founding of the state
- It was not until 1950 that a Maccabiade was held again. The next followed in 1953. After that, like the Olympic Games, the Games are regularly played every four years. Israel first took part in an Olympiad in 1952 at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
- In 1956 and 1960, the Israeli men's national soccer team finished second in the Asian soccer championship . The 3rd Asian Football Championship took place in Israel from May 26th to June 9th, 1964. The host Israel was victorious . At the Asian football championship in 1968 in Iran , third place could be taken again.
- The 16th Chess Olympiad was held in Tel Aviv from November 2nd to 25th, 1964 .
- In 1967 the football club Hapoel Tel Aviv and in 1969 and 1971 Maccabi Tel Aviv won the Asian Champions' Cup .
- In 1968 the 3rd Summer Paralympics took place in Tel Aviv . In the wheelchair basketball tournament, Israel defeated the USA in the final with 47:37 points. Overall, the Israeli team took third place in the medal table. This success was repeated at the 1976 Summer Paralympics in Toronto .
- In 1969 Zefania Carmel and Lydia Lazarov won the first world championship title for Israel at the sailing world championship in Sandhem, Sweden in the boat class 420 dinghy .
- On February 23, 1970, Borussia Mönchengladbach played the first Bundesliga club in Israel. Mönchengladbach won the game in Tel Aviv in front of over 20,000 spectators against the Israeli national team 6-0.
- In 1970, Israel was able to qualify for a soccer world championship for the only time at the 1970 soccer world championship. There they lost to Uruguay and Sweden in the preliminary round and were able to wrest a 0-0 from the eventual vice world champions Italy.
- In 1972 the Israeli team met a tragic fate during the Summer Olympics in Munich . Eleven of its participants terrorists of the PLO as a hostage and murdered.
- In 1974 Israel was excluded from the AFC. However, admission to UEFA was rejected by the states of the Eastern Bloc . The Israeli national team had to participate in the World Cup and Olympic qualification in the group for Oceania in the following years , but could not take part in the local continental championships.
- The 22nd Chess Olympiad was held from October 26th to November 10th 1976 in Haifa .
- In 1976 the Israel Badminton Association was founded. The association was based in Tel Aviv . In 1977 the national championship and the Israeli team championships started . Already in 1975, the first was Israel International held an open international championship in badminton . Since then, they have been held annually with several longer interruptions. The Israel Juniors , an open international tournament for juniors, has been held since 1990.
- Israel has had a women's national football team since 1977 . After the first international match against the Netherlands in 1977, the team did not play for 20 years. The next game took place on November 2, 1997 against Romania. The Israel Cup for women has existed since 1998 and a women's league since 1999, the Ligat Nashim Rishona .
- The national team took second place in the 1979 European Basketball Championship in Italy .
- From April 29 to 30, 1990, the Plume d'Or ( French Golden Feather ) was held in Tel Aviv , an international badminton competition for national teams. The host team reached fourth place.
- In 1991, the Israel Football Association was admitted to UEFA and has been qualifying for the World Cup in the European groups since qualifying for the 1994 World Cup. He has also been participating in qualifying for the European Football Championship since 1994 , but has not qualified for any tournament since then.
- As the first medal ever, Oren Smadja won the bronze medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona in judo. At the same Olympics a little later Yael Arad was able to win the first silver medal for Israel, also in judo.
- In the 1992/93 season, Israeli football clubs took part in the UEFA Champions League and the European Cup Winners' Cup for the first time.
- Israel took part in the Winter Olympics for the first time at the 1994 Olympic Games in Lillehammer .
- In 1997 the Israel Badminton Association became a member of the European umbrella organization Badminton Europe .
21st century
- The 18th U16 European Football Championship for men was held in Israel from May 1 to May 14, 2000. It was the first UEFA tournament in Israel. The Israeli U 16s were eliminated in the preliminary round.
- The swimmer Michael Halika was able to achieve the first medal at a world championship for the Israeli swimming sport at the short course world championships in Athens in 2000. He finished third in the men's 400 meter medley.
- On February 13, 2002, the first international football match between Israel and Germany on German soil took place in Kaiserslautern .
- In 2002, the Maccabi Haifa football club was the first Israeli champions to qualify for the group stage of the UEFA Champions League . However, the home games had to be played in the GSP Stadium in Nicosia , Cyprus , because UEFA prohibited international football games in Israel. Maccabi Haifa qualified third in the group for the UEFA Cup , but was eliminated immediately by AEK Athens .
- In October 2005, the basketball team defeated Maccabi Tel Aviv , the Toronto Raptors nearly 105: 103. The game was held in Toronto , Canada instead. This was the first away win of a European or Israeli club team over a team of the NBA .
- On July 7th, 2008 the tennis players Jonathan Erlich and his partner Andy Ram achieved their highest score in the double ranking of the tennis world rankings with 5th place . This is the highest ranking in Israeli tennis to date.
- The Israeli team came second in the open group at the Chess Olympiad of the World Chess Federation FIDE from November 12th to 25th, 2008 in Dresden .
- In 2009 Omri Casspi became the first Israeli basketball player to play in the North American professional league NBA .
- In 2009 , the Israel Davis Cup team achieved their best result to date. In the semifinals they lost against the Spanish team with 1: 4.
- On January 31, 2011, the tennis player Shahar Peer reached 11th place in the tennis world rankings, the highest ranking in Israeli tennis singles to date.
- The European Open Water Championships took place in Eilat from September 7th to 11th, 2011 .
- Boris Gelfand , the winner of the Candidates' Tournament , was runner- up at the 2012 World Chess Championship from May 10th to 30th, 2012 in Moscow . He lost to the reigning world champion Viswanathan Anand in a duel . Boris Gelfand was previously the winner of the 2009 World Chess Cup .
- At the European Swimming Championships from May 21 to 27, 2012 in Debrecen , Hungary , Jonatan Kopelev became the first Israeli European swimming champion. He won the gold medal in the backstroke at 50 meters.
- From June 5 to 18, 2013, the Men's U-21 European Football Championship took place in Israel for the first time. The Israeli U21s were eliminated third in Group A in the preliminary round.
- In 2015 the Israel Cycling Academy is a cycling team based in Tel Aviv . The team was renamed Israel Start-up Nation in October 2019 and is registered as the UCI WorldTeam for the 2020-2022 seasons.
- The final round of the 18th European Women's Under-19 Football Championship was held in Israel in 2015. It is the first UEFA women's football tournament in Israel.
- On April 9, 2015, the first Bible Marathon took place. It is written in 1 Samuel 4:12 that a man from Benjamin ran out of the camp and came to Shiloh that same day, tearing his clothes and putting earth on his head. He ran the route from Eben Ezer (today's Rosh HaAyin ) to Shiloh to bring the news of the defeat of the Israelites against the Philistines and to tell the high priest Eli of the death of his sons and the loss of the ark. Many centuries later, in the 1970s, Yosef Yekutieli measured the length of the route and, to his surprise, found that it was equivalent to that of a modern marathon - 42 kilometers. Against this special background, the first recorded marathon in history is now being revived.
- The European Short Course Swimming Championships in 2015 in swimming took place from 2 to 6 December 2015 in Netanya instead.
- The European Judo Championships took place in Tel Aviv in April 2018. Israeli athletes could win 1 gold and 3 bronze medals.
- The Giro d'Italia started for the first time in 2018 outside of Europe. The cycle race started on May 4th, 2018 with an individual time trial in Jerusalem and the stages Haifa - Tel Aviv and Be'er Sheva - Eilat.
Olympic games
The Olympic Committee of Israel was established in 1933 and admitted to the International Olympic Committee in 1952 .
Israel first took part in an Olympiad at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki .
At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich , the Israeli team met with a tragic fate when 11 athletes were murdered by PLO terrorists . The request that this blackest moment in Olympic history be remembered with a minute's silence during the opening of the subsequent Olympics has so far been refused. There is only one memorial event organized by the Israeli delegation, but the IOC presidents do not attend.
In 1978 Israel was excluded from Asian sports federations. Admission to most European associations was refused by the Eastern Bloc countries . The Israeli national team had to participate in the Olympic qualification in the group for Oceania in the following years. It was not until the end of the Cold War that Israel was accepted into the other European sports associations.
The first medals could not be won until 1992 at the Summer Olympic Games in Barcelona . Israel first took part in the Winter Games at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer .
At the 2004 Olympics in Athens , the favorite Iranian judoka Arash Miresmaeili refused to compete against his Israeli first-round opponent Ehud Vaks and was thus eliminated from the Olympic tournament without having fought .
The Iranian swimmer Mohammad Alirezaei decided not to start in the men's 100 m chest run at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing because Israeli Tom Beeri was also registered in this run.
World and continental championships
Medals at world championships, as well as some titles and 2nd places at European or Asian championships are:
1948-1999
| year | title | Name / team | championship | discipline |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1956 | Vice-Asian Champion | National team | Soccer Asian Championship | Soccer, men |
| 1960 | Vice-Asian Champion | National team | Soccer Asian Championship | Soccer, men |
| 1964 | Asian champion | National team | Soccer Asian Championship | Soccer, men |
| 1967 | Asian champion | Hapoel Tel Aviv | Cup of Masters of Asia | Soccer, men |
| 1967 | Vice European Cup winner | Maccabi Tel Aviv | FIBA European Cup Winners' Cup | Basketball, men |
| 1969 | Cup winners | Maccabi Tel Aviv | Cup of Masters of Asia | Soccer, men |
| 1969 | World champions | Zefania Carmel + Lydia Lazarov | Sailing World Championship | Sailing, 420 dinghy , women |
| 1970 | Vice cup winner | Hapoel Tel Aviv | Cup of Masters of Asia | Soccer, men |
| 1971 | Cup winners | Maccabi Tel Aviv | Cup of Masters of Asia | Soccer, men |
| 1973 | Asian champion | Orit Abramovich | Asian Athletics Championships | Athletics, high jump, women |
| 1975 | Asian champion | Esther Roth | Asian Athletics Championships | Athletics, 100 meters, women |
| 1975 | Asian champion | Esther Roth | Asian Athletics Championships | Athletics, 200 meters, women |
| 1975 | Vice-Asian Champion | Ruth Tslochenko | Asian Athletics Championships | Athletics, pentathlon, women |
| 1976 | 1st place | National team | Chess Olympiad | Chess women |
| 1977 | European Cup winner | Maccabi Tel Aviv | FIBA European Cup | Basketball, men |
| 1979 | Vice European champion | National team | European basketball championship | Basketball, men |
| 1980 | Vice European Cup winner | Maccabi Tel Aviv | FIBA European Cup | Basketball, men |
| 1980 | World Cup winner | Maccabi Tel Aviv | Intercontinental Cup | Basketball, men |
| 1981 | European Cup winner | Maccabi Tel Aviv | FIBA European Cup | Basketball, men |
| 1982 | Vice European Cup winner | Maccabi Tel Aviv | FIBA European Cup | Basketball, men |
| 1983 | 3rd place | Schimson Brokman + Eitan Friedlander | 470 World Championship | Sailing, 470 dinghy , men |
| 1987 | Vice European Cup winner | Maccabi Tel Aviv | FIBA European Cup | Basketball, men |
| 1988 | Vice European Cup winner | Maccabi Tel Aviv | FIBA European Cup | Basketball, men |
| 1989 | Vice European Cup winner | Maccabi Tel Aviv | FIBA European Cup | Basketball, men |
| 1991 | 3rd place | Yael Arad | World Judo Championship | Judo, (-61 kg), women |
| 1991 | Vice European champion | Maxim Geller | European wrestlers | Wrestling, freestyle (-68 kg) men |
| 1992 | Vice world champion | Amit Inbar | Windsurfing World Cup | Sailing, windsurfing, men |
| 1993 | European champion | Yael Arad | Judo EM | Judo, (-61 kg), women |
| 1993 | Vice World Champion | Yael Arad | World Judo Championship | Judo, (-61 kg), women |
| 1993 | 3rd place | Schay Bachar + Schamch's ores | 470 World Cup | Sailing, 470, men |
| 1993 | Vice European champion | Nik Zagranitchni | European wrestlers | Wrestling, Greco-Roman, (-61 kg), men |
| 1994 | Vice European champion | Gotcha Ziziashvili | European wrestlers | Wrestling, Greco-Roman, (-82 kg), men |
| 1995 | Vice European champion | Gal Fridman | Mistral EM | Sailing, windsurfing, men |
| 1995 | Vice world champion | Oren Smadja | World Judo Championship | Judo, (-71 kg), men |
| 1995 | Vice world champion | Gotcha Ziziashvili | Wrestling World Cup | Wrestling, Greco-Roman, (-82 kg), men |
| 1995 | 3rd place | Ran Schental + Nir Schental | 470 World Cup | Sailing, 470 dinghy, men |
| 1995 | World Champion | David Ben-Zion | Backgammon World Cup | backgammon |
| 1996 | Vice world champion | Gal Fridman | Mistral World Cup | Sailing, windsurfing, men |
| 1997 | Vice world champion | Amit Inbar | Mistral World Cup | Sailing, windsurfing, men |
| 1997 | Vice European champion | Eithan Urbach | Swimming championships | Swimming, 100m back, men |
| 1997 | World Champion | Johar Abu Lashin | IBO WM | Boxing, light welterweight, men |
| 1998 | World Champion | Michael Kolganov | Canoe Racing World Championship | Kayak single, 200 m, men |
| 1998 | Vice world champion | Michael Kolganov | Canoe Racing World Championship | Kayak single, 500 m, men |
| 1998 | Vice world champion | Amit Inbar | Mistral WMt | Sailing, windsurfing, men |
| 1998 | 3rd place | Youri Evseytchik | Wrestling World Cup | Wrestling, Greco-Roman, (-130 kg), men |
| 1999 | 3rd place | Alexander Awerbuch | Athletics World Cup | Athletics, pole vault, men |
| 1999 | Vice European champion | Michael Halika | Swimming championships | Swimming, 400 m individual medley, men |
| 1999 | Vice European Cup winner | AS Ramat-Hasharon | Ronchetti Cup | Basketball, women |
| 1999 | World Champion | Michael Kolganov | Canoe Racing World Championship | Kayak single, 200 m, men |
| 1999 | 3rd place | Michael Beilin | Wrestling World Cup | Wrestling, Greco-Roman, (-63 kg), men |
2000-2009
| year | title | Name / team | championship | discipline |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | European Cup winner | Maccabi Tel Aviv | FIBA European Champion Clubs' Cup | Basketball, men |
| 2000 | European champion | Alexander Awerbusch | European Athletics Indoor Championships | Athletics, pole vault, men |
| 2000 | European champion | Ayelet Ohayon | Fencing EM | Fencing, foil singles, women |
| 2000 | 3rd place | Michael Halika | Short Course World Championship | Swimming, 400 m individual medley, men |
| 2001 | European Cup winner | Maccabi Tel Aviv | Suproleague the FIBA | basketball |
| 2001 | European champion | Ariel Zeevi | Judo EM | Judo, up to 100 kg, men |
| 2001 | Vice world champion | Ariel Zeevi | World Judo Championship | Judo, open class, men |
| 2001 | Vice European champion | Yoav Gath | Short course EM | Swimming, 400 m individual medley, men |
| 2001 | Vice world champion | Alexander Awerbusch | Athletics World Cup | Athletics, pole vault, men |
| 2001 | 3rd place | Michael Beilin | Wrestling World Cup | Wrestling, Greco-Roman, (-63 kg), men |
| 2002 | 3rd place | Galit Chait + Sergei Sachnowski | World Figure Skating Championships | Figure skating, ice dancing |
| 2002 | 3rd place | Vered Borochovski | Short Course World Championship | Swimming, 50 m butterfly, women |
| 2002 | Vice European champion | Gal Fridman | Mistral EM | Sailing, windsurfing, men |
| 2002 | World Champion | Gal Fridman | Mistral World Cup | Sailing, windsurfing, men |
| 2002 | European champion | Alexander Awerbusch | European Athletics Championships | Athletics, pole vault, men |
| 2002 | 3rd place | Adi Gafni + Larissa Pessakhovitch | Canoe Racing World Championship | Kayak twos, 1000 m, women |
| 2002 | Vice world champion | Alexander Danilov | ISSF WM | Shooting, standard pistol 25 meters, men |
| 2003 | European champion | Ariel Zeevi | Judo EM | Judo, up to 100 kg, men |
| 2003 | World Champion | Gotcha Ziziashvili | Wrestling World Cup | Wrestling, Greco-Roman, (-130 kg), men |
| 2003 | world champion | Lee Korzits | Sailing World Championship | Sailing, windsurfing, women |
| 2003 | 3rd place | Gal Fridman | Sailing World Championship | Sailing, windsurfing, men |
| 2003 | 3rd place | Lior Karmi | Canoe Racing World Championship | Kayak single, 1000 m, women |
| 2004 | European Cup winner | Hapoel Jerusalem | ULEB Eurocup | Basketball, men |
| 2004 | European champion | Maccabi Tel Aviv | ULEB Euroleague | Basketball, men |
| 2004 | Vice European champion | Joel Razvozov | Judo EM | Judo, up to 73 kg, men |
| 2004 | European champion | Ariel Zeevi | Judo EM | Judo, up to 100 kg, men |
| 2004 | 3rd place | Nike Kornecki + Vered Buskila | 470 World Cup | Sailing, 470 dinghy, women |
| 2005 | European champion | Maccabi Tel Aviv | ULEB Euroleague | Basketball, men |
| 2005 | Vice European champion | Joel Razvozov | Judo EM | Judo, up to 73 kg, men |
| 2005 | Vice European champion | Ariel Zeevi | Judo EM | Judo, up to 100 kg, men |
| 2005 | European champion | National team of men | Judo EM | Judo, team championship, men |
| 2005 | World Champion | Ilan Goldschmidt | Taekwondo World Cup | Taekwondo, up to 62 kg, men |
| 2006 | Vice European champion | Maccabi Tel Aviv | ULEB Euroleague | Basketball, men |
| 2006 | European champion | Alexander Awerbusch | European Athletics Championships | Athletics, pole vault, men |
| 2006 | 3rd place | Gideon Kliger + Udi Gal | 470 World Cup | Sailing, 470 dinghy, men |
| 2007 | 3rd place | Gideon Kliger + Udi Gal | Sailing World Championship | Sailing, 470 dinghy, men |
| 2008 | Vice world champion | National team | Chess Olympiad | Chess, men |
| 2008 | Vice European champion | Maccabi Tel Aviv | ULEB Euroleague | Basketball, men |
| 2008 | 3rd place | Gideon Kliger + Udi Gal | 470 World Cup | Sailing, 470 dinghy, men |
| 2008 | 3rd place | Shahar Tzuberi | RS: X WM | Sailing, windsurfing, men |
| 2009 | 3rd place | Alice Schlesinger | World Judo Championship | Judo, (-63 kg), women |
| 2009 | World Champion | Boris Gelfand | World Chess Cup | chess |
| 2009 | Vice world champion | Nimrod Maschiach | RS: X WM | Sailing, windsurfing, men |
| 2009 | European champion | Shahar Zubari | RS: X EM | Sailing, windsurfing, men |
| 2009 | 3rd place | Alexander Shatilov | Gymnastics World Cup | Artistic gymnastics, floor, men |
| 2009 | World Champion | Yuri Foreman | WBA World Cup | Boxing, light middleweight, men |
2010-2019
| year | title | Name / team | championship | discipline |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | 3rd place | team | Chess Olympiad | Chess, men |
| 2010 | European champion | Bat-El Gatterer | Taekwondo EM | Taekwondo up to 57 kg, women |
| 2010 | 3rd place | Nimrod Maschiach | RS: X - WM | Sailing, windsurfing, men |
| 2010 | European champion | Shahar Zubari | RS: X - EM | Sailing, windsurfing, men |
| 2010 | Vice European champion | Gideon Kliger + Eran Sela | Sailing EM | Sailing, 470 dinghy, men |
| 2011 | Vice European champion | Maccabi Tel Aviv | ULEB Euroleague | Basketball, men |
| 2011 | European Cup winner | Elitzur Ramla | EuroCup Women | Basketball, women |
| 2011 | 3rd place | Neta Rivkin | Gymnastics World Cup | Rhythmic gymnastics , hoops, women |
| 2011 | 3rd place | team | Gymnastics World Cup | Rhythmic gymnastics, 3 ribbons and 2 hoops, women |
| 2011 | Vice European champion | Alexander Shatilov | Gymnastics EM | Artistic gymnastics, floor, men |
| 2011 | 3rd place | Alexander Shatilov | Gymnastics World Cup | Artistic gymnastics, floor, men |
| 2011 | Vice European Champion | Neta Rivkin | EM of the RSG | Rhythmic gymnastics, clubs, women |
| 2011 | Vice European Champion | Lee Korzits | Sailing EM | Sailing, windsurfing, women |
| 2011 | world champion | Lee Korzits | Sailing World Championship | Sailing, windsurfing, women |
| 2011 | 3rd place | Nimrod Maschiach | Sailing World Championship | Sailing, windsurfing, men |
| 2012 | Vice European Champion | Yarden Gerbi | Judo EM | Judo, (-63 kg), women |
| 2012 | European champion | Ariel Zeevi | Judo EM | Judo, (-100 kg), men |
| 2012 | Vice world champion | Boris Gelfand | Chess World Cup | chess |
| 2012 | world champion | Lee Korzits | RS: X-WM | Sailing, windsurfing, women |
| 2012 | European champion | Jonathan Kopelev | Swimming championships | Swimming, 50 m back, men |
| 2012 | Vice European champion | Guy Barnea | Short course EM | Swimming, 50 m back, men |
| 2013 | world champion | Yarden Gerbi | World Judo Championship | Judo, (-63 kg), women |
| 2013 | Vice European champion | Gal Nevo | Short course EM | Swimming, 400 m individual medley, men |
| 2013 | European champion | Alexander Shatilov | Gymnastics EM | Artistic gymnastics, floor, men |
| 2013 | Vice European Champion | Maayan Davidovich | Sailing EM | Sailing, windsurfing, women |
| 2013 | world champion | Lee Korzits | Sailing World Championship | Sailing, windsurfing, women |
| 2013 | 3rd place | Maayan Davidovich | Sailing World Championship | Sailing, windsurfing, women |
| 2013 | European champion | Sergey Richter | Indoor shooting championships | Air rifle, 10 m distance, men |
| 2013 | Vice European Champion | Ilana Kratysch | European wrestlers | Wrestling, freestyle -67 kg, women |
| 2014 | world champion | Sarah Avraham | World Cup for Thai boxing | Thai boxing, 57-63 kilos, women |
| 2014 | Vice European Champion | Ilana Kratysch | European wrestlers | Wrestling, freestyle -69 kg, women |
| 2014 | European champion | Maccabi Tel Aviv | ULEB Euroleague | Basketball, men |
| 2014 | Vice world champions | team | World Cup of the RSG | Rhythmic gymnastics, all-around, women |
| 2015 | European champion | Vladislav Bykanov | Short track EM | Speed skating, 3000 m, men |
| 2015 | Vice World Champion | Hanna Knjasjewa-Minenko | Athletics World Cup | Triple jump, women |
| 2015 | Vice European champion | Yakov Toumarkin | Short course EM | Swimming, 200 m back men |
| 2015 | Vice European champion | Yakov Toumarkin | Short course EM | Swimming, 100 m medley. Men |
| 2015 | 3rd place | Golan Pollack | World Judo Championship | Judo, (-66 kg), men |
| 2016 | Vice European champion | Alexei Bychenko | European figure skating championships | Singles, men |
| 2016 | Vice European champion | Yakov Toumarkin | Swimming championships | Swim, 200 m back. Men |
| 2016 | Vice European champion | Gal Nevo | Swimming championships | Swimming, 200 m medley. Men |
| 2016 | Vice European Champion | Hanna Knjasjewa-Minenko | European Athletics Championships | Triple jump, women |
| 2016 | Vice European Champion | Ilana Kratysch | European wrestlers | Wrestling, freestyle -69 kg, women |
| 2017 | 3rd place | Linoy Ashram | World Cup of the RSG | Rhythmic gymnastics, ribbon, women |
| 2017 | 3rd place | Linoy Ashram | World Cup of the RSG | Rhythmic gymnastics, all-around, women |
| 2017 | Vice world champion | Artem Dolgopyat | Gymnastics World Cup | Floor exercise, men |
| 2017 | 3rd place | Valley flicker | World Judo Championship | Judo, (-66 kg), men |
| 2018 | European champion | Sagi Muki | Judo EM | Judo, 73 to 81 kg, men |
| 2018 | European champion | Lonah Chemtai Saltpeter | European Athletics Championships | Running, 10,000 meters, women |
| 2018 | Vice European champion | Artem Dolgopyat | Gymnastics EM | Floor exercise, men |
| 2019 | World Champion | Sagi Muki | World Judo Championship | Judo, 73 to 81 kg, men |
| 2019 | Vice world champion | Artem Dolgopyat | Gymnastics World Cup | Floor exercise, men |
| 2019 | world champion | Julia Sachkov | World Cup for kickboxing | K1, up to 52 kilograms, women |
sports
basketball
Israel has had its greatest successes so far in basketball. The greatest success of the national team is second place in the 1979 European Basketball Championship in Italy . The strength of Israeli basketball, however, lies at the club level. The Israeli record champions Maccabi Tel Aviv won the European Cup five times between 1977 and 2005 and the European Cup in 1981; Elitzur Ramle's women's team won the 2011 Women's Eurocup.
The Ligat ha'Al is the highest basketball league in Israel . It was founded in 1954. A total of eleven basketball clubs take part in the state championship each season.
Ice sports
Ice sports in Israel began in 1986 when the first ice rink opened in Kiryat Motzkin . The Ice Hockey and Figure Skating Association was founded in 1988 and was incorporated into the International Ice Hockey Federation in 1990. The association was later divided into an ice hockey and a figure skating association. With the mass immigration of Jews from the former Soviet Union from 1989 onwards, many athletes also came, including those involved in winter sports. The Israel Ice Hockey League started in 1990.
Since 2005 there are three ice rinks in Israel, the Olympic complex with a smaller training hall, the Canada Center in Metula and a small ice rink in the city of Ma'alot . The team's greatest success so far was promotion to World Cup Division I in 2005 , from which it had to relegate after only one tournament .
For the first time in 2016, an Israeli won an EM medal in figure skating. Alexei Bychenko won silver at the European Championships in the Slovak capital Bratislava in the men's individual competition.
Soccer
The Israel Football Association is the football association of Israel. In addition to the national team, he also organizes the national league competitions. The highest division is the Ligat ha'Al , the second highest the Liga Leumit , then the two-tier Liga Alef, (north and south). The fourth highest division is the four-track Liga Bet, (North AB and South AB), followed by the five-track Gimel League.
The title Footballer of the Year has been awarded annually since 1965 by the Israeli newspaper Maariv at the end of the game year.
The Israeli Soccer Cup will be held in a simple knockout system with no second leg. From 1956 to 1989, the Israeli Soccer Supercup was played in a single match at the beginning of a season between the Israeli champions and the Israeli cup winners of the previous season. The Israel League Cup has been held annually as a preseason tournament since 1982 . The subordinate sporting evaluation is offset by a relatively high prize money.
Internationally, however, the successes of Israeli football are rather modest. In 2008, the country was for some time in 15th place in the Fifa world rankings , the highest position it has achieved in its history.
tennis
The men have been taking part in the Davis Cup since 1949 . The team achieved their best result in 2009 , when they could advance to the semi-finals. The women have participated in the Fed Cup since 1972 .
The ATP tournament in Tel Aviv (officially Tel Aviv Open ) was a men's tennis tournament as part of the ATP Tour from 1979-1996 . The game was played outdoors on hard courts, the venue was the Canada Stadium in the Israel Tennis Center in the Tel Aviv suburb of Ramat Hasharon .
- Grand Slam victories:
1991 Anna Smaschnowa Girl singles French Open 2004 Shahar Peer Girl singles Australian Open 2006 Andy Ram Mixed Wimbledon 2007 Andy Ram Mixed French Open 2008 Jonathan Erlich Men's doubles Australian Open 2008 Andy Ram Men's doubles Australian Open
Other successful Israeli tennis players are:
Gilad Bloom , Julia Glushko , Harel Levy , Evgenija Simonowna Linezkaja , Amos Mansdorf , Tzipora Obziler , Dudi Sela , Harel Srugo , Amir Weintraub
Sports associations
The three major sports organizations are: Makkabi, HaPoel and Betar . There are also Elitzur and ASA as larger associations
Maccabi: It is the oldest sports association in Israel. It was founded in 1912, emerging from the first Jewish sports club in Palestine , "Rishon le-Zion" Yaffo, which was founded in 1906 and based on the Zionist sports associations in Europe. The Zionist European sports clubs, on the other hand, were inspired by the German gymnastics movement and Max Nordau's idea of “muscle Jewry”. The Makkabi Sports Association was close to political Zionism .
The Maccabi movement is named after the Jewish freedom fighters , the Maccabees , who stood for a defensive Judaism that cannot be oppressed by other peoples.
Makkabi was the only sports association in Israel until HaPoel was founded and has thus made a contribution to the institutionalization of sport. For example, he founded the Israeli Olympic Committee. Since 1932 he has also organized the Maccabiade and is a member of the Maccabi World Union .
HaPoel : HaPoel ("The Worker") is the largest Israeli sports association today. It was formed as part of the general workers' union in Israel, Histadrut . The aim of the association is to this day "the maintenance of physical culture and sport among the workers". In April 1924, a group of workers in Haifa formed a soccer team called Hapoel Haifa . Two years later, in May 1926, the nationwide association was founded. The association's logo shows an athlete in red in a stylized hammer and sickle.
In 1927 HaPoel joined the international association of workers' sports clubs, the Confédération Sportive Internationale du Travail . Sports clubs that defined themselves as socialist were more likely to join HaPoel than Maccabi, who was considered “bourgeois”.
In the 1930s, the association experienced significant growth, several dozen clubs joined it, and it soon represented over 10,000 members.
Nine of the eleven murdered in the 1972 Munich Olympics were members of HaPoel.
Betar : The sports association Betar (the abbreviation stands for Brit HaNoar HaIvri al shem Joseph Trumpeldor, Hebrew Youth Association Joseph Trumpeldor) was founded in 1924. It is a subsidiary of the revisionist Betar movement.
The best-known club belonging to it is the Beitar Jerusalem football club .
Elitzur: The religious-Zionist sports clubs joined together in the umbrella organization Elitzur, which was founded in 1939. Elitzur Ramle's basketball team won the 2011 Eurocup for women. Elitzur clubs usually do not have a section dedicated to football, as football is primarily played on the Sabbath , the Jewish day of rest.
ASA: The sports association ASA (Academic Sports Association) was founded in 1953. Above all, sports clubs from universities and colleges are active in it. The association also takes part in international competitions with other universities, e.g. B. at the Universiade .
sports clubs
Better known Israeli sports clubs are:
Hapoel Acre , Ashdod: Maccabi Ashdod , Ashdod MS , Hapoel Ashkelon , HC Bat Yam , Hapoel Beersheba , Hapoel Galil Gilboa , Haifa: Maccabi Haifa , Maccabi Haifa , Haifa Hawks , Herzlia: Bnei Herzliya , Maccabi Herzliya , Holon: Hapoel Holon , HC Holon , HC Maccabi Amos Lod , Maccabi Jaffa , Jerusalem: Beitar Jerusalem , Hapoel Jerusalem , Hapoel Katamon Jerusalem , Hapoel Ironi Kirjat Schmona , Hapoel Kfar Saba , HC Ma'alot , Metulla: HC Metulla , Maccabi Metulla , Ironi Naharija , Maccabi Ahi Nazareth , Hapoel Nazareth Illit , Maccabi Netanya , Petah Tikva: Hapoel Petah Tikva , Maccabi Petach Tikva , Hapoel Ra'anana , Hapoel Ramat Gan , Hapoel Nir Ramat Hasharon F.c. , Rishon LeZion: Hapoel Ironi Rishon Lezion , Maccabi Rishon Lezion , FC Bnei Sakhnin , Hapoel Taibe , Tel Aviv: Bne Jehuda Tel Aviv , Hapoel Tel Aviv , Maccabi Tel Aviv , ASA Tel-Aviv FC , Shimshon Tel Aviv
Maccabiade
The Maccabiade is the largest international Jewish sporting event and is designed in a similar way to the Olympic Games . It emerged from the Jewish Makkabi sports movement during the Zionism movement of the 1930s.
The organization lies with the Maccabi World Association . The first Maccabiade was held in Tel Aviv in 1932. It has been held in Israel every four years since 1953, the next time in 2021.
European Games
Due to the exclusion from the Asian and the admission to the European sports associations, Israel has also participated in the European Games that have been held since 2015 .
Medal table:
| year | space |  |
 |
 |
Disciplines | Attendees |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | 22nd | 2 | 4th | 6th | Judo , athletics , rhythmic gymnastics , wrestling , swimming , shooting | 141 |
| 2019 | 19th | 3 | 3 | 1 | Badminton , judo , rhythmic gymnastics , shooting | 32 |
| 2023 |
Asian Games
Israel participated in the Asian Games from 1954 to 1974 . Israeli athletes were not granted a visa for the 1962 Asian Games in Jakarta .
Israel has been excluded from the Asian Games since 1978.
Medal table:
World Games
At the World Games , which have been held since 1981 , the international competition for sports that are not part of the competition program of the Olympic Games , Israel was able to win the following medals:
Boycotts
There are always boycotts and other unsportsmanlike acts against Israeli athletes and sporting events in Israel. They are politically, religiously or ethnically motivated.
In 1978 Israel was excluded from Asian sports federations. Admission to most European associations was refused by the Eastern Bloc countries . The Israeli national team had to participate in the World Cup and Olympic qualification in the group for Oceania in the following years, but could not take part in the local continental championships. It was not until the end of the Cold War that Israel was accepted into the other European sports associations.
- In 2004, the Iranian judoka Arash Miresmaeili , who was considered the favorite, refused to compete against his Israeli first-round opponent Ehud Vaks at the Olympic Games in Athens and was thus eliminated from the Olympic tournament without having fought .
- In 2007 Ashkan Dejagah refused to play an international match for the German U-21 national team in Israel .
- At the Olympic Games in Beijing , the Iranian swimmer Mohammad Alirezaei did not start in the men's 100 m chest because the Israeli Tom Beeri was also registered in this run.
- In 2009, the tennis player Shahar Pe'er was refused entry to a tennis tournament in Dubai .
- In 2011 the Iranian chess grandmaster Ehsan Ghaem Maghami was excluded from an international chess tournament in France. He had refused to compete against his Israeli opponent Ehud Shachar.
- In June 2013, at the international wrestling golden grand prix tournament in Sassari on Sardinia, the Egyptian wrestler Enas Mostafa refused to shake hands with her Israeli semi-final opponent Ilana Kratysch . During the fight, she broke two of Kratysh's fingers and bit her back until she was bleeding.
- After the Tunisian tennis player Malek Jaziri in the Challenger tournament in Tashkent in 2013 to his quarter-final match against Israeli Amir Weintraub did not compete was because of unsportsmanlike conduct Tunisia by the ITF from the 2014 Davis Cup excluded. Jaziri had given up the game against Weintraub under the pretext of injury on the instructions of the Tunisian Tennis Association.
- The Iranian duo Bahman Salemiinjehboroun and Rahman Raoufi refused to duel with their Israeli opponents Sean Faiga and Ariel Hilman at the beach volleyball Grand Slam tournament in Japan . Officially, however, the refusal is not presented as a boycott. The Iranians are only listed as injured in the tournament results for the game against the Israelis .
- On August 8, 2017 a 16 year old Muslim has refused from Sumei in Western Galilee, the quarter finals of the World Junior Championships in Thai boxing in Thailand to compete against the Israeli Amit MDAH.
- At the Judo Grand Slam in Abu Dhabi, the Israeli Tal Flicker won the gold medal in the class up to 66 kilograms on October 27, 2017. For political reasons, it was not the Israeli flag that was hoisted at the award ceremony, but that of the International Judo Federation (IJF) and not the Israeli national anthem HaTikwa but the IJF anthem. The IJF did not criticize this discrimination.
- The Iranian wrestler Aliresa Karimi deliberately lost to a Russian at the U-23 World Cup in November 2017 in order not to have to face an Israeli in the next round. He was asked to do this by his trainer during the competition. Karimi was banned for six months in February 2018.
- Israeli players were excluded from participation in the Fide World Championship in Blitz and Rapid Chess , which took place in Riyadh on December 29 and 30, 2017 , because they did not receive a visa to enter Saudi Arabia . The world association FIDE could not bring itself to a postponement or cancellation, although according to its rules no country is allowed to exclude players based on their nationality.
- The International Judo Federation IJF canceled two of its tournaments on July 23, 2018 due to anti-Israeli discrimination. These are the Grand Slam in Abu Dhabi and the Grand Prix in Tunis.
- In February 2019, the Iranian world champion Saeid Mollaei canceled his semifinals at the Grand Slam in Paris due to an alleged injury because he would have met the Israeli Sagi Muki in the final . Mollaei surprisingly recovered for his victory in the battle for the bronze medal. But he was out of action again when it came to standing on the podium with the Israeli.
- On September 18, 2019, the International Judo Federation imposed a protective ban on Iran because the country repeatedly eliminates athletes from tournaments in order to avoid Israeli opponents. Incidents at the 2019 World Cup in Tokyo were decisive . Due to the protective barrier, Iran is temporarily excluded from all competitions as well as administrative and social activities of the international association.
Wingate Institute
The Wingate Institute is Israel's national center for physical education and sport. It was inaugurated in 1957 and is named "The Friend of Israel" in honor of the British Major General Orde Wingate and is located in Netanya .
The institute researches the educational, professional and scientific resources of sport and is responsible for the development of physical education, popular and professional sport and sport as a means of social and physical rehabilitation. The institute serves as a training center for teachers and trainers, is the base for the Israeli national teams and the Olympic teams, hosts international sports science conferences and coordinates the activities of various sports associations and organizations. It is subordinate to the Israeli Ministry of Sport and Culture .
In recognition of exceptional achievements in the field of education, sports medicine and research, the former has Israeli President , Chaim Herzog the Wingate Institute the 1989 Israel Prize awarded.
Hall of Fame
The International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame was established on July 7, 1981 in Netanya , Israel. The first honors were given in 1979. Sportsmen and women as well as sports officials and journalists of Jewish faith are honored in the Hall of Fame . The honor is given regardless of the nationality of the person.
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://www.einzigartiges-israel.de/html/165-sport.html , accessed on April 2, 2014
- ^ Arnd Krüger , Astrid Sanders: Jewish Sports in the Netherlands and the Problems of Selective Memory. Journal of Sport History 26 (1999), 2, 271-286.
- ↑ http://jafi.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Eye+on+Israel/Sport+in+Israel , English, accessed April 22, 2014
- ↑ http://jafi.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Eye+on+Israel/Sport+in+Israel+Rule+Britannia+The+British+Influence+and+the+Maccabiah+Games .htm , English, accessed April 22, 2014
- ^ Arnd Krüger : The Olympic Games 1936 and the world opinion. Its importance in foreign policy, with particular reference to the USA. (= Sports science work, Vol. 7.) Bartels & Wernitz, Berlin 1972, ISBN 3-87039-925-2 .
- ↑ "The Israeli fans carried us on their shoulders". Israelnetz.de , February 21, 2020, accessed on February 23, 2020 .
- ↑ First international match between Israel and Germany on German soil Deutschlandradio.de on February 13, 2002, accessed on August 3, 2018
- ↑ Newsletter of the Embassy of the State of Israel of March 23, 2015
- ↑ Four Israelis win medals at judo EM In: Israelnetz.de , April 30, 2018, accessed on May 12, 2018.
- ↑ Olympia: Commemoration of the victims of 1972 In: Israelnetz.de , August 19, 2008, accessed on May 5, 2018.
- ↑ Olympia: No minute's silence for murdered Israelis In: Israelnetz.de , May 3, 2012, accessed on May 5, 2018.
- ↑ Olympia: Ajalon appeals to Rogge In: Israelnetz.de , May 18, 2012, accessed on May 5, 2018.
- ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www.t-online.de/sport/olympia/id_42557514/oc-iraner-bei-jugendspiele-verletzt.html
- ↑ http://www.israelnetz.com/sport/detailansicht/aktuell/segel-europamemeisterschaft-silber-fuer-israel-17096/#.U2-Ul1eFbX5 , accessed on May 11, 2014
- ↑ http://www.israelnetz.com/sport/detailansicht/aktuell/turn-em-gold-fuer-israel-22388/#.U2-opFeFbX5 accessed on May 11, 2014
- ↑ http://www.israelnetz.com/sport/detailansicht/aktuell/israelin-surft-silber-20079/#.U4I5wSiFbX5 , accessed on May 25, 2014
- ↑ http://www.israelnetz.com/sport/detailansicht/aktuell/sportschiessen-em-titel-fuer-israeli-22122/#.U1gXx1eFbX4
- ↑ Israeli judoka makes history. In: Israelnetz .de. August 29, 2019, accessed September 3, 2019 .
- ↑ Israeli kickboxer wins World Cup gold. In: Israelnetz .de. October 27, 2019, accessed November 9, 2019 .
- ↑ http://www.israelnetz.com/sport/detailansicht/aktuell/erster-israeli-gewinnt-medaille-bei-eiskunstlauf-em-94833/
- ↑ http://israelschweiz.com/2012/07/31/sport-in-israel/ ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed April 2, 2014
- ↑ http://jafi.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Eye+on+Israel/Sport+in+Israel/Politics+and+Sport+The+Development+of+the+Different+Sports + Organizations.htm , English, accessed April 22, 2014
- ↑ http://jafi.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Eye+on+Israel/Sport+in+Israel/Politics+and+Sport+The+Development+of+the+Different+Sports + Organizations.htm , English, accessed April 22, 2014
- ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www.t-online.de/sport/olympia/id_42557514/oc-iraner-bei-jugendspiele-verletzt.html
- ↑ http://www.israelnetz.com/sport/detailansicht/aktuell/vortrag-ueber-sportboykotte-gegen-israel-16496/#.U1gLGFeFbX4
- ↑ http://www.israelnetz.com/sport/detailansicht/aktuell/iranischer-schachpieler-verweigert-spiel-gegen-israeli-19350/#.U1gPF1eFbX4
- ↑ http://www.israelnetz.com/sport/detailansicht/aktuell/schmerzhaft-medaille-22612/#.U1gX61eFbX4
- ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Daviscup: Tunisia blocked after boycott of Israel. In: diepresse.com. November 2, 2013, accessed January 7, 2017 .
- ↑ Beach volleyball scandal: Iran duo refuses to play against Israel. In: Blick.ch. July 22, 2015, accessed February 14, 2020 .
- ↑ Palestinian boxer refuses to fight Israelis. In: israelnetz.com. August 10, 2017, accessed May 17, 2020 .
- ↑ Israelnetz.de of October 30, 2017: Four medals for Israel in Abu Dhabi - no national anthem
- ↑ Israelnetz.de of November 8, 2017: Where's the outcry?
- ↑ Israelnetz.de of February 19, 2018: Iranian wrestler banned for half a year
- ^ Chess World Cup in Saudi Arabia without players from Israel. BZ-Berlin, December 27, 2017, accessed April 5, 2020 .
- ↑ Judo Association cancels tournaments due to anti-Israeli discrimination In: Israelnetz.de , July 24, 2018, accessed on July 30, 2018.
- ↑ Iranian judoka are allowed to compete against Israelis. In: Israelnetz .de. May 14, 2019, accessed May 18, 2019 .
- Jump up ↑ Protection against Iranian judoka. In: Israelnetz .de. September 19, 2019, accessed October 1, 2019 .
- ↑ http://www.jewishsports.net/wingate_institute.htm%7Cwww.jewishsports ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , English, accessed August 11, 2015
