Major works of brick Gothic
The (northern) brick Gothic is a type of Gothic construction that is widespread in northern Germany , the Baltic Sea region , the Netherlands and Flanders . The North German brick Gothic is only part of it. Numerous old towns, which are characterized by the brick architecture, have been declared world cultural heritage. The brick Gothic is only vaguely delimited from the previous brick Romanesque and the subsequent brick Renaissance. Often Romanesque buildings were built over or converted in Gothic style, others started in Romanesque style, but because of the often decades of construction, they were completed in Gothic style. Such buildings can often be assigned to the Romanesque as well as the Gothic.
The distribution area of the (northern) brick Gothic largely coincides with the area of influence of the Hanseatic League and its Western European trading partners or competitors. About 40% of the brick Gothic buildings are located south of the Baltic Sea east of the Elbe , more than a quarter west of the Ems and almost a quarter in Northern Europe, most of them in Denmark and nothing in Norway . The southern border runs near the northern edge of the low mountain range. On the one hand there are areas where almost every village church is a Gothic brick church, for example in Mecklenburg or on the great arms of the Rhine , on the other hand there are areas where only certain building types belong to the brick Gothic . In some areas, visible brick could express scarce resources (village churches) or modesty (e.g. the mendicant orders ), in others ( town halls , large city churches, cathedrals , castle churches ).
The Cistercians and Premonstratensians contributed greatly to the spread of brick Gothic . It was precisely these two religious orders that left behind significant Gothic brick architecture outside the contiguous area of northern brick Gothic: The library of the Cîteaux Abbey , the mother monastery of all Cistercian monasteries, is a Gothic brick building built in several phases from 1260 to 1509. The style of the church of the Türje Premonstratensian monastery in Hungary , built from 1230 onwards, hardly differs from the early Gothic brick buildings in the Altmark . The Teutonic Order built a large number of brick monastic castles between the lower Vistula and lower Memel , but also in Gdansk Pomerania , which was annexed in violation of the order , which were often both well-fortified and representative. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania also built Gothic fortresses made of brick, becoming a state and ultimately a great power in the resistance against the Teutonic Order. The brick buildings of the Livonian Order are of the greatest importance in the architectural heritage of Latvia and Estonia , but their number is surprisingly few.
In Belgium, the brick border is close to the language border, with a lot of brick Gothic in Bruges and all of West Flanders , but very little in the Flemish-speaking cities of Ghent and Antwerp (supply of limestone from Tournai on the Scheldt ). On the Meuse , the largest churches in Venlo and Roermond belong to the brick Gothic. On the Lower Rhine, brick took off slowly compared to tuff stone built in a similarly manageable format , but south of Cologne (in the city, brick building worth mentioning only began with the Renaissance), there is a Gothic brick basilica from the early 14th century in Brühl . On the Ems, the use of sandstone from the Weserbergland and the Bentheimer Berg protrudes like a nose into the brick area, while near the coast the Dutch province of Groningen and East Frisia have the highest densities of brick Gothic buildings in Europe, often in the early Gothic form of the Romano Gothic . In Saxony-Anhalt , most of the brick Gothic is north of the geographical latitude of Jerichow , but east of the Mulde it extends into the hilly foothills of the southern border mountains in Saxony and Poland .
The list shows buildings that were stylistically influential or that had special significance due to their function. The inclusion criterion for this is that the building is treated accordingly in art historical overview works on brick Gothic and / or its outstanding importance is mentioned in scientific architecture manuals or monument portals or has been determined in several individual scientific studies.
The dates given refer to the Gothic buildings that exist today, predecessor buildings and post-Gothic changes are usually not given and must be traced via the respective individual items. The most influential main buildings of the brick Gothic are highlighted in bold.
Gothic brick buildings that do not belong to the cultural area of the southern North Sea coast and the Baltic Sea region, such as those of the Danube region , are not included, although in Bavaria, for example, one speaks of Bavarian brick Gothic . In his book Ways to Brick Gothic , Gottfried Kiesow mentioned the cathedral of Albi in addition to the Munich Frauenkirche because of typical brick Gothic features . This belongs to the Toulouser Gothic (Gothique toulousien) , the brick variant of the southern French Gothic (Gothique méridional) .
Germany
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
place | Building | construction time | Remarks | photo |
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Altentreptow | Petrikirche | Middle of the 13th to the first half of the 14th century | Hall church | |
City gates: Brandenburg Gate, Demminer Gate | around 1450 | |||
Anklam | Marienkirche | second half of the 13th to the end of the 14th century | Hall church ; Planned twin tower system unfinished (hence asymmetrical tower) | |
Stone gate | 13./14. century | |||
Nikolaikirche | 14th Century | Heavily destroyed in 1945, the ruin restored, under reconstruction | ||
Bad Doberan | Doberan Minster | Begun in 1291, consecrated in 1368 | former monastery church of the Cistercians ; basilica | |
Mountains on Rügen | Marienkirche | Construction began in 1180, consecrated in 1193, 1380 and renewed after 1445 | former monastery church of the Benedictines and Cistercians; basilica | |
Bützow | Collegiate church | Middle of the 13th to the second half of the 14th century | Hall church | |
Friedland | Marienkirche | 1330 to the beginning of the 15th century | Hall church | |
Greifswald | "Cathedral" St. Nikolai | Mid-14th century to first quarter of the 15th century | basilica | |
Marienkirche | 1275-1340 | Hall church | ||
St. Jacobi Church | first mentioned in 1280, reconstruction around 1400 | early Gothic hall church | ||
House Markt 11 | probably after 1400 | one of the most ornate town houses in northern Germany | ||
near Greifswald | Eldena Monastery | Begun in 1225, temporarily finished in 1265, expanded to 1350 | former Cistercian monastery; only ruins; one of Caspar David Friedrich's favorite motifs | |
Guestrow | Dom | early 13th to late 15th centuries | Hall church | |
Parish Church of St. Mary | Hall church with parallel longitudinal roofs | |||
Malchin | City Church of St. Johannis | from 1397 | basilica | |
City fortifications, Kalensches gate , stone gate , fishing tower | 15th century | |||
Neubrandenburg | Marienkirche | second half of the 13th century, remodeling from 1832, burnt out in 1945 | Up to 2001 interior construction to the concert church | |
St. Johannis | first half of the 14th century | Hall church; former Franciscan monastery | ||
City fortifications, Stargarder Tor , Treptower Tor , Neues Tor , Friedländer Tor | after 1300 to the beginning of the 15th century | |||
Rostock | Marienkirche | two construction phases after 1290 and after 1398 | Basilica; Rostock main church | |
Nikolaikirche | today's appearance after 1400 | |||
Petrikirche | between the second quarter of the 14th and early 15th centuries | |||
town hall | essentially around 1230; Gothic front after 1300 | since 1729 largely covered by a baroque porch | ||
Holy Cross Monastery | first half of the 14th century | former Cistercian convent | ||
Jakobikirche | Burned out in World War II , collapsed in 1947, finally demolished in 1960 | |||
House at Kröpeliner Strasse | Late 15th century | former rectory (today city library) | ||
Kerkhoffhaus | 3rd quarter of the 15th century | Bürgerhaus (today registry office) | ||
City gates ( Kröpeliner Tor , Kuhtor ) | 13-15 century | |||
room | Village church | Dated 1285 (d) | three-aisled hall church | |
Schwerin | Dom | around 1280 to around 1420, neo-Gothic tower from 1889 to 1893 | basilica | |
Sternberg | City Church | 1309-1322 | Hall church | |
Stralsund | Old town | On the UNESCO World Heritage List | ||
Nikolaikirche | around 1270 to the beginning of the 15th century | Main church in Stralsund | ||
town hall | emerged in several stages in the 13th and 14th centuries | most important urban secular building in Stralsund | ||
Marienkirche | 1382/84 to the end of the 15th century | second largest brick church in the Hanseatic region; basilica | ||
Jakobikirche | today's construction started after 1300, redesigned after 1400 | basilica | ||
Johanniskloster | early 14th century | former Franciscan monastery ; Hall church | ||
Wulflamhaus | ||||
Catherine's Monastery | second half of the 13th century | former Dominican monastery | ||
Teterow | City Church of St. Peter and Paul | from 1215; Tower first half of the 15th century | basilica | |
City gates ( Rostocker Tor , Malchiner Tor ) | 14th Century | |||
Wismar | Old town | On the UNESCO World Heritage List | ||
Georgen Church | oldest part around 1300, completed in the 15th century | is one of the most monumental and important buildings in the Baltic Sea region | ||
Nikolaikirche | today's construction started after 1380 and finished in the second half of the 15th century | steeply proportioned basilica with flying buttresses and rich furnishings | ||
Marienkirche | started after 1339, finished in the 15th century | After being damaged in the Second World War, the church was blown up in 1960, today only the tower is standing, until then it was considered one of the most beautiful churches in northern Germany | ||
Gosh | around 1380 | Residential building (today restaurant) | ||
Archdeaconate | Mid 15th century | Residential building | ||
Water gate | 1450 |
Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg
place | Building | construction time | Remarks | photo |
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Cismar | Cismar Monastery | 13th Century | former Benedictine monastery | |
Eutin | St. Michaelis Church | 1. Dr. 13th century, 14th century, 15th century |
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Flensburg | Nikolaikirche | between 1390 and 1480 | two construction phases; the compromise between the choir gable and the polygonal end of the choir is typically Danish. |
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Hamburg | St. Petri | |||
St. Catherine's | ||||
St. Jakobi | ||||
Lübeck | Old town | On the UNESCO World Heritage List | ||
Marienkirche | 1251 to the end of the 14th century |
Basilica; most influential masterpiece of brick Gothic , towers despite Gothic windows u. Ornamental forms in Romanesque statics |
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town hall | Main building 1340–50, the so-called long house 1298–1308, war room building 1442–44, one of the most important secular buildings of the brick Gothic, but street facade of the main building anticipation of later styles: segmented arches, emphasis on the horizontal |
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Dom | Brick from 1173, Gothic from 1266 |
Laying of the foundation stone by Heinrich the Lion , consecrated in 1247, alterations until the 15th century |
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Holsten Gate | 1466-78 | later heavily expanded, at times two outer gates | ||
Castle Gate (Lübeck) | ||||
Petrikirche | 13th - 15th century | several construction phases | ||
Jakobikirche | after 1276 to 1334 | |||
Aegidienkirche | 1st half of the 14th century | |||
Katharinenkirche | 1300-1330 | former Franciscan monastery church | ||
Holy Spirit Hospital | around 1276 to 1286 | |||
Castle monastery | after 1276 to 1401 | former Dominican monastery | ||
St. Anne's Monastery | former Augustinian convent , damaged by fire in 1843 | |||
Chancellery building | 1484 | Expanded in 1588 and 1614 | ||
Meldorf | St. John's Church | 1230-1300 | ||
Mölln | Möllner town hall | 1373 | Building from the time when Mölln was pledged by Lübeck. Burnt down in 1409 by the Duke of Saxony-Lauenburg and rebuilt with the help of Lübeck. Open court arbor from 1475. |
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Schleswig | St. Petri Cathedral | Brick from 1180, Gothic from 1275 |
from around 1130 cast stone masonry with granite - u. Tuff facing, between 1275 u. 1300 hall choir, from 1408 the nave was converted into a hall, replacing the previous free-standing bell house. Tower 1888–94, simplified restoration after the Second World War |
Brandenburg , Berlin and Saxony-Anhalt
place | Building | construction time | Remarks | photo |
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Angermünde | Holy Spirit Chapel | 14./15. century | Belonged to the Holy Spirit hospital, which in the Thirty Years' War was destroyed | |
Bad Wilsnack | Miracle Blood Church of St. Nikolai | Main pilgrimage church in Northern Germany | ||
Berlin | Marienkirche | |||
Nikolaikirche | ||||
Gray monastery | Late 13th century | former Franciscan monastery; ruin since World War II | ||
Brandenburg | Church of St. Catherine | two construction phases after 1401 | virtuoso design by Hinrich Brunsberg with fine tracery and large sculpture made of fired clay | |
St. Peter and Paul Cathedral | Main construction period 1165–1240 | first brick church in the Mark Brandenburg | ||
Old Town Hall | Main construction period 1450–1468 | |||
Ordinance house | Main construction period 1300–1310 | probably the oldest stone secular building in the Mark Brandenburg | ||
Gothic house | 1452 | |||
St. Gotthardt | Main construction period 1450–1468 | Romanesque west portal and baroque tower, | ||
former Marienkirche | Begun around 1220, demolished in 1722 | formerly important pilgrimage church | ||
Chorin | Chorin Monastery | former Cistercian monastery | ||
Doberlug-Kirchhain | Dobrilugk Monastery | former Cistercian monastery; Aisles dismantled | ||
Frankfurt (Oder) | Marienkirche | 1253–1367, choir completed in 1367, extensions in the 15th century | ||
town hall | Begun in 1253, expanded in the 14th century | |||
Havelberg | Havelberg Cathedral | largely rebuilt in a Gothic style after a fire in 1279–1330 | ||
Jueterbog | town hall | |||
Monastery | ||||
Jüterbog OT Zinna | Zinna Monastery | Main construction period from 1220 | former Cistercian monastery | |
Lehnin | Lehnin Monastery | from the end of the 12th century, consecrated in 1262 or 1270 | ||
Prenzlau | Marienkirche | Two construction phases: 1289 to 1340 with lower tower floors in field stone, 15th century ( Hinrich Brunsberg ) East gable with freely placed tracery, here made of brick, otherwise a specialty of the stone Gothic |
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Salzwedel | St. Catherine's | Begun in 1280 and completed around 1500 | ||
St. Mary | Gothic new building 1350–1550 instead of a Romanesque predecessor | |||
Monk church | Begun in 1250 | former Franciscan monastery, cloister available | ||
former town hall old town | Begun in 1509 | |||
City fortifications (Steintor, Neuperver Tor) | ||||
Stendal | Marienkirche | |||
St. Nicholas Cathedral | 1423 to the middle of the 15th century | |||
town hall | Gothic part early 15th century | |||
City fortifications ( Tangermünder Tor , Uenglinger Tor ) | ||||
Tangermünde | town hall | around 1430 | ||
Stephanskirche | 14th Century | |||
City fortifications ( Eulenturm , Neustädter Tor , Elbtor ) | 14th to 15th century | |||
Advertise (Elbe) | St. Johannis | 15th century with older parts | Hall church with a roof that can be seen from afar | |
Elbtor (city fortifications) | around 1470 | |||
Wittstock / Dosse | Marienkirche | 13th to 15th centuries |
Lower Saxony and Bremen
place | Building | construction time | Remarks | photo |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bardowick | "Dom" Peter and Paul | 1389-1485 | ||
Braunschweig | Libry | 1413-1422 | oldest library building in Germany | |
Bremen | St. Martini | late goth. Remodeling in 1384 |
from 1229/1230 initially built as a basilica, late Gothic conversion to a hall church, some sandstone on the tower and some buttresses |
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town hall | Gothic 1405–1410 | red and dark glazed brick, sandstone sculptures original Gothic furnishings from 1410, 1608–1612 conversion to the Weser Renaissance , Gothic windows preserved on the narrow sides; World Heritage 2004 |
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Bunde , Ldkr. Leer |
reformed Church | around 1200 and 1270/80 | Romanesque nave, Romano-Gothic eastern section, 19th century tower | |
Ebstorf | monastery | 14th Century | Premonstratensian, later Benedictine convent | |
Eilsum , Krummhörn , district Aurich |
Eilsumer Church | 1230-1260 | Romano-Gothic : windows and panels with partly round, partly slightly pointed arches staggered in height on the longitudinal facades, inside with pointed arched ribbed vaults ; the only choir tower in East Frisia | |
Hanover | Market Church | 14th Century | ||
Hude | monastery | 13th Century | ruin today | |
Luneburg | St. Johannis | 1300-1370 | one of the few churches in Germany with parallel longitudinal roofs. This roof arrangement is common in Gdansk and Flanders | |
town hall | 1247 Council Chapel (formerly Heiliggeistkapelle), 1328–1337 Council Chamber, Gewandhaus, wine cellar, 1476–1482 “Treasury building”, 1567–1582 New Town Hall (Gothic outside, Renaissance inside); 1762 collapse and rebuilding of the market front | |||
Michaeliskirche | around 1375 | |||
Nikolaikirche | 1407-1440 | |||
Marienhafe | Marienkirche | Mid 13th century | built as a three-aisled basilica with a transept; In 1829, due to dilapidation, the choir, transept, side aisles and tall nave walls were demolished and the tower lowered, therefore all outer walls except for the tower redesigned. Tower formerly also sea mark . |
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Uelzen | St. Marien Church Uelzen | 13-14 century | ||
Verden | Dom | 1290-1323 and 1473-1490 |
Tower in the middle of the 12th century from the previous Romanesque building, choir and south transept faced with sandstone, above two-tone brick and plastered panels |
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Wienhausen | Wienhausen Monastery | 13th and 14th centuries | Cistercian convent |
North Rhine-Westphalia
D-NR is the page number in the Dehio-Handbuch Nordrhein-Westfalen I - Rheinland (2005)
place | Building | construction time | Remarks | photo |
---|---|---|---|---|
Brühl , between Cologne and Bonn |
St. Margaret Church D-NR p. 218 f. |
Middle of the 14th century | southernmost Gothic brick church near the Rhine ; Basilica; Gothic tower and nave between 1332 and 1349, neo-Gothic 1885–1887 choir, transept and the buttresses of the nave |
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Burlo ( bark ) |
St. Mary | 13-15 Century | restored in the 17th century; Cistercian, since 1921 oblate monastery | |
Dusseldorf | St. Lambertus Church | 1370-1394 |
helped brick to break through in church construction on the Lower Rhine, hall church with three parallel naves and roofs, tuff tower, founded as a collegiate church |
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Kreuzherrenkirche | from 1443 | 2-aisled hall church | ||
Goch | St. Mary Magdalene Church | Tower replaced moderately modern after collapse | ||
House for the five rings | ||||
John Convention | Long-hidden brick only brought to light again in the 21st century | |||
Kalkar , Kleve district |
St. Nicolai Church | 15th century |
more than half of the south side is faced with tuff stone; Hall church |
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town hall | 1446 | |||
Town houses:
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Lechenich, Erftstadt |
Lechenich State Castle | 1308 | oldest large brick building in the German Lower Rhine region | |
Wolbeck , City of Munster |
Drostenhof | Gatehouse 1545 | Gatehouse late Gothic, main building early Renaissance |
Belgium
The widespread use of yellow brick in the Flemish brick Gothic is explained by the fact that in many places clay deposits were scooped up to greater depths where the iron content is lower.
(CC) are links to the picture collections in the sister project Wikimedia Commons .
OE are the often detailed descriptions in the monument database of the Flemish monument authority Agentschap O nroerend E rfgoed (Immovable Heritage Agency) .
place | Building | construction time | Remarks | photo |
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Antwerp , in the Middle Ages Hzm. Brabant |
Vleeshuis (meat shop) (CC) OE 4678 |
from 1501 | Brick core masonry, outer skin change of layers of stone and brick |
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Beersel , Flemish Brabant |
Beersel Castle OE 38873 |
1300-1310 u. 1491-1506 |
after being destroyed in the Brussels uprising (1488–1489), rebuilt in Gothic-Renaissance transitional style | |
Bruges , West Flanders |
Old town as a world cultural heritage | The historic old town of Bruges has been declared a World Heritage Site because of its brick Gothic. | ||
Belfry and halls OE 29457 |
Brick end of 13th century - end of 15th century |
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St. Salvator's Cathedral OE 29716 |
yellow brick, choir since 1275, transept since 1360, current nave and aisles 1481–1557 |
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Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekerk OE 82359 |
Tower around or from 1280 |
With the exception of the west facade, the church is essentially made of brick | ||
Sint-Janshospitaal (CC) OE 82360 |
Gothic hospital rooms 2nd half of the 13th century, Corneliuskapel 15th century |
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Damme , West Flanders |
Huyse de Grote Sterre (CC) OE 78680 |
15th century | Core older | |
Enghien , Prov. Hainaut |
Saint-Nicolas Church (CC) , MB 55010-CLT-0002-01 |
14th century | ||
Ghent , East Flanders |
Bijloke Abbey (CC) OE 20338 |
Brick 1316-1323 |
the older 11 yoke long hospital ward made of Tournai limestone , the younger “Craekhuys” made of brick | |
Heers , Belgian Limburg |
Heers Castle (CC) OE 32027 |
late 15th - early 16th century |
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Hoogstraten , Prov. Antwerp , in the MA Hzm. Brabant |
Sint-Catharinakerk (CC) OE 46578 |
1525-1550 | ||
Kortrijk , West Flanders |
Groeningeabdij (CC) OE 59636 |
End of the 16th century | especially the former dormitory | |
Poperinge , West Flanders |
Sint-Bertinuskerk (CC) OE 31244 |
15th century | Hall church with parallel longitudinal roofs | |
Sint-Janskerk (CC) OE 31213 |
13-15 Century | stabilized in the 19th century and changed somewhat | ||
Onze-Lieve-Vrouwkerk (CC) OE 30986 |
End of the 13th to 14th centuries | Hall church with parallel longitudinal roofs |
Denmark
FBB are entries in the official Danish monument portal F redede og B evarensværdige B byygninger (Protected and worthy of preservation buildings)
NM is the N ational M issued useet (Nationalmuseium) Compendium Danmarks Kirker , whose detailed descriptions are building retrieve PDF.
Trap = Statistics-Topographisk Beskrivelse af Kongeriket Danmark (statistical-topographical description of the Kingdom of Denmark), started by State Secretary Jens Peter Trap , later continued by H. Weitemeyer, V. Falbe-Hansen and H. Westergaard. The 3rd edition (Trap3) contains detailed building descriptions and is available non-commercially on the Internet.
place | Building | construction time | Remarks | photo |
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Aalborg , North Jutland |
Budolfi Church | around 1450 | all white geschlämmter brick; northern chapel and 14 meters of the choir added in 1942–1944 |
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Aalborgs Monastery (CC) | this wing 1506 | |||
Aarhus , Central Jutland |
Dom | End of the 14th century to 1500 |
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Vor Frue Kirke | Middle of the 13th century to 1500 |
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Faxes | Fax Kirke | 15th century | common in the east of the island of Zealand : the combination of brick with strips of chalk blocks | |
Haderslev , southern Jutland |
St. Mary's Cathedral | Mid-14th century to 1440 |
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Elsinore | Carmelite monastery with St. Mary's Church |
since 1430 | is considered the best preserved monastery in Northern Europe | |
Horsens , east coast of central Jutland |
Horsens Klosterkirke , NM (→ PDF) |
1261-1275 | ||
Copenhagen (København) |
Helligåndshuset (CC) (Holy Spirit Hospital) FBB 3100443 |
around 1470 | ||
Løgumkloster , Tønder Kom. Other places see below |
Løgum Monastery / Lügum D-NO p. 285 , NM (→ PDF) |
1225-1325 |
Most important Cistercian monastery in Jutland, begun in Romanesque, completed in early Gothic, all brick |
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Mariager , Mariagerfjord , North Jutland |
Mariager Abbey Church (CC) | 15th century | former monastery u. Pilgrimage church, white washed brick |
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Næstved | Sankt Peders Kirke (CC) , NM (→ PDF) |
12th to 14th century |
built on the ground of an earlier Romanesque church; the Gothic pseudo-basilica has hardly been changed since 1375. |
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Old Town Hall (CC) FBB 10050069 | 15th century | |||
Nykøbing Mors , Mors Island in the Limfjord |
Dueholm Kloster (CC) , NM (→ PDF) , FBB 19725715 |
founded in 1370 | white putty brick; | |
Odense | St. Knud | |||
Randers |
Sankt Morten Kirke (CC) , Trap 3-4, p 788 / 789 |
1490-1520 | former abbey church, today's Gothic church instead of an older stone church; Tower 1795–1797 |
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Ribe , Esbjerg municipality , southern Jutland |
St. Mary's Cathedral | in the 12th and 13th centuries Romanesque made of tuff, sandstone and granite; later extended with brick in Gothic style; significant changes in the 19th century |
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Tapdrup, Viborg Municipality |
Tapdrup Kirke (CC) Trap 3-4, p. 689 |
not a "masterpiece", but typical of Jutland: small village church of high quality granite block-masonry with sophisticated granite portal, simple Gothic brick tower white elutriated , down from reused blocks |
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Viborg , Central Jutland |
Domprovstegården (CC) | End of 15th century | Residence of the dean of the cathedral | |
Gråbrødreklosteret (CC) (Gråbrødreklosteret) |
13th century | Changes since 1545 |
Estonia
place | Building | construction time | Remarks | photo |
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Tartu (Dorpat) | Dom | 15th century | destroyed in the Northern War ; in the eastern part of the ruin, today the university museum . Original height of the towers 66 meters (today 22 meters) | |
Johanniskirche | Early 14th century | Terracotta sculptures |
Finland
place | Building | construction time | Remarks | photo |
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Espoo | Dom | Parts in brick Gothic | ||
Hämeenlinna | Häme Castle | 1300-1450 | ||
Hattula | Holy Cross Church | |||
Porvoo | Dom | |||
Turku | Dom | |||
Marienkirche |
France - Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments
place | Building | construction time | Remarks | photo |
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Arras Pas-de-Calais |
Hôtel Les Trois Luppars (House of the Three Leopards) (CC) |
1467 | ||
Dunkerque (Dunkirk), North department |
Belfry of Dunkirk | 1233 | In the middle of the 15th century; Part of the Belfries World Heritage Site in Belgium and Northern France ; resembles the tower of St. Mary's Church in Gdańsk |
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Saint-Eloi Church (CC) | 1450 and 1560 | initially attached to the existing belfry; after a fire of 1558 enlarged but rebuilt without connection to the tower |
Latvia
place | Building | construction time | Remarks | photo |
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Riga | Old town | On the UNESCO World Heritage List | ||
Dom | 13th Century | |||
St. Petri | 13-15 century | Basilica choir without buttresses, resembles the somewhat older one of the Martinikerk in Groningen | ||
St. Jakobi | 13th Century | |||
St. John | 15th century | former Dominican Church | ||
House of the Blackheads | Torn down after being destroyed in World War II, reconstructed true to the original from 1993–1999 |
Lithuania
place | Building | construction time | Remarks | photo |
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Vilnius | Anna Church | Late Gothic | ||
Kaunas | Dom | Construction from 1408 | ||
Trakai | Castle | 14th Century | Seat of the Lithuanian Grand Dukes and bulwark against the Teutonic Order |
Netherlands
This compilation is a selection from those buildings that are not only described in detail for their locations in the multi-volume monument compendium Monuments in Nederland , but are also highlighted in the introductory chapters of their provinces.
(CC) are links to the picture collections in the sister project Wikimedia Commons .
RCE are the entries in the monument database of the R ijksdienst voor het C ultureel Erfgoed (Reich Service for Cultural Heritage) .
With the Reformation, patronage was abolished in the Netherlands . Today the official and the medieval name of a church are often connected by "of" (or) .
place | Building | construction time | Remarks | photo |
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Aardenburg , Sluis , Zeeland |
Prot. Sint-Bavo Kerk (CC) , RCE 6880 |
Ship 1220, hall choir mid-14th century |
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Aarle-Rixtel, Helmond , North Brabant |
Castle Croy (CC) , RCE 515752 |
15th century | ||
Aduard, Westerkwartier , Prov. Groningen |
"Abbey Church" (CC) RCE 7075 |
early 14th century |
former hospital ward, today prot. Village church, modernized in the early modern period, brought back to the medieval shape in the 20th century |
|
Amersfoort , Utrecht Province |
Sint-Joriskerk (CC) , RCE 7882 |
14th century - 1500 | ||
Koppelpoort (CC) RCE 7928 |
from approx. 1400 | from a water gate and two street gates | ||
Amerongen , Utrechtse Heuvelrug |
Prot. Andrieskerk (CC) , RCE 7755 |
Tower 1st half of the 16th century | great form along the lines of the Utrecht cathedral tower , however, independent of materials: red brick, and black brick. Tuff, shutter backgrounds with brick patterns |
|
Ten Boer , Prov. Groningen |
Monastery Church (CC) RCE 9779 |
13th century | early Gothic | |
Bolsward , Southwest Fryslân |
Grote of Martinikerk (CC) , RCE 9812 |
predominantly 14th century, tower 15th century |
Predecessor 11th century tufa; Pseudo-basilica | |
Culemborg , Gelderland , south bank of the Lek |
Grote of Sint-Barbarakerk (CC) , RCE 11551 |
14th century | Restored after a fire in the early 17th century | |
Stadhuis (City Hall) (CC) , RCE 11556 |
1534-1539 | |||
Elisabeth Weeshuis (Elisabeth Orphanage) (CC) , RCE 11545 |
since 1555 | |||
Delft , South Holland |
Oude kerk RCE 11970 |
1246 | leaning Tower | |
Nieuwe kerk , RCE 11872 |
1353 - circa 1445 |
after city fire v. Restored in 1536; outside aisles brick, choir high nave walls mixed with tuff, inside brick, wooden vaults; Tower tuff | ||
Deventer , Overijssel |
De Waag (CC) , RCE 12508 |
1528-1531 | ||
Groote- of Heilige Geestgasthuis (CC) , RCE 12518 |
||||
Doesburg , Gelderland |
Town Hall (CC) , RCE 13060 |
3rd V. 14th century a . 15th century |
||
Waaag (scales) (CC) , RCE 12999 |
Finished in 1478 . |
1947-'49 carefully restored and partially reconstructed | ||
Edam , North Holland |
Grote of Sint-Nicolaaskerk (CC) RCE 14320 |
15th century | ||
Elburg , Gelderland , southeast coast of the former Zuiderzee |
Grote of Sint-Nicolaaskerk (CC) , RCE 14896 |
since 1396 | Hall church with brick vaults | |
(former) Agnietenklooster (CC) , RCE 14772 , M-GE p.162 |
15th century | |||
Enkhuizen , North Holland |
Westerkerk (CC) RCE 15211 |
partly ribbons made of stone | ||
Garmerwolde , Ten Boer , Prov. Groningen |
Reformed village church (CC) RCE 9780 |
13th century | romano-gothic | |
Groningen |
Martinikerk RCE 18555 |
13th, 15th, 16th century | The basilical choir resembles the somewhat younger one of the Petrikirche in Riga , hall aisle with transverse roofs like the Martinikirche in Bremen , the tower inspired by the Utrecht Cathedral |
|
The Aa-kerk (CC) RCE 18423 |
13-15 Century | |||
House Brugstraat 24 (CC) RCE 18433 |
15th century | the only barely preserved Gothic town house in the city | ||
The Hague South Holland |
Grote Kerk , RCE 16115 |
14.- u. v. a. 15th century |
||
Ridderzaal , RCE 17475 |
1256-1296 | Early Gothic, in the Middle Ages residence of the County of Holland , today one of the central places of political life in the Netherlands |
||
Haarlem , North Holland |
Amsterdamse Poort = Spaanwouderpoort RCE 19771 |
1355 | ||
Hasselt , Zwartewaterland , Overijssel |
Grote of Sint-Stephanuskerk (CC) , RCE 20900 |
14./15. Century | ||
Hilvarenbeek , North Brabant |
St-Petrus'-Bandenkerk (CC) , RCE 22152 |
14th century nave, transept, choir a. 15th century tower, enlarged in the 16th century. | ||
Hoorn , North Holland |
Noorderkerk (CC) RCE 22452 |
1441-1519 | Hall church | |
Kampen , Overijssel |
Bovenkerk (CC) , RCE 23053 |
14./15. Century | Brick and stone | |
Koornmarktpoort (CC) , RCE 23445 |
14th century | |||
Leiden , South Holland |
Pieterskerk (CC) , RCE 25446 M-SH pp. 304-305 |
around 1400–1565 | late Gothic, older predecessor buildings | |
Medemblik , North Holland |
Radboud Castle , RCE 28386 |
1288 | built to control the part of the Frisians west of the Zuiderzee ; less than a quarter of the medieval Plant received; heavily restored |
|
Middelburg , Zeeland |
Prot.Koorkerk (Choir Church) (CC) , RCE 28672 , M-ZE 159 ff. |
late Gothic, from the transept of the abbey church from the 13th century. | ||
Oirschot , North Brabant |
Petruskerk , RCE 31282 |
1462 – early 16th century | western parts with many house bindings ( layers of bacon ) | |
Oosterhout , North Brabant |
Sint-Janskerk , RCE 31673 |
15th century, tower 1519–1527 | 1880–1882 enlarged in the neo-Gothic style | |
Rotterdam , South Holland |
Grote of Sint-Laurenskerk , RCE 32783 / 32782 |
Ship 1461–1475, choir 1488–1500, transept 1491–1513, side aisle sagged a. 152 0 renovated, tower shaft 1547–1555, upper floor made of sandstone 1645 |
||
Roermond , NL Limburg |
Christoffelkathedraal , RCE 32552 |
15./16. Century | basilic ship, hall choir | |
House Drehans (CC) , RCE 32550 , M-LI p. 307 |
1520 | |||
Sluis , Zeeland |
Town hall u. Belfry (CC) , RCE 33890 , M-ZE p.230 |
1393-1396 | the only brick belfry in the Netherlands, a lot of yellow brick, some red brick and some stone; Much has been reconstructed after severe destruction in World War II; |
|
Termunten , Delfzijl , Prov. Groningen |
Ursuskerk (CC) RCE 35003 |
2nd half of the 13th century | romano-gothic | |
Utrecht | Buurkerk (CC) , RCE 18353 , M-UT pp. 227-228 |
13-15 Century | ||
Tower house Achter de Dom 7, RCE 35976 |
around 1400 | Probably built as a chapter house of Oudmunster, extended to the west by a gable roof around 1500 |
||
Leeuwenbergh Gasthuis, RCE 18333 |
1567 | donated as a plague hospital | ||
Paushuize (Papal House) (CC) RCE 36215 |
1517 | erected for the provost Adriaan Florisz Boeyens, who later became Pope Hadrian VI. ; later a baroque balcony was added |
||
Oudaen, RCE 36501 |
early 14th century | |||
several houses on the "Oudegracht" RCE 31042 , RCE 36503 RCE 36532 , RCE 36569 |
||||
Venlo , NL Limburg |
Grote of Sint-Martinuskerk (CC) , RCE 37159 |
1480 | 1532 earthquake damage to the tower, 1950 repair of the damage from the Second World War |
|
Romerhuis (CC) , RCE 37179 , M-LI p. 389 |
1521 | |||
Weert , NL Limburg |
Sint-Martinuskerk (CC) , RCE 38446 |
1456 | Hall church, Kempic Gothic | |
Westkapelle , Veere , Zeeland |
Westkapelle lighthouse (Oberfeuer) , RCE 38855 |
Tower 1409/1410 | formerly church tower, ship demolished in 1831; striking resemblance to the Dunkirk belfry and the tower of St. Mary's Church in Gdańsk |
|
Winschoten , Oldambt |
Marktpleinkerk (Market Church) (CC) RCE 39011 |
13-15 Century | romano-gothic | |
Workum / Warkum , Southwest Fryslân |
Grote of Sint-Gertrudiskerk (CC) RCE 39458 |
1480-1560 | ||
Zeerijp , Loppersum |
Ref. Jacobuskerk (CC) RCE 40306 |
early 14th century | cruciform floor plan | |
Zutphen | Broederenkerk (Brothers Church) (CC) , RCE 41172 |
early 14th century | ||
Town houses | ||||
Drug apstors (tower) (CC) , RCE 41393 |
1444-1446 | originally "Saltpoort" (salt gate) | ||
Zwolle , Overijssel |
Broerenkerk (Brethren Church) (CC) , RCE 41549 |
1465 | former Dominican monastery | |
Sassenpoort (Sachsentor) (CC) , RCE 41788 |
1409 |
Poland
ZAB - Zabytek.pl is the current portal of the Polish monument authority Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa . It replaces the older voivodeship lists and is still under construction.
place | Building | construction time | Remarks | photo |
---|---|---|---|---|
Allenstein | Castle of the cathedral chapter | 2nd half of the 14th century | Ordensburg; converted into a castle in the 15th and 16th centuries | |
St. Jacob's Cathedral | before 1445 | late Gothic hall church | ||
Breslau (Wrocław) [s. Dehio-Handbuch Poland - Schlesien pp. 1052–1145], Woi. Lower Silesia |
Wroclaw Cathedral | 1234-1341 |
outside some ashlar decorations , inside more exposed brick than in most of the large churches in the Baltic Sea cities; later repairs |
|
town hall | 13. u. 15th century | Ingredients in the 19th century | ||
Holy Cross Church | 1288 - 1st half of the 14th century |
|||
Elisabeth Church | 1309-1387 | |||
Magdalenenkirche | 1355-1360 | |||
Dorotheenkirche | 1351-1401 | |||
Cammin | St. John's Cathedral | Gothic 15th century |
around 1175 Romanesque, basilica |
|
Czersk , Powiat Piaseczno , Mazovia |
Residence of the Dukes of Mazovia (CC) ZAB | 1388-1410 | Destroyed in the Swedish Flood , ruins since then | |
Gdansk World Heritage Site |
Marienkirche | 1343-1502 | one of the three largest brick churches north of the Alps and two largest hall churches in the world; Tower resembles the Belfry of Dunkirk and the tower of Westkapelle |
|
Nikolaikirche | 1348– early 15th century |
In 1227 by H. Swantopolk II. Handed over to the Dominican Hyacinth of Poland , expansion from 1260, reconstruction from 1348; parallel longitudinal roofs | ||
Katharinenkirche | 1230, 1336-80 |
parish church as early as 1263, when it was conquered by the Dt. Order destroyed in 1308, fragl. Remains in the northeast part of the 14th century building; parallel longitudinal roofs | ||
Johanneskirche , D-NO p. 85 f. , POM p. 15 |
14.-15. Century | Construction of the tower interrupted in 1392 by the Teutonic Order; parallel longitudinal roofs | ||
Schlieffhaus | 1520 | Reconstruction from the 1970s; The original facade was only in Nuremberg , transported to Danzig in 1480 and erected there in 1520, demolished in 1822, now a cavalier house on Pfaueninsel in Berlin-Wannsee |
||
Crane gate | 1442-1444 | |||
Frauentor (Brama Mariacka) |
15th century | |||
Elblag | Nikolaikirche | 13. u. 15th century | Converted from a basilica to a hall church in the 15th century, rebuilt in a simplified manner after a lightning strike in 1737 (half eaves height and only one roof), after war destruction in 1945 then rebuilt with three roofs in 1969–1989, but height from 1737 |
|
Frauenburg | cathedral | 1343-1383 | ||
Gniezno | Cathedral of the Virgin Mary and Saint Adalbert | Gothic 1342–1415 |
Romanesque predecessor destroyed by the Teutonic Order, then Gothic brick basilica, north tower completed in 1512; Baroque in the 17th century |
|
Kolberg | St. Mary's Cathedral | 1288-1397 | ||
Königsberg / Neumark , (today Chojna ) |
town hall | 15th century | ||
Marienkirche | 1389-1459 | Masterpiece by Hinrich Brunsberg , all medieval terracotta figures lost, tower collapsed in 1843 and then replaced in the neo-Gothic style, restored without vaults after being destroyed in World War II |
||
Krakow World Heritage Site |
Marienkirche | 1321-1331, 14./15. Century |
Hall church | |
Wawel | 13-16 Century | Royal residence and symbol of Polish royalty, stands on a limestone cliff and, despite later changes, includes several Gothic brick buildings |
||
Corpus Christi Church | 1385-1405 | |||
Katharinenkirche | 1342-1426 | Augustinian monastery | ||
Old synagogue | around 1550 | inside two-aisled Gothic hall, plastered | ||
Collegium Maius (Krakow) | 15th century | oldest part of the Jagiellonian University | ||
Barbican | 15th century | |||
Chełmno (Kulm) | Marienkirche | 1290-1333 | ||
St. Peter and Paul | 13. u. 14th century | former Dominican Church | ||
Legnica (Liegnitz), Woi. Lower Silesia |
Church of Our Lady | 1386 | Evangelical Parish Church ( Augsburg Confession ) | |
Łomża , Woi. Podlaskie |
Cathedral (CC) , PDL p. 41 |
1504-1525 | Rebuilt after destruction in the Swedish Flood in a mixture of Gothic and early Baroque, the brick ribs of the Gothic star and net vaults of the central nave have been preserved | |
Marienburg | Marienburg | 1276 to the end of the 14th century |
on the UNESCO World Heritage List ; the Marienburg Ordensburg is the largest secular building in brick Gothic | |
Oliwa , city of Gdansk |
Oliva Cathedral | 13th century |
Cistercian Church, founded under the Gdansk Pomerania dukes , repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt, überw. Gothic, designs from Romanesque to early Baroque |
|
Oświęcim (Auschwitz), Woi. Lesser Poland |
Church of Our Lady Help | 14th century | Gallery - relay hall | |
Piotrków Trybunalski , Łódź Voivodeship |
Royal Castle (CC) | 1512-1519 | late Gothic with transition to the Renaissance | |
Poznan , Woi. Greater Poland |
St. Peter and Paul Cathedral | 14./15. Century | ||
House of the Psalterers (CC) | 1518 | founded by the Poznan Bishop Jan Lubrański | ||
Racibórz (Ratibor), Woi. Silesia , Dehio SLS p. 99 |
Heiliggeistkirche (CC) | 14th century | 1810 profaned , urban museum today | |
Sandomierz , Heiligkreuz Voivodeship |
Cathedral (CC) | 1360 | 1670 partly rebuilt (facade) | |
Royal Castle (CC) | 14th century | partly rebuilt in 1520 in the Renaissance style | ||
Sieradz , Woi. Łódź |
Collegiate Church (CC) | 1370 | rebuilt in the 17th century with baroque changes, pseudo-basilica . |
|
Szczecin | Jacob's Cathedral | between 1375 and 1504 |
several construction phases | |
town hall | 15th century | in the meantime baroque and plastered except for a portal, after destruction in the Second World War it was restored in a free imitation of the medieval. State |
||
Śrem , Woi. Greater Poland |
K. NMP Wniebowziętej (Assumption of Mary) (CC) |
15th century | 16th century tower. | |
Thorn | Old town | World Heritage | ||
Marienkirche | 1350-1370 | former Franciscan Church | ||
town hall | 14th century | raised by one floor in the 19th century | ||
Deutschordensburg | 13th to early 15th Century |
Destroyed by the citizens of Thorner in the Thirteen Years War in 1454, preserved as a ruin and recently restored |
||
Junkerhof (Dwór Mieszczański - "Bürgerhof") |
from 1489 | Second clubhouse of the St. George Brotherhood in the city, built from bricks from the destroyed Ordensburg | ||
Dybów Castle | 1424-1428 | Polish border fortress on the left bank of the Vistula opposite the old town of Thorner, originally part of Kujawy |
||
Warsaw (Warszawa) |
St. John's Cathedral | 14th century | Completely destroyed by the German Wehrmacht after the Warsaw Uprising , rebuilt in 1947–1957 in Mazovian Gothic, clear deviations from the pre-war state | |
Włościejewki, Gm. Książ Wielkopolski , P. Śrem , W. Greater Poland |
K. Niepokal. Poczęcia NMP (Uncommon Conception) (CC) |
Beginning 16th century | Panels filled with tracery |
Russia (Kaliningrad Region)
place | Building | construction time | Remarks | photo |
---|---|---|---|---|
Königsberg (since 1946 Kaliningrad) | Dom | 1330-1380 | Badly damaged in 1944, restored from 1992 | |
Balga , East Prussia (near Wesjoloje) | Ordensburg Balga | from 1239 | a ruin for centuries |
Sweden
place | Building | construction time | Remarks | photo |
---|---|---|---|---|
Danmark (in the east of Uppsala) | Parish church | 14th and 15th centuries | ||
Helsingborg | Saint Mary's Church (Helsingborg) | |||
Lund | St. Peter monastery church | Around 1300 | ||
Malmo | Petrikirche | |||
Ronneby | Holy Cross Church | |||
Sigtuna | Saint Mary's Church | A former monastery church in the city | ||
Skänninge | Vårfrukyrkan (the Church of Our Lady) | |||
Håbo | Skokloster, old monastery church | |||
Söderköping | St. Laurentius Church | |||
Stockholm | Nikolaikirche | Externally reworked to a baroque plastered building in 1740 in order to be more similar to the castle; Gothic brick features preserved inside. - Bernt Notkes St. Jürgen with the dragon as a late Gothic monumental sculpture | ||
Riddarholmskyrkan | Late 13th century | A former monastery church and grave church of the Swedish royal family | ||
Strängnäs | Strängnäs Cathedral | |||
Tensta, in the north of Uppsala | Parish church | |||
Uppsala | Uppsala Cathedral | 13-15 century | The towers and other special parts of the cathedral are now changed after the restoration in the 19th century | |
Trinity Church | ||||
Vadstena | Mårten Skinnare's house | Late Middle Ages, changed in the 18th century | The original roof and stepped gable were removed in the 18th century. | |
Originally a royal palace, later part of the Vadstena monastery and then a hospital | Middle of the 13th century, changed in the 14th century | The roof was built lower to look more modest after the building was given to the monastery. | ||
Västerås | Västerås Cathedral | 13-15 century | ||
Vaxjo | Växjö Cathedral | Special parts of the cathedral are similar to the brick Gothic | ||
Ystad | Marienkirche | 13-15 century | ||
Franciscan monastery | Late 13th to 15th centuries | |||
Old Latin school |
See also
- Comprehensive list of Gothic brick buildings
literature
- Hans Josef Böker: The medieval brick architecture of Northern Germany . Darmstadt 1988. ISBN 3-534-02510-5 .
- Angela Pfotenhauer, Elmar Lixenfeld: Brick Gothic . Monuments edition. Monument publications of the German Foundation for Monument Protection, Bonn 2000. Revised. Edition 2005 4 . ISBN 978-3-936942-10-1 .
- Gerhard Vinken, Barbara Rimpel u. a .: Georg Dehio : Handbook of German Art Monuments. Brandenburg. 2012, ISBN 978-3-422-03123-4 (texts on the individual buildings are also available via the monument database of the state of Brandenburg, see links in the list).
- Gerd Weiß (edit.): Georg Dehio: Handbook of German Art Monuments. Bremen and Lower Saxony. 1992, ISBN 3-422-03022-0 .
- Hans-Christian Feldmann, Barbara Rimpel et al .: Georg Dehio: Handbook of German Art Monuments. Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. 2016, ISBN 978-3-422-03128-9 .
- Johannes Habich u. a .: Georg Dehio: Handbook of German Art Monuments. Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein. 2009, ISBN 978-3-422-03120-3 .
- Claudia Euskirchen u. a .: Georg Dehio: Handbook of German Art Monuments. North Rhine-Westphalia I. Rhineland. 2005, ISBN 3-422-03093-X .
- Ursula Quednau u. a .: Georg Dehio: Handbook of German Art Monuments. North Rhine-Westphalia II. Westphalia. 2016, ISBN 978-3-422-03114-2 .
- Ute Bednarz, F. Cremer u. a .: Georg Dehio: Handbook of German Art Monuments. Saxony-Anhalt I. District of Magdeburg. 2002, ISBN 3-422-03069-7 .
- Ute Bednarz u. a .: Georg Dehio: Handbook of German Art Monuments. Saxony-Anhalt II. Westphalia. 1999, ISBN 3-422-03065-4 .
- Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaur's cultural guide in color Poland . Munich 1995. ISBN 3-426-26492-7 .
- Ernst Badstübner (edit.): Georg Dehio Handbook of Art Monuments in Poland. Silesia. Modifications made by Slawomir Brzezicki. Munich 2005. ISBN 3-422-03109-X .
- Christofer Hermann, Dethard von Winterfeld (ed.): Medieval architecture in Poland , 2 volumes, Michael Imhoff Verlag, Petersberg 2015, ISBN 978-3-7319-0087-0
- Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaur's cultural guide in color Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania . Munich 1993. ISBN 3-426-26608-3 .
- Marianne Mehling (Ed.): Knaur's cultural guide in color: Finland . Munich 1988. ISBN 3-426-26248-7 .
- Ronald Stenvert, Chris Kolman, Ben Olde Meierink, Margreet Tholens…: Monuments in Nederland , 12 volumes (1996–2006), available as PDF for free download from the digital library voor de Nederlandse letteren
- Johannes Cramer and Dorothée Sack (eds.): Technology of brick construction in Europe in the Middle Ages , 2004/2005, ISBN 978-3-937251-99-8 , among others:
- Jens Christian Holst: Stone or not stone? Brick and natural stone in the southern Baltic region during the Middle Ages.
- Jürg Goll: Brick building in the central Alpine region. (Focus on pre-Romanesque and Romanesque)
- Claudia Trummer: Bricks in the periphery? Romanesque brick buildings in Saxony and southern Brandenburg.
- Jan van der Hoeve: Brick in the Netherlands. (Focus on Romanesque, but also Gothic)
- David Andrews: The use and manufacture of brick in eastern England in the Middle Ages.
- Roosemarie Wilcken (Hg,): Brick Architecture VII (Congress report of the 12th and 13th international Brick Architecture Congress in Wismar, Monumente Publications), without ISBN
- Vincent Debonne: Brick Building in medieval Flanders
- Karel Emmens: The beginnings of brick building in the county of Holland, Utrecht Abbey and the Frisian countries (with examples up to the early 14th century)
- Jan van der Hoeve: Small and fine, brick in the northern Netherlands 1350–1850
Web links
Remarks
- ↑ E.g. Angela Pfotenhauer, Florian Monheim, Carola Nathan: Brick Gothic . Monuments edition. Monument publication of the German Foundation for Monument Protection, Bonn 2000, ISBN 3-935208-00-6 ; Hans Josef Böker: The medieval brick architecture of Northern Germany . Darmstadt 1988. ISBN 3-534-02510-5
- ↑ cf. Georg Dehio: Handbook of German Art Monuments - Northeast Germany (1906)
- ↑ Sint-Petruskerk in Gijverinkhove, Gem. Alveringem , West Flanders: Hall church with parallel longitudinal roofs, brick Gothic made of yellow brick
- ↑ gemeinden.erzbistum-koeln.de
- ^ Philippe Sosnowska: La brique en Brabant aux XIIIe – XVe siècles (PDF at academia.edu) with a discussion of Beersel Castle in the introduction
- ^ UNESCO "Culture" World Heritage Center - Historic Center of Brugge
- ↑ enghien-edingen.be - Patrimoine - L'Eglise Saint-Nicolas
- ↑ Poperinge (prov. West-Vlaanderen), Sint-Janskerk. Bouwhistorisch onderzoek van de dakkap: grootsendeels in baksteen gebouwd
- ↑ Onze-Lieve-Vrouwkerk Poperinge
- ↑ a b Aalborg Domkirke - BUDOLFI KIRKE / KLOSTERKIRKEN / STENENS FORTÆLLING, → German description available as PDF
- ↑ National Museum - Danmarks Kirker: Fakse Kirke (→ PDF)
- ↑ National Museum - Danmarks Kirker: Skt. Marie Kirke, Helsingør (→ PDF)
- ↑ viborgmuseum.dk
- ↑ viborg-kloster.dk
- ↑ www.beffrois.com: Beffroi de Dunkerque (Saint-Eloi)
- ^ UNESCO: Gdansk - Town of Memory and Freedom
- ↑ The largest of all Gothic brick churches is the Basilica of San Petronio in Bologna , Italy . It has an unfinished marble facade in front of the north gable, but inside pillars and vault ribs made of exposed brick.
- ^ UNESCO: Historic Center of Kraków
- ↑ The Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, Museum in Racibórz - The Church of the Holy Spirit ( Memento from August 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Maria Irena Kwiatkowska, Krystyna Kozłowska: Katedra św. Jana (St. John's Cathedral) ( pl ) 1978. pp. 241/242.