Timișoara

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Timișoara
Timisoara
Temesvár
Темишвар / Temišvar
Timisoara coat of arms
Timișoara (Romania)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : RomaniaRomania Romania
Historical region : Banat
Circle : Timiș
Coordinates : 45 ° 45 '  N , 21 ° 14'  E Coordinates: 45 ° 45 '22 "  N , 21 ° 13' 46"  E
Time zone : EET ( UTC +2)
Height : 90  m
Area : 130.5  km²
Residents : 319,279 (October 20, 2011)
Population density : 2,447 inhabitants per km²
Postal code : 300xxx
Telephone code : (+40) 02 56
License plate : TM
Structure and administration (as of 2016)
Community type : Municipality
Structure : ten boroughs
Mayor : Nicolae Robu ( PNL )
Postal address : Vol. CD Loga, no. 1
Timișoara, RO-300030
Website :

Timișoara ( [timiˈʃo̯ara] ? / I , German Temeswar , outdated also Temeschwar or Temeschburg , Hungarian Temesvár , Serbo-Croatian Темишвар / Temišvar ) is a city in western Romania , the capital of the Timiș district , seat of the planning region West and the historical, economic and cultural Center of the Temescher Banat . In 2011, the city had the third largest population in the country after Bucharest and just behind Cluj-Napoca . Danube Swabians were the largest ethnic group in the city until World War II . Audio file / audio sample    

geography

Timișoara with the neighboring towns of Arad , Reșița , Szeged ( Hungary )

Geographical location

Timișoara is located in the city center at an altitude of 84 (Intre Vii) to 95 meters (Ronaț) above sea ​​level on the southeastern edge of the Banat Heath as part of the Great Hungarian Plain . The black earth of the soil and the relatively low groundwater level determine the high fertility of the fields in the surrounding area.

As a result of the river straightening from the 18th century, the city is no longer on the Temesch river , but on the Bega . It is located in a seismically active area; earthquakes recorded here reached a magnitude of 6 on the Richter scale .

Expansion of the urban area

The city is the third largest city in Romania in terms of population after Bucharest and Cluj-Napoca. In 2004 the urban area covers an area of ​​12,927  hectares , of which 7,903 hectares are used for agriculture (7,131 hectares of arable land, 426.57 hectares of pastures, 223 hectares of hay meadows; 390 hectares of vineyards, 84.02 hectares of orchards). The non-agricultural area consists of 649 hectares of forest, 317 hectares of water and ponds, 2920 hectares of buildings, 1063 hectares of roads and 75 hectares of barren land.

Neighboring communities

Timișoara is the capital of Timiș County . The neighboring communities are Ghiroda in the east, Dumbrăvița in the north and west and Giroc in the south. The city is about 550 km from Bucharest, 170 km from Belgrade , and 300 km from Budapest .

City structure

Timișoara and its ten city districts (status 1992):

district Area in ha romanian name German name Hungarian name Incorporation map
I. 0480 Cetate Inner city Belváros City districts of Timisoara.jpg
II 1017 Fabric Factory town Gyárváros 1782
III 0668 Elisabeth Elisabethstadt Erzsébetváros 1890
IV 0442 Iosefin Josefstadt Józsefváros 1744
V 0205 Mehala Mehala Mehála 1910
VI 0231 Fratelia Fratelia Újkissoda 1948
VII 0156 Freidorf Freidorf Szabadfalu 1950
VIII 0067 Plopi Kardos colony Kardostelep 1951
IX 0072 Ghiroda Noua New Giroda Erzsébetpuszta 1951
X 0102 Ciarda Roșie Red sharda Vörös Csárda 1953

The larger city districts are in turn divided into further city districts without an administrative function:

Cetate: Zona Calea Aradului Est, Zona Calea Aradului Vest, Zona Tipografilor
Fabric: Braytim, Calea Buziașului, Fabrica de Zahăr, Kun (c) z, Zona Banat, Zona Lunei, Zona Dorobanților and Zona Ion Ionescu de la Brad
Elisabeth: Complex Studențesc, Plăvăț, Zona Girocului Est, Zona Girocului Vest, Zona Odobescu and Zona Soarelui
Iosefin: Cartier Dâmbovița, Calea Șagului Vest I, Calea Șagului Vest II and Zona industrială Solventul
Mehala: Anheuer, Ronaț (German: Ronatz or Ronaz), Weisz, Zona Bucovinei, Zona Circumvalațiunii,

Zona Blașcovici, Zona Matei Basarab and Zona Mircea cel Bătrân

Fratelia: Zona Steaua
Freidorf: Zona Ion Slavici, Neu-Freidorf

climate

Like the whole of the Banat, the city has a continental climate , with cold winters and hot summers, and spring is mostly short.

Mean air temperature (monthly mean to annual mean)
month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec yearly
1901-2000 −1.5 ° 0.6 ° 5.7 ° 11.1 ° 16.3 ° 19.6 ° 21.5 ° 20.9 ° 16.8 ° 11.2 ° 5.7 ° 1.2 ° 10.7 °
2005 0.0 ° −3.3 ° 3.4 ° 11.3 ° 16.9 ° 19.7 ° 22.1 ° 20.3 ° 17.3 ° 11.1 ° 4.6 ° 1.6 ° 10.4 °
Precipitation (monthly mean to annual mean in mm)
month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec yearly
1901-2000 39.1 37.5 36.5 48.2 63.4 81.0 58.3 51.5 43.9 49.7 48.7 49.4 583.9
2006 30.3 41.7 49.3 78.8 50.2 87.8 50.4 98.0 24.6 17.4 31.3 21.3 581.1
Maximum and minimum temperatures in the years 1901–2000
year 1926 1935 1938 1939 1946 1950 1952 1957 1979 1994
maximum 27.1 ° 33.8 ° 38.4 ° 39.6 ° 39.7 ° 34.5 ° 41.0 ° 20.2 ° 17.4 ° 20.5 °
year 1922 1927 1931 1932 1935 1949 1962 1963 1970 1971
minimum −15.4 ° −24.8 ° −5.2 ° −20.0 ° −29.2 ° 5.0 ° 5.9 ° −35.3 ° −1.9 ° −6.8 °

Further data:

Monthly averages for Timisoara
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Hours of sunshine ( h / d ) 2.3 3.3 5.0 6.2 7.8 8.7 9.7 9.0 7.3 5.7 2.9 1.8 O 5.8
Rainy days ( d ) 7th 7th 7th 8th 9 10 7th 6th 6th 5 8th 9 Σ 89
Humidity ( % ) 90 86 79 73 73 74 73 75 76 81 85 89 O 79.5
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
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Source: wetterkontor.de

history

From the founding of the city to the Second World War

The recapture of Timisoara Fortress by Eugene of Savoy , October 1716
Timisoara after Matthäus Seutter , (1678-1757)
Timisoara around 1890/1891, the former fortress foreland was not built up at the time

From 553 the Avars ruled over the area of ​​today's Timișoara for two hundred years and built a new settlement called Beguey , strategically located between the rivers Beghei Bega (Tisza) and Temesch , on the ruins of the former Roman fortification Zambara . After the Avars, the Pechenegs moved into the Banat. Also Cumans , Bulgarians and Vlachs were located here, followed by the Magyars at the end of the millennium. It is believed that the Timisoara fortress was built in Avar architecture as early as the 10th century and was surrounded by moats on the site of today's Timișoara National Theater and Opera House .

In 1154 Temeschburg was first mentioned in a document by the Arab geographer al-Idrisi . After the destruction by the Tatars in 1241, the Hungarian King Béla IV called German settlers to the depopulated land, who rebuilt the city. Under Charles Robert I , who ascended the Hungarian throne in 1311, Timișoara was already a populous and fortified city. He made the place his residence and ruled the Hungarian Empire from here for several years between 1316 and 1323. Destroyed again by an earthquake in 1443, Timisoara was conquered by the Ottomans in 1552 and part of the Ottoman Empire for 164 years .

After the Venetian-Austrian Turkish War and the conquest of the Banat by Habsburg Austria in 1716, the city was expanded into a fortress and garrison town (see also Haus zum Prinz-Eugen-Tor ) and remained under Austrian and later Austrian during the following two centuries -Hungarian rule. Temesvár has been plagued by several epidemics of plague and cholera in its history and besieged several times during wars. a. by the Turks and during the revolution of 1848 . In the 1750s, the city was the destination of the Temeswar water push . From 1849 to 1860 Timișoara was the capital of the crown land of the Voivodeship of Serbia and the Temescher Banat .

In the second half of the 19th century, Timișoara (which was in the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary from 1867 and was therefore officially called by its Hungarian name form) flourished economically and culturally, including the connection to the railway network (1857) and the canalization of the Bega made a significant contribution. Another major innovation was the horse tram that opened in 1869 ; after Budapest it was the second tram in the area of ​​old Hungary, the first in today's Romania and one of the first in the world. From November 12, 1884, after Paris , Nuremberg , Steyr and Berlin , the city was one of the first cities in Europe to have electric street lighting .

During the First World War Timișoara was spared combat operations, but was then the target of the clashes between the Kingdom of Serbia and Romania, to which the Allies had contractually guaranteed the entire Banat. Serbian troops occupied the city on November 14, 1918; on August 3, 1919 Romanian troops moved in while the Serbian units withdrew to their territory.

Romanian troops in Timișoara, August 3, 1919

The division of the Banat was sealed on June 4, 1920 in the Trianon Peace Treaty, in which the city of Romania was awarded. As a result, Timișoara lost part of its surrounding area and the state and infrastructural ties to the Central European region . This change, together with the economic crises of the interwar period, led to economic stagnation , from which Timișoara was only able to recover in the late 1920s and late 1930s.

During the Second World War, among other things, the Gara Timișoara Nord train station and the railway facilities were destroyed by an Allied bombing raid. After Romania changed sides , it came on 30./31. October 1944 to bombings by German air forces.

post war period

The population of German descent was the target of deportations of those able to work and of expropriations from January 15, 1945 to the end of 1949. After communist rule had established itself in 1948, the entire industry and large parts of the service sector were nationalized. The craft and service sectors were merged into cooperatives in the following decade , which completely changed the economic ownership structure in Timișoara.

After the Hungarian uprising at the end of October 1956, Romanian, Hungarian, German and other students took to the streets in the student uprising in Timișoara . Initially, their concern was the poor cafeteria food and the overcrowded dormitories, but at the spontaneous gathering of around 3,000 students, the distressed situation of the farmers, the exploitation of Romanian raw materials by the Soviet Union and similar problems were addressed. After many students were arrested at the demonstration, there was no support from the workers.

From the 1960s on, the structure of the industry changed. The consumer and light industry was increasingly neglected, while the heavy and producer goods industry, preferred for ideological reasons, was expanded and built up; For example, from 1960 in the heavy machinery combination U.MT, which had specialized in mining equipment and lifting equipment. The rapidly advancing industrialization was evident in industrial platforms such as those in the south-east of the city with chemical plants and factories for the manufacture of construction machinery. In the south there were companies in the building materials and energy industries, in the southwest those in the food industry and in the northeast in the mechanical engineering industry. The largest companies were: IAT, Electrotimiș, CP Solventul, Optica, IAEM, Electromotor, Electrobanat, Banatul or IRA Lack of modernization and maintenance as well as the lack of raw materials, the unstable energy supply situation and unrealistic production plans made life difficult for the workers. Timișoara experienced in the 1980s, along with the rest of Romania, a dramatic depletion of economic and social areas. In the city with one of the first electric street lights in Europe, 100 years after its introduction, no lamps were lit any more at night.

The Romanian Revolution of 1989

The Romanian revolution against the communist dictatorship Nicolae Ceaușescus had its origin in Timișoara. The trigger was the resistance of the Reformed Hungarian community in Elisabethstadt to the forced transfer of their pastor László Tőkés , against whom a guard was kept on December 14, 1989.

Numerous demonstrations and riots took place on December 15, 1989. The result was a massacre in Opera Square when the army and the Securitate shot at demonstrators, including children who gave their lives as the first victims of the revolution. The exact number of victims has not yet been clarified and leaves many questions unanswered. It is assumed that 153 deaths in Timisoara. The revolutionary events in Timișoara spread throughout the country and ultimately led to Ceaușescu being the only head of state to be forcibly overthrown as part of the revolutions in 1989 . Immediately after a show trial, he and his wife Elena were shot dead.

The Timișoara proclamation , in which the rebels from Timișoara set out their political goals on March 11, 1990, is to be regarded as the first document establishing a democratic Romania.

After the turn

After overcoming the lethargy of the 1980s and a relatively short transformation depression , the economic and social sectors recovered rapidly. An increasing upward trend has been noticeable and visible in the cityscape since 1996, as the city has proven to be attractive for international direct investment, especially from German-speaking and Italian regions.

German name variants of the city

In German usage the names Timisoara , Timisoara and Timisoara are known. Timisoara is mentioned many times in documents from the 14th and 15th centuries, for the first time in 1396 on the occasion of the battle of Nicopolis with the participation of King Sigmund against the Turks.

After the Peace of Passarowitz in 1718, the Temescher Banat was given a special status as a crown and chamber domain of the Habsburg monarchy , which took over the existing geographical names of the nobles there and named its capital Timisoara . There is no evidence of the use of the Temeschburg name variant in the Banat from the Habsburg era . Lexica published in Leipzig from 1732 and from the 1740s named Temeschburg as the current German name of the city. The name Timisoara developed in the Habsburg era based on the pronunciation of the Hungarian Temesvár and was mainly used in Austria, but is now considered out of date.

German name Timisoara on a map from 1769–1772

In the course of the 18th and 19th centuries, Timisoara was usually spelled with "w" in German-language texts. That changed in the course of Magyarization , in particular with the “enactment of the Place Name Act of February 5, 1898” by the Budapest Ministry of the Interior, according to which the city had to be spelled with “v” from now on. The Temesvarer newspaper , founded in 1852, already spelled itself with "v", although German was the official language in the Banat at the time. Vár means “castle” or “fortress” in Hungarian.

In the inter-war period , German national circles tried to give the Temeschburg variant more weight. With the strengthening of the National Socialist " innovators " in the Kingdom of Romania towards the end of the 1930s, which resulted from 1940 to 1944 in the sole, harmonized representation of the Romanian Germans by the "German People's Community in Romania", this designation established itself in the official German language of that time by. In the post-war period, the name retained its National Socialist echoes in the German-speaking diaspora and was frowned upon. Although Temeschburg was one of the official variants in Germany for a long time (the name was often used when naming the place of birth in German ID cards), Temesvar was the standard in Romanian-German public usage from 1948 at the latest.

In 1972, all forms of name in the languages ​​of the minorities of the Socialist Republic of Romania that did not represent the direct equivalent of the Romanian language were banned . Local German-language media, including the Neue Banater Zeitung , adopted the Timişoara spelling .

Today the name Timişoara has established itself in the public Romanian-German language.

population

Population density 2009

composition

In January 2009 Timișoara had 311,586 inhabitants with a population density of 2388 per km². The city is predominantly inhabited by Romanians (85.52 percent). But there are still many Magyars (7.5 percent), Germans (2.25 percent), Serbs (1.98 percent), Roma (0.96 percent), Swiss (0.5 percent) and Italians (0, 4 percent) in the city. According to an estimate by the German Consulate in Timisoara , around 10,000 Germans live in the city and the surrounding area.

Around 20 percent of the population are under 20 years of age, 4.0 percent are over 70 years old. Among the denominations, 79 percent are followers of the Orthodox faith, and 12.4 percent belong to the Roman Catholic Church. The Judaism in Timişoara has shrunk according to the 2002 census to only 367 people.

Population development

For centuries, the city has been shaped by the peaceful coexistence of different nationalities. The ethnic composition of the urban population changed frequently due to the changing nationality, and the Magyarization also played a role here. In the second half of the 19th century there was still a German and Hungarian majority and a very high Serbian population. In 1910 the proportion of the Romanian population was less than ten percent. Until about 1944 the Germans formed the largest population group.

In the post-war period, the city's population grew along with industry, mainly as a result of the influx of Romanians from Eastern and Southern Romania. In contrast, in the last phase of the communist regime, immigration from the surrounding area was forbidden, which in fact amounted to a ban on minorities. This fundamentally changed the ethnic structure. In addition, the number of Germans decreased due to the resettlement that began in the 1970s.

Since the mid-1990s, the population has been falling steadily due to a decline in the birth rate and the emigration of well-trained young skilled workers, particularly from the technical and IT sectors, as well as a slowly beginning suburbanization in the surrounding communities.

census Ethnic structure
year population Romanians German Hungary Serbs Jews Roma Slovaks Bulgarians Ukrainians Other ethnicities
1880 38,702 5188 21,121 7745 2487 ? ? 416 ? 29 1716
1890 45,948 5594 24,973 11,100 2363 ? ? 332 ? 27 1559
1900 60,551 6312 30,892 19,162 2730 ? ? 288 ? 13 1154
1910 74.003 7593 32,963 28,645 3490 ? ? 341 ? 4th 4802
1920 86,850 16,047 32.097 27,189 ? 8307 ? ? ? ? 3210
1930 102,390 25.207 33,162 31,773 2237 7264 379 652 279 56 1381
1941 125.052 46,466 37,611 24,891 ? ? ? ? ? ? 16,084
1956 142.257 75,855 24,326 29,968 3065 6700 122 575 280 56 1310
1966 174,243 109,100 25,058 31,016 4188 2590 120 490 475 71 1135
1977 269.353 191,742 28,429 36,724 6776 1629 1109 404 942 299 1299
1992 334.115 274,511 13.206 31,785 7748 549 2,668 675 1314 756 903
2002 317,660 271,677 7157 24,287 6311 367 3062 570 1218 762 2249
2007 307,347
2009 311,586
2010 311,428
2011 319.279 259.754 4193 15,564 4843 176 2145 385 859 556 30,804
2017 315.053


Social problems

In addition to Bucharest, the phenomenon of street children in Romania occurred primarily in Timișoara. In the 1990s and 2000s, sometimes several groups of up to 100 children each between the ages of six and 17 lived in the city's sewer system during winter. The newspaper The Independent called 1994 the rat children ( German  rats children ). In 1997 the number of children was given as up to 200. A survey found that over 80 percent of the children were boys, 50 percent between 10 and 14 years old and over 40 percent were not at home in Timișoara. 65 percent of children living on the streets during the day returned to their families at night. In 2001 there were still between 200 and 250 street children in Timișoara, around half of whom were accommodated in night asylum or other institutions.

Piața Timișoara 700

A study by the drug counseling center at Piața Libertă zeigtii from 2009 shows that 8.3 percent of the 866 pupils and students surveyed have used illegal drugs at least once in their lives . The classification of drugs and the penalties for possession are harsh for hashish or marijuana and very harsh for cocaine and heroin. Of the 866 respondents from the Timisoara district, 6.4 percent said they had consumed marijuana, 0.9 percent cocaine and 0.6 percent heroin. Timișoara does not offer a methadone program. The vast majority of respondents had experience with the legal drugs such as alcohol and tobacco. Ethnobotanical drugs are freely available, but their ban is currently being discussed. Among the street children that is sniffing the cheap street drug "Aurolac" spread out of plastic bags.

As in all of Romania, there is a high potential for prostitution and human trafficking for organized crime in Timișoara , the city is the starting point for the so-called western route (via Hungary or the countries of the former Yugoslavia) to western Europe.

The black market in untaxed cigarettes is flourishing in the Timișoara markets, including the Piața Timișoara 700 or the Josefstädter Markt . Crime has become a problem after the upheaval, according to Timisoara Detention Center. The penal institutions are often too small for the number of prisoners. The reintegration of inmates after the end of their sentence remains one of the main problems.

religion

The 2002 census showed religious affiliations to the following beliefs:

Belief Relatives
Orthodox 255.955
Roman Catholic 031,832
Penticostal 008,408
Reformed 006,194
Baptist 004,780
Greek Catholic 004.191
Muslim 000.949
Seventh-day Adventists 000.684
Mosaic 000.358
Lutheran Sinodopresbite Evangelics 000.337
Protestant 000.296
Christian according to the Gospels 000.251
Augustinian Evangelics 000.162
Early Christian 000.144
Unilateral 000.103
Armenian 000.009
Other religions 001,637
Without religion 000.392
Not believers 000.359
Not specified 000.610

In 1930 the Catholic diocese of Timisoara was founded.

See also: List of sacred buildings in Timișoara , Judaism in Timișoara

politics

Timisoara City Hall
Timișoara metropolitan area

Local elections

In the local elections on June 5, 2016, Nicolae Robu from the Partidul Național Liberal was confirmed in the mayor's office with 52.67 percent of the vote.

Extreme groupings

Chairman of the Noua Dreaptă (ND, German  New Rights ) of the Banat district is Goran Mrakici, the editor of a Serbian local newspaper and leader of the fans of the Poli Timișoara football club. The political group is considered to be the most militant in the country.

Metropolitan area

With the project Zona metropolitană ( German  Metropolis Zone ) of the city administration, the population of the city is to increase to 700,000 by 2020 by expanding the city limits to include the neighborhoods, taking into account the infrastructure and the socio-cultural, sporting and medical aspects. The background for these efforts is a better development of the labor force in the rural population, as well as the acquisition of grants from support programs of the EU , whereby larger communities are preferred. The implementation of the plans is met with opposition from some mayors of the localities in the surrounding area, who fear the dissolution of the local administrations, as well as from parts of the rural population, who are currently paying lower taxes there.

Town twinning

Timișoara lists 15 city ​​partnerships :

city country since
Cancun MexicoMexico Mexico 2004
Chernivtsi UkraineUkraine Ukraine 2010
Faenza ItalyItaly Italy 1991
Genoa ItalyItaly Italy
Gera GermanyGermany Germany 1998
Graz AustriaAustria Austria 1982
Karlsruhe GermanyGermany Germany 1992
Lublin PolandPoland Poland 2013
Mulhouse FranceFrance France 1991
Nottingham United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom 2009
Novi Sad SerbiaSerbia Serbia 2005
Palermo ItalyItaly Italy 2005
Rueil-Malmaison FranceFrance France 1993
Sassari ItalyItaly Italy 1990
Shenzhen China People's RepublicPeople's Republic of China People's Republic of China 2007
Szeged HungaryHungary Hungary 1998
Treviso ItalyItaly Italy 2003
Trujillo PeruPeru Peru 2010

Culture and sights

Cityscape

The cityscape is largely shaped by the more than 14,500 historical buildings, especially in the old districts of Cetate , Iosefin and Fabric . The buildings form an ensemble with an unmistakable identity, but are mostly in poor condition and in need of renovation due to a decade-long renovation backlog. In many places their preservation is at risk, among other things due to improper repairs and the use of non- listed building materials in recent years. Preserving them and the associated safeguarding of the architectural heritage in order to improve living and housing conditions is a central challenge for the city administration.

Much of the technical infrastructure is in need of modernization due to the lack of investment and maintenance work . The drinking water and sewage network in particular is characterized by high line losses . There is high pressure on the land and real estate market due to speculation by foreign investors. Refurbished apartments are rented or sold to wealthy business people at inflated prices, previous local apartment owners are “bought out” of their apartments and thus driven out of the inner-city areas. With the cost of living rising , the low household incomes in some parts of the city are already leading to social segregation and tensions within the population. The traffic and parking situation has become much more severe due to the increase in motorized individual traffic and through traffic, especially in the city center, and in some cases considerably restricts the quality of stay in public spaces . The small-scale mix of branches along the previous shopping streets is increasingly threatened by the construction of shopping centers outside the inner-city quarters due to the increased ties between purchasing power and capital .

A number of business and shopping centers have already been built in the Zona Circumvalațiunii in the Mehala district and in the Zona Antena in the Fabric district , and there are plans for larger expansions with office, commercial and residential complexes. For example, by 2012 the Fructus Tower was built in Circumvalațiunii , one of the tallest buildings in the city at 62 meters. As part of the Openville project , the Iulius Mall was built with seven high-rise office buildings, one of which is 165 meters high.

  • Romanian Orthodox Cathedral of the Three Hierarchs

  • National Theater and Opera House

Attractions

The inner city is also referred to as "Little Vienna" because of the city's long association with Austria-Hungary and the associated character by buildings from the imperial era, as it is reminiscent of old Vienna . Around 15,000 historical buildings in Schönbrunn yellow and other pastel colors line the squares and streets of Timișoara and cobblestones run through the historic old town. The Timisoara fortress was surrounded in the first third of the 18th century on the remains of an already existing Ottoman fortification with strong walls and a total of nine bastions , of which only the Maria Theresa bastion still exists today, in addition to two smaller wall remains . In the synagogue in the city center , which is no longer used as a house of prayer , the Timișoara Philharmonic Society organizes regular concerts. The numerous other sacred buildings of the various denominations in Timișoara are also worth seeing . Fourteen bridges cross the Bega, of which the Podul Decebal bridge is often described as the most beautiful of the bridges in Timișoara . At the bridge is also the Neptune Bath , Baia Publică Neptun .

Piața Victoriei

Today's city center on Piața Victoriei, the city's most famous promenade, consists of a wide boulevard with shops and street cafes in numerous upper-class residential palaces built at the beginning of the 20th century.

See also: Chamber of Commerce-Palais • Hotel Timișoara • Palais Dauerbach • Palais Hilt & Vogel • Palais Lloyd • Palais Löffler • Palais Merbl • Palais Neuhaus • Palais Széchényi • Palais Weiss

The square is located between the Romanian Orthodox Cathedral of the Three Holy Hierarchs and the National Theater and Opera House (seat of the German State Theater , the Hungarian State Theater “ Csik Geregely ”, the Teatrul Național “ Mihai Eminescu ” and the opera). The statue of the Capitoline Wolf suckling Romulus and Remus in the pedestrian zone was a gift from the city of Rome in 1926. The fish fountain, built in 1957, is nearby . Opposite the cathedral is a sculpture dedicated to the victims of the revolution of December 1989, created by Paul Neagu and named Crucificarea ( German crucifixion ). Between the Piața Victoriei and the Piața Huniade is the Hunyadi Castle , which has housed the Banat Museum with its history and natural history department since 1946 .  

Piața Unirii

Also worth seeing is the old fortress core of the city ( Cetate ) around the Piața Unirii (also “Cathedral Square”) with its representative churches and palaces , mostly from the 18th and 19th centuries . In the center of this square are the Holy Trinity Column and an Artesian well over 400 m deep . The square is surrounded by numerous architectural monuments , such as the Timișoara Cathedral (the Roman Catholic cathedral of the Timișoara diocese ), the Serbian Orthodox Cathedral with the Serbian Bishop's Palace on the west side, which was built in the 18th century and its Baroque facade between 1905 and 1906 Elements of Serbian architecture have been modernized, the Baroque palace and the Brück and Emmer houses .

Piața Libertății

On the square is the Old Town Hall ( Primăria Veche ), which was built between 1731 and 1734 based on the ideas of the Italian architect Pietro del Bronzo with a mixture of Baroque and Renaissance elements . Here is also the seat of the music faculty of the University of the West Timișoara .

The statue of St. Nepomuk and Mary can be found in front of the representative building . It was created in 1734 from sandstone by the Viennese sculptors Blim and Wasserburger. To the left of the statue is the military casino. Opposite the old town hall is the command center of the city's military garrison. In front of the building are two old spruce trees that were planted in 1923 to commemorate the creation of Greater Romania (1921–1947). In the eastern part of the square is the former savings bank, which was built in 1855 by the architect Karl Mai. The square is connected to the tram network of the Societatea de Transport Public Timișoara (STPT).

Choice of other places

Parks and green spaces

Timișoara has numerous rose gardens and parks. The green areas of the city also include the 737 hectare hunting forest ( 45 ° 47 ′ 18.6 ″  N , 21 ° 16 ′ 3 ″  E ), in Romanian Pădurea Verde , which was first mentioned in cartography in 1732. From 1860 it was used as a hunting ground and has been open to the public since 1955.

Parcul Central, Avenue of Personalities, 2015

  • National Theater and Opera House on Piața Victoriei

  • Lupa Capitolina

  • Hunyadi Castle

  • Piața Unirii with the Roman Catholic Cathedral and the Trinity Column

  • Piața Libertății with the Old Town Hall and the statue of St. Nepomuk and Mary

  • Flower clock in the Parcul Civic

Sports

  • Dan Păltinişanu Stadium

The city's best- known sports club was the FC Politehnica Timișoara football club , which played in the first Romanian league and twice won the Cupa României national cup . He qualified for the first time in 1978 for games for the UEFA Cup . Home games took place in the 40,000-seat Dan Păltinişanu Stadium . In 2001 the association moved to Bucharest, in 2011 it was dissolved. From 1921 to 1927 Chinezul Timișoara won the Romanian football championship six times in a row. With the establishment of Ripensia Timișoara in 1928, the first professional football club in Romania was created, which won the championship five times from 1932 to 1938. The club was dissolved in 1948, in 2012 it was officially re-established and plays in League II .

Since 2002 there has been a new club in the city with ACS Poli Timișoara , which currently plays in League I. In addition to ACS Poli, ASU Politehnica Timișoara has also played in the city since 2012, and they were promoted to League II in the 2015/16 season .

The tennis tournament ATP Challenger Timișoara has been held annually since 2004 (except between 2009 and 2011). It is part of the ATP Challenger Tour and is played outdoors on a clay court. Basketball has been played at BCM Timișoara (Elba) since 1960 . The city's most famous handball club is Politehnica-Izometal Timișoara. Other sports that are predominantly pursued are athletics , karate , badminton , boxing , rowing , gymnastics , dance , wrestling , swimming , water polo , rugby , chess , tennis , volleyball and target shooting . In addition to the Bega sports complex and the Olympia sports hall, there are numerous other sports fields.

Cultural centers

The most important cultural centers in Timisoara include:

  • German cultural center Timisoara
  • Societatea Culturală Banatul ( German  Banat Cultural Society )
  • Casa de Cultură a Studenților Timișoara ( German  culture house of the students Timișoara )
  • Casa de Cultură a Municipiului Timișoara ( German  Culture House of the Timişoara Municipality )
  • Centrul de Cultură și Artă al Județului Timiș ( German  Culture and Art Center of the Timiș District )
  • Institut Français de Roumanie Timișoara ( German  French Cultural Institute Timișoara )

European Capital of Culture 2021

In spring 2011, representatives from culture, politics and business founded the Timișoara Capitală Culturală Europeană association ( Timișoara European Capital of Culture ). The aim of the association was to create the conditions for Timisoara to meet the EU criteria in order to be eligible for the title of European Capital of Culture . Honorary president of the association is Ioan Holender . In December 2012 the candidacy for the title “European Capital of Culture” was officially announced; the targeted year was no longer 2020, but 2021.

The preparations that the local authorities are making for this purpose include the renovation of the old town. The refurbishment project has provided work on 45,000 square meters in the historic city center since 2012. The construction work is currently (2019) still ongoing.

In 2016 Timișoara was awarded the contract and will be European Capital of Culture in 2021 together with Novi Sad / Serbia and Eleusis / Greece .

Pop Culture

The following bands and singers started their careers in Timișoara:

Some of the songs by Miss Platnum , who was born in Timișoara, are shaped by her childhood here.

Festivals

The topics of beer ( Timisoreana festival), wine and drama have their own celebrations and festivals.

nightlife

Timișoara has a wide variety of restaurants, pubs, bars, clubs, jazz clubs and discos.

Economy and Infrastructure

The Hotel Continental is one of the landmarks of the city center.

During socialist times, the region was characterized by food processing, the textile and leather industries. In the 1990s, the city's economic structure changed, with newly established growth sectors such as electrical and construction machinery, automotive suppliers and the IT industry. Timișoara is one of the country's development centers and the economy here has been in a boom since 2004 .

Unemployment in Timiș County is 4.6 percent, below the national average of 8.3 percent. (As of February 2010) It is increasingly difficult to find suitable personnel. At the same time, the wage level is rising rapidly.

A tax reform by the Romanian government, which introduced a flat tax of 16 percent and so-called micro-companies (up to EUR 100,000 annual turnover) with optional 3 percent of turnover or 16 percent of the total , also contributed to the boom of the first decade of the 21st century Profit taxed. As a result of the effects of the financial crisis from 2007 , Timișoara, like all of Romania, has seen a decline in economic growth.

The list of German direct investors includes the automotive industry suppliers Continental , VDO Automotive , Dräxlmaier , C. Rob. Hammerstein and Kromberg & Schubert , who produce here on site. The Linde company produces technical gases. The Honold Logistik Gruppe operates one of the largest logistics centers in Romania near Timișoara. The Swiss companies Nestlé and ABB are represented with production facilities. Also Heraeus Dental , a subsidiary of Mitsui, has in Săcălaz located in Timisoara.

Also, US companies such as Coca-Cola , Delphi , Procter & Gamble and Solectron are based here, as well as the world's largest pig breeding and pork processing company Smithfield Foods . Other international companies such as Flextronics and Philips have also set up production facilities here.

In 2012 Microsoft opened a support office in Timișoara, the second of its kind in Romania after Bucharest. The Timișoara Technical Support Center provides its services to Europe, the Middle East and Africa .

Around 35 banks are based in Timișoara.

The Bega Shopping Center ( Romanian Magazinul Bega ) has five sales levels in the center of the city, right next to the city's most famous hotel, the Hotel Continental. At 8,600 m², the department store was one of the first large shopping centers in Timișoara and has been renovated several times since its construction. Since 2005, the Iulius Mall, located in the north of the city, has an area of ​​66,500 m² with 330 shops on three floors and a Cinema City cinema with 7 halls with 951 seats, the largest shopping center in western Romania.

In 1989 there were six hotels in the city, in 2004 there were 28, and in 2009 there were 49. The range of hotels in the city now ranges from accommodation for backpackers to star hotels. The Hotel Timișoara with its listed building is worth mentioning .

traffic

Private transport

Tram on the Piața Libertății
Tram and trolleybus network
The North Station (Gara de Nord)

The street network of the inner city is based on the course of the former fortress walls. After it was softened, the inner city was connected to the Josefstadt and Fabrikstadt by 40 meter wide first-class traffic arteries such as today's Bulevard Tinereții and Bulevard Revoluției din in 1989. The dense, straight-angled street network in the city center was surrounded by a ring road based on the Viennese model . Other streets followed this example.

Public transport

The public transport is up to the corporation Societatea de Transport Public Timişoara (STPT). It operates the Timișoara tram , the Timișoara trolleybus and various bus routes . The bus station is located at Gara de Est (East Station), about three kilometers from the North Station. The most important Europe-wide long-distance bus routes serve Timișoara several times a day. The bus station for national travel is located at Gara de Nord (North Station).

Timișoara is on the DN6 trunk road , which leads northwest to the Makó - Cenad border crossing to Hungary , which is about 80 kilometers away . You can reach Arad in the north via the European route E76 . The E70 leads to Lugoj to the east and the Serbian Vršac to the south. The DN59A leads to Jimbolia to the west .

Rail transport

Timișoara is also a rail hub and is connected to one of the largest European rail networks by the state railway company Căile Ferate Române . Numerous national and international destinations can be reached by train from Gara Timișoara Nord . In addition to this station, there are also the Timișoara Est stations in the Fabric district, Timișoara Sud in the Fratelia district and Timișoara Vest in the Freidorf district. At the southern city limits there is also the Timișoara CET stop at the power plant of the same name. The large Ronaț Triaj marshalling yard is already outside the urban area on the railway line to Arad.

aviation

Timișoara International Airport , named after the Romanian aviation pioneer Traian Vuia , is located in the east of the city. The city is networked with a number of European airports, including the airlines Carpatair and Wizz Air , Lufthansa and Austrian Airlines . The clearance wing is currently being expanded. In the medium term, it is planned to connect the airport to the rail network. With the support of the municipal polytechnic and the Stuttgart Fraunhofer Institute ( IPA ), the mayor's office has already developed a broad-based infrastructure project called “Vision Timişoara 2030”, which aims to connect the airport to the regional rail network. The project aims to divert freight traffic away from the nearby city as much as possible.

The smaller private airfield Cioca is located in the west of the city.

shipping

Timișoara was a port on the Bega until the 1950s . In 1958 Romania stopped shipping traffic with neighboring countries on the Bega Canal . The canal, which has been completely closed since 1967, was desludged and expanded over two years and has been partially navigable again since 2011. To relieve traffic in the city, four vaporettos with nine stops are planned, which will commute between the waterworks and the Heuplatz (Badea Cârțan).

A final date for the work on handling freight traffic is currently not known. The total investment for the measures is 22 million euros . After completion of the work, Timișoara will be connected to the port on Pan-European Corridor VII and to other ports from the North Sea to the Black Sea .

bridges

Podul Decebal , view from the Bega
Podul Tinereții at night
Podul Traian , 1906
Podul Ștefan cel Mare , around 1900
View upstream from the Podul Modoș bridge
Map of the bridges in Timisoara

The Timișoaras Regional Roads and Bridges Directorate is responsible for the city's bridges .

Name of the bridge, Romanian Name, German Name, hungarian Distance from Uzina Hidroelectrică ( German  hydroelectric power plant ),
from east to west in km 		traffic
01. Pasarela de la Uzina Hidroelectrica 0.14
02. Podul Mihai Viteazul , also Podul din Piața Morii , Podul de la Turbină Mühlenplatzbrücke 0.52 Motorized private transport, tram
03. Podul Dacilor also Podul din Piața de Fân , Podul Badea Cârțan Heuplatzbrücke 1.40 Motorized private transport, tram
04th Podul Decebal , also Podul de pe Aleea Parcului Decebal or Dezebal Bridge, Park Alley Bridge, Neptune Bridge Liget-úti híd 2.21 Motorized private transport, tram
05. Pasarela dintre Parcuri, also Pasarela Ioan Poland . Bridge between the parks 2.40 pedestrian
06th Podul Michelangelo 3.02 youngest bridge in the city
07th Podul Tinereții , also Podul Episcopal , Podul Mitropolit Andrei Șaguna Bishop's Bridge 3.78 Motorized private transport
08th. Podul Traian , also Podul Huniade , Podul de la Maria Hunyadi híd 4.16 Motorized private transport, tram
09. Podul de Fier Iron bridge 4.70 pedestrian
10. Podul Ștefan cel Mare , also Podul Ancora de Aur , Podul la Ancora , Podul Franz Iosef , Podul de la Gară Golden anchor bridge Aranyhorgony 5.13 Motorized private transport, tram
11. Podul Eroilor , also Podul Bem , Podul de la Elba , Podul Pieței Iosefin Heroes Bridge Bem híd 5.32
12. Podul Muncii , also Podul de la Autogară , Podul de la Fabrica de Tutun , Podul Regal 5.52 Motorized private transport
13. Pasarela Gelu 5.98 pedestrian
14th Podul Modoș , also Podul de cale ferată 7.17 railroad

media

Newspapers (selection): Radio (selection):
  • Kiss FM Timișoara (FM 99.0 MHz), top 40
  • Pro Fm Timișoara (FM 97.4 MHz), music
  • Radio Guerilla Timișoara (FM 96.9 MHz), music
  • Radio Timișoara (AM 630 kHz), multilingual broadcasts, news, music
  • Radio Timișoara (FM 105.9 MHz), news, music, multilingual programs *
  • West City Radio (FM 88.8 MHz), news, music
 Television (selection):
  • Alfa Omega CreștinTV, in Romanian with Christian themes
  • Analog TV Timișoara
  • Tele Europa Nova Timișoara
  • TVR Timișoara

From 1968 to 1993 the German-language Neue Banater Zeitung appeared in Timișoara. It will be continued as a supplement to the “Allgemeine Deutsche Zeitung für Romania”.

Public facilities

The city ​​hall (Romanian: Primǎria Municipiului Timișoara ) is located on Bulevardul CD Loga, no. 1 . The building was built between 1924 and 1929 in the Romanian style on the site of the former commercial high school. The Timisoara architect László Székely designed the plans for the town hall. Since 1946 it has been the seat of the city administration.

The district administration (Romanian: Consiliul Județean Timiș ) is located on Bulevardul Revolutiei din 1989, number 17. The building also houses the Prefecture of the district Timiş (Romanian: Prefectura Judeteana Timiş ). The prefecture palace was built between 1933 and 1940 as a mixture of modern and classic architectural styles by the architect Mathias Hubert and later by Victor Vlad . Today it is the seat of the prefecture and the county council.

The seat of the Court of Justice for Timiș County is the Dicasterial Palace . Built between 1850 and 1854 as the government building of the Serbian Vojvodina and the Temescher Banat, the palace covers a large area and extends over 3 streets. The building has 3 floors. With three courtyards and over 350 rooms, it is the largest public building in the city.

The Postpalais is located on Bulevardul Revoluției din 1989 .

  • town hall

  • Court of justice

  • Prefecture and district administration

education

Timișoara is a university city with a focus on physics, medicine, mechanics, electrical engineering and law. There is a German grammar school, the Nikolaus-Lenau-Lyzeum , various other German schools and kindergartens, as well as the German cultural center.

Universities

The universities in Timișoara are attended by around 8,000 students. (As of 1997)

State universities: Private universities:

From 1925 to 1944, the German-speaking University of Banatia existed in the building of today's Medical University .

  • Graduated from the Facultatea de Mecanică din Timișoara, 2009

  • Victor Babes Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2007

  • Palais Lloyd, seat of the rectorate of the Polytechnic University

  • Faculty of Construction and Architecture of the Polytechnic University

  • Stadium No. 1 of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

  • Chemical Faculty

  • West University

  • Agricultural and Veterinary University of the Banat

schools

  • Piarist high school, today the Gerhardinum

  • Nikolaus Lenau Lyzeum, around 1910 (then Realgymnasium)

  • Colegiul Național Constantin Diaconovici Loga

In Timișoara there are three schools with classes I to VIII and ten kindergartens with German as the language of instruction.

Libraries

Among the numerous libraries in the city, the following can be highlighted:

Library of the Romanian Academy, Timișoara branch, 2010
  • Biblioteca Academiei Române (German: Library of the Romanian Academy )
  • Biblioteca Centrală Universitară Eugen Todoran (German: Central University Library Eugen Todoran )
  • Biblioteca Austria Timișoara (German: Österreich-Bibliothek Temeswar )
  • Biblioteca Centrală a Universității Politehnica Timișoara (German: Central Library of the Polytechnic University of Timişoara )
  • Biblioteca Centrului Cultural German din Timișoara (German: Library of the German Cultural Center Timișoara )
  • Biblioteca Forumului German din Timișoara (German: Library of the German Forum in Timişoara )
  • Biblioteca Uniunii Sârbilor din România (German: Library of the Serbian Union in Romania )
  • Biblioteca Județeana Timiș (German: Timiș District Library )
  • Biblioteca Universității de Farmacie și Medicină Timișoara Victor Babeș (German: Library of the Medical and Pharmaceutical University Victor Babeș Timişoara )
  • Biblioteca Universității de Științe Agricole și Medicină Veterinară a Banatului (German: Library of the Agricultural and Veterinary University of the Banat )
  • Biblioteca Britanică Timișoara (German: British Library Timișoara )

Healthcare

The first reliable sources about medical care in Timisoara have only been available since 1718, when the Banat was a crown and chamber domain of the Habsburg monarchy with the capital Timisoara. In 1737 the first hospital in the city was established by the Order of the Brothers of Mercy . In terms of health and epidemic hygiene, the Banat can be classified as a problematic region in the 18th and 19th centuries. Due to the lack of health insurance, inpatient and outpatient therapies were a cost risk and were therefore rarely used. Rather, folk medical procedures, mixed with religious, ritual and superstitious ideas, persisted into the 20th century. Immediately after the Second World War (1945) the Faculty of Medicine was brought into being by decree of the King of Romania Michael I. Today the Victor Babes Medical and Pharmaceutical University is a sought-after medical university for students at home and abroad. After 1990, the number of doctors who settled in Timisoara increased steadily. The doctors were given the opportunity to establish contacts with the West and thus introduce the latest medical findings. Many Timisoara doctors managed to equip their clinics with high-quality medical equipment through personal contacts with well-known western institutions. This significantly increased the quality of medical treatment. The latest medical knowledge was introduced. After 1990 private medical practices and clinics were opened again in Timișoara. The health insurance was introduced in 1999. In July 2003, 433 doctors in Timisoara had signed contracts with the health insurance company. Since 2011, the municipal hospitals that are subordinate to the Timișoara City Council (Romanian: Consiliul Local al Municipiului Timișoara ) have been affiliated to the Timișoara Municipal Clinic for Emergency Medicine ( Spitalul Clinic Municipal de Urgență Timișoaral ), while the district hospitals, which are part of the Timișo District Council (Romanian: Consili Județean Timiș ), coordinated by the Timișoara District Clinic for Emergency Medicine ( Spitalul Clinic Județean de Urgență Timișoara ).

Hospitals (selection)

  • District hospital

  • Casa Austria Accident Clinic

  • Clinic for Gynecology and Gynecology Bega

  • University Clinic for Oncology and Dermato-Venereology

Personalities

Significant personalities who were born or worked in Timișoara can be found in the list of sons and daughters of the city of Timișoara or in the list of honorary citizens of the city of Timișoara .

The Mayors of Timișoara can be found in the list of Mayors of Timișoara .

Web links

Commons : Timișoara  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikivoyage: Timișoara  - travel guide
Portal: Timișoara  - Overview of Wikipedia content on Timișoara

Remarks

  1. ↑ “After the Second World War there was a dispute over the German name among the Banat Swabians. The more nationally to partly National Socialist elites who played a role in the 'Reich' [1] during the war and in the post-war period wanted to establish the 'German' name Temeschburg, which has long been used in the Federal Republic of Germany as an official name for Place of birth was used in identification documents. Whoever used the name Timişoara was often reviled by this group as "Madjarone", that is, as a friend of Hungary, while other circles accused nationalism for not using the official Romanian "Timişoara". Today the name Timişoara, used by the Banat people living in Romania, has established itself and is also used on Habsburg maps or in Schiller's Wallenstein trilogy. "
    [1]" In the Banat and Transylvania, long after the Second World War, people still spoke of ' Rich ', if you meant the German interior, preferably the Federal Republic of Germany. ”
    Quotation from: Temeswar / Timişoara In: Online encyclopedia for the culture and history of Germans in Eastern Europe of the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg and the Federal Institute for Culture and History of the Germans in Eastern Europe , 4th Discourses / Controversies
  2. ↑ The question of which of the German names of the city is the "correct" one is debated in the literature. Hans Diplich pointed out the many changes in the city's name in the course of its history and argued that the question of name should not become a question of faith.
    Quote from Hans Diplich : Timisoara and Timisoara . In: Contributions to the cultural history of the Danube Swabians. Homburg / Saar 1975, pp. 27-29. Quoted from Schüller, p. 23.
  3. ↑ Petru Ilieșu names the sculpture The Broken Cross ( Romanian Crucea ruptă ) in his book , see A tourist in Timișoara - Tourist in Timișoara , Planetarium, Timișoara, 2008, ISBN 978-973-108-154-0 , ISBN 978-973- 88331-2-8 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b 2011 census in Romania at citypopulation.de
  2. ↑ Mayoral elections 2016 in Romania ( MS Excel ; 256 kB)
  3. ↑ a b city. In: Digital dictionary of the German language . , Entry in the thesaurus: Timisoara
  4. ↑ PrimariaTM.ro , Mayor's Office of the City of Timișoara.
  5. ^ A b Hans-Heinrich Rieser: Timisoara: geographical description of the Banat capital (=  series of publications by the Institute for Danube Swabian History and Regional Studies . Volume 1 ). Franz Steiner Verlag, 1992, ISBN 3-7995-2501-7 , p. 100-101 .
  6. ↑ a b Anuarul statistic al României 2006.
  7. ↑ wetterkontor.de
  8. ↑ a b banater-aktualitaet.de ( Memento from September 16, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), Anton Zollner: From the prehistory of the Temeschburg fortress
  9. ↑ ziareromania.it ( Memento of August 10, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), Timișoara (English).
  10. ↑ PrimariaTM.ro , History of the City of Timișoara.
  11. ↑ banater-aktualitaet.de ( Memento from September 23, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), Anton Zollner: The Temeschburg fortress under the Árpáden.
  12. ↑ a b Karlsruhe.de ( Memento from September 19, 2006 in the Internet Archive ), “Klein Wien” on the Bega - Timisoara
  13. ^ FS Chrismar: Sketches of a trip through Hungary to Turkey. Pest 1857; Chapter Temeswár, pp. 52–56.
  14. ↑ Banaterra.eu ( Memento from May 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), Timişoara.
  15. ↑ Hans-Heinrich Rieser: The Romanian Banat: a multicultural region in upheaval: geographic transformation research using the example of the recent development of the cultural landscape in south-western Romania . Volume 10 of the series of publications by the Institute for Danube Swabian History and Regional Studies, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, ISBN 978-3-7995-2510-7 , p. 86.
  16. ↑ a b c d e f Timişoara ( Memento from December 6, 2017 in the Internet Archive ), University of Klagenfurt , Encyclopedia of the European East, Hans-Heinrich Rieser: Timișoara
  17. ↑ temeswar.diplo.de , Consulate of the Federal Republic of Germany, press review August 1 - 5, 2011, Renașterea bănățeană
  18. ↑ hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de , Institute for German Culture and History of Southeast Europe at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich in collaboration with the history faculty of the Babes Bolyai University in Cluj, Ioana Florea: Temeswarer Unruhen im Herbst 1956. In Mariana Hausleitner : From thaw to frost. German and other minorities in Southeastern Europe 1953–1963. November 2007.
  19. ↑ enterface.ro ( Memento from October 1, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), History of Timișoara
  20. ↑ derstandard.at , Der Standard , Balkan Express: Romania. 2007.
  21. ↑ ADZ.ro  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , General German newspaper for Romania , Beatrice Predan-Hallabrin: Total chaos during Basescu's visit to Timisoara. March 15, 2005.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.adz.ro  
  22. ↑ Spiegel.de , Der Spiegel : This is our Ceauschwitz. Issue 1, January 1, 1990.
  23. ↑ Spiegel.de , Der Spiegel , Walter Mayr: We perish. Issue 52, December 23, 1991.
  24. ^ Gerhardt Hochstrasser: Historical and philological investigation of the place name: Castrum de Tymes - Castrum Temesiensis - Temeschburg - Temesvár (Timisoara) - Temišvar - Tamişvar - Timişoara. Publication supported by the Minority Council of the Romanian Government and the Democratic Forum of Germans in the Banat , Eurobit-Verlag, Timisoara 2001, ISBN 978-973-8181-26-7 , p. 31 f.
  25. ^ Gerhardt Hochstrasser: Historical and philological investigation of the place name: Castrum de Tymes - Castrum Temesiensis - Temeschburg - Temesvár (Timisoara) - Temišvar - Tamişvar - Timişoara. Publication supported by the Minority Council of the Romanian Government and the Democratic Forum of Germans in the Banat , Eurobit-Verlag, Timisoara 2001, ISBN 978-973-8181-26-7 , pp. 33–35.
  26. ↑ Sorin Forţui: Falsele Denumiri ale orasului Timişoara . P. 2.
  27. ↑ a b c d Hans-Heinrich Rieser: Temeswar / Timişoara In: Online encyclopedia on the culture and history of Germans in Eastern Europe of the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg and the Federal Institute for Culture and History of Germans in Eastern Europe , 4th Discourses / Controversy
  28. ↑ Banaterra: settlement of the Banat Swabians
  29. ^ University of Klagenfurt : Swabia (Danube) ( Memento from August 7, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  30. ↑ a b Stephan Olaf Schüller: For faith, leaders, people, fatherland or motherland? (= Studies on the history, culture and society of Southeast Europe. ) Volume 9. Lit, Berlin et al. 2009, ISBN 978-3-8258-1910-1 , p. 23, footnote 2 ( books.google.de ).
  31. ^ A b c Annemarie Weber (Ed.): The Germans in Romania 1944–1953. A collection of sources. (= Writings on cultural studies in Transylvania . Volume 35). Böhlau, Cologne et al. 2015, p. 47, fn. 150.
  32. ↑ a b Peter Kottler: Place names of the Banat in the course of history. In: Walter Engel (Ed.): Banat cultural area. German culture in a European multiethnic region. Klartext, Essen 2007, ISBN 978-3-89861-722-2 , pp. 177-210.
  33. ↑ Annemarie Weber: Romaniendeutsche ?: Discourses on the group identity of a minority (1944–1971). Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar 2010, ISBN 978-3-412-20538-6 , p. 64.
  34. ↑ Bissem.de , Timișoara
  35. ^ Hans-Heinrich Rieser: Timisoara. Geographical description of the Banat capital . Thorbecke-Verlag, Sigmaringen 1992, ISBN 3-7995-2501-7 , p. 197 .
  36. ↑ Varga E. Statistică recensăminte după limba maternă, respectiv naționalitate, jud. Timiș 1880–1992 (PDF; 897 kB)
  37. ↑ Centrul de resurse pentru diversitate etnoculturală
  38. ↑ insse.ro (PDF; 4.4 MB), Institutul Național Statistiă: România în Cifre, Primele zece oraºe ale þãrii dupã numãrul locuitorilor, la 1 julie 2007 , as of July 2007 (Romanian).
  39. ↑ citypopulation.de , Romania, as of January 2009.
  40. ↑ temeswar.diplo.de , Consulate of the Federal Republic of Germany, press review August 27 - 31, 2011.
  41. ↑ 2011 census in Romania ( MS Excel ; 1.3 MB)
  42. ↑ worldpopulationreview.com , 2017
  43. ↑ cms.wigeo-muenchen.de ( Memento from November 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), WiGeo Munich eV, Karl Hennermann, Johannes Rehner: Austria - Hungary - Romania, report on the excursion from March 18 to April 6, 2003 , WRU - Reports, Issue 24, materials and research reports from the Institute for Economic Geography at the University of Munich, Section 21: The St. Andrei Street Children Project in Bucharest , 2004.
  44. ↑ independent.co.uk , The Independent , Lucy Banwell: The rat children of Romania - winter bites and the street urchins head for the sewers , January 9, 1994.
  45. ↑ rss.archives.ceu.hu ( Memento of July 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 3.7 MB), Valentina Teclici: The Resocialization of the street children , 1999.
  46. ↑ enken.at (PDF; 884 kB), Roma and Sinti in Austria, Karl Stojka : Interview with Emred , May 15, 2001.
  47. ↑ Raluca Nelepcu, Olivian Ieremiciu: How the dream becomes a nightmare. Legal drugs with dangerous side effects. on: banaterzeitung.com , February 11, 2010.
  48. ↑ Internship with the street children in Timișoara - Copii de strada - background, program, impressions. on: ifsoz.org , March 2001.
  49. ↑ temeswar.diplo.de , Allgemeine Deutsche Zeitung in Romania, press evaluation November 9-15 , 2009, Timis online, November 13, 2009.
  50. ↑ Andrea Brandt, Renate Flottau and others: Sold like a cow. In: Der Spiegel . 26/2003, June 23, 2003.
  51. ^ Richard Poulin: Trafficking in women and girls. The "Nataschas" of the world economy. on: vsp-vernetzt.de , SoZ , May 2005, p. 15.
  52. ↑ Raluca Nelepcu: The black market in cigarettes is flourishing. Stricter police controls in the markets. on: banaterzeitung.com , February 23, 2010.
  53. ^ Nicolae Cernei: Reintegration of inmates from the Timișoara prison through professional qualification. ( Memento of the original from August 15, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on: eurowebonline.eu , 2006. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.eurowebonline.eu
  54. ↑ PrimariaTM.ro , Mayor's Office of the City of Timișoara, 2002 census.
  55. ^ Siegfried Thiel: Local elections 2016 In: German-Romanian Chamber of Industry and Commerce (AHK Romania).
  56. ↑ n-ost.de (PDF; 5.1 MB), Wasja Budei: Parade between church and football field. Pp. 30 and 31
  57. ^ Temeswar.Diplo.de , German Consulate Timişoara, press evaluation, Renasterea Banateana: The metropolis zone , in the phase of a decrepit suburb , March 12, 2008.
  58. ↑ Primaria Timișoara - Prezentarea oraşului - Oraşe înfrăţite. Retrieved March 23, 2015 .
  59. ↑ Primaria Timișoara - presentation. (PDF) Retrieved March 23, 2015 .
  60. ↑ Temeswar.Diplo.de , German Consulate in Timişoara, integrated concept of measures for the careful renovation and economic revitalization of the old quarters of Timișoara, period 2007–2012
  61. ↑ skyscrapercity.com , Modern Area - Projects & Construction in Timișoara , in English
  62. ↑ Stefan Both: Fructus Plaza: 25 de milioane de euro pentru cea mai înaltă clădire din Timişoara. adevarul.ro, June 12, 2013, accessed February 23, 2016 .
  63. ↑ Anca Bernovici: EUR 220 M investment for the tallest building in Romania. See where it will be built ... The Romania Journal, July 16, 2015, accessed February 23, 2016 .
  64. ↑ Temeswar.Diplo.de , German Consulate in Timisoara, press evaluation 29. – 31. December 2008, Evenimentul Zilei: New “clothes” for the cathedral square
  65. ↑ Skylines.at: Timișoara - Facts & Figures
  66. ^ Tourism Information Center of the City of Timișoara (ed.): Timișoara, city map and sights ; June 2009.
  67. ↑ Rumaenien-erleben.de ( Memento of the original from October 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Timișoara (Timisoara) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rumaenien-erleben.de
  68. ↑ muzica.uvt.ro , Timișoara Academy of Music, Piața Libertății No. 1
  69. ^ Ebba Hagenberg-Miliu: Romania. Proper travel . DuMont Reiseverlag, Cluj 2008, ISBN 3-7701-7614-6 , p. 382 .
  70. ↑ a b Rumaenien-Info.at: ( Memento from April 5, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Timișoara - Das Kleine Wien
  71. ↑ primariatm.ro , Parcurile orașului Timișoara în decursul anilor (Romanian).
  72. ^ Temeswar.info , Flowers and Parks
  73. ^ Aleea Personalităților , Primăria Timișoara
  74. ↑ bcmtimisoara.ro/ ( Memento of November 6, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), website of BCM Timișoara
  75. ↑ Gera.de : twin cities - Timişoara Romania .
  76. ↑ Kulturzentrum-temeswar.ro ( Memento from March 17, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), German Cultural Center Timişoara
  77. ↑ timisoreni.ro , Societatea Culturală Banatul.
  78. ↑ evive.ro , Casa de Cultură a Studenților Timișoara
  79. ↑ timisoreni.ro , Casa de Cultură a Municipiului Timișoara
  80. ↑ ccajt.ro , Centrul de Cultură și Artă al Județului Timiș
  81. ↑ ccftimisoara.ro , Institut Français de Roumanie Timișoara
  82. ↑ European Capitals of Culture 2015 at timisoara2021.ro
  83. ↑ adz.ro , Robert Tari : Wishful Dream : Timisoara Capital of Culture 2020 , accessed on September 17, 2011.
  84. ↑ adz.ro , Robert Tari: With Ioan Holender to the cultural capital. The association "Timișoara Capitală Culturală" has elected its president
  85. ↑ Timisoara Capital of Culture 2021 at ADZ-Online , accessed on June 18, 2014.
  86. ↑ punkto.ro , Timisoara old town is being renovated
  87. ↑ Timişoara va fi Capitală Europeană a Culturii in 2021
  88. ↑ perlentaucher.de , Hilke Gerdes: From the beloved and the mud paths
  89. ↑ last.fm , Last.fm : Eli
  90. ↑ last.fm , Last.fm: The: Egocentrics
  91. ↑ muffathalle.de ( Memento from September 23, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), Miss Platnum
  92. ↑ timisoreni.ro , Festivalul Inimilor (Romanian).
  93. ↑ timisoara-jazz.ro , Timișoara Jazz Festival (Romanian).
  94. ↑ plai.ro , Festivalul Plai , in Romanian and English
  95. ↑ tmbase.ro ( Memento of November 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), Urban Electronic Sound, in Romanian and English
  96. ↑ tmbase.ro , Urban Electronic Sound: Cu regret anuntam ca editia 2011 a festivalului TMBase, organizat in fiecare octombrie la Timisoara, nu va avea loc! in Romanian language
  97. ↑ timishort.ro , Timishort Film Festival , in Romanian and English
  98. ↑ iraf.ro ( Memento from August 7, 2018 in the Internet Archive ), IRAF - International Romani Art Festival , in Romanian and English
  99. ↑ guardian.co.uk , The Guardian , Ben Lerwill: Timișoara and the new face of Romania , January 26, 2010, in English
  100. ↑ temeswar.diplo.de , Banateanul, March 9, 2010.
  101. ↑ a b Ulm.ihk24.de Boom region Timisoara in Romania  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.ulm.ihk24.de  
  102. ↑ tion.ro , Economia timiseana a traversat un an destul de greu in 2009. 23 December 2009 (Romanian).
  103. ↑ Temeswar.Diplo.de German Consulate Timişoara, press evaluation, Agenda Zilei: Smithfield seeks partnerships with Banat farmers , September 1, 2008
  104. ↑ a b Wiener Zeitung : Walter M. Weiss: Temesvar was formerly called "Little Vienna" ( Memento of November 7, 2005 in the Internet Archive ), November 5, 2004.
  105. ↑ Andreea Oance: Microsoft support office opened In: ADZ ( adz.ro ).
  106. ↑ agenda.ro , Bănci din Timișoara (Romanian).
  107. ↑ BegaGrup.ro ( Memento of October 5, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), Bega Grup website
  108. ↑ IuliusMall.com , site of the Iulius Mall
  109. ↑ primariaTM.ro , Timișoara Mayor's Office: Locuri de cazare, Hoteluri (Romanian).
  110. ↑ Banater-Aktualitaet.de ( Memento of 18 December 2007 at the Internet Archive ), Anton Zollner: The post Palais
  111. ↑ www.banaterra.eu Public transport network Timişoara
  112. ↑ a b ADZ.ro ( Memento of February 20, 2005 in the Internet Archive ), Allgemeine Deutsche Zeitung für Romania : Making the Bega re-navigable is getting closer to reality - funding for feasibility study found .
  113. ↑ temeswar.diplo.de , Consulate of the Federal Republic of Germany, press review April 9-15 , 2011.
  114. ↑ a b banaterzeitungonline.wordpress.com , Banater Zeitung on-line, local transport at Bega possible from summer , 3 January 2011.
  115. ↑ debizz.ro ( Memento of January 21, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 5.8 MB), debizz, issue 65: Bega channel between modernity, efficiency and hurdles , July / August 2009, p. 48.
  116. ↑ temeswar.diplo.de , German Consulate Timişoara, press evaluation, Ziua de Vest: The construction work on the Voiteni-Deta line will be completed on August 7, 2007.
  117. ↑ CotidianulTimisoara.ro ( Memento of September 20, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), website of the Cotidianul Timișoara newspaper
  118. ↑ FocusVest.ro , website of the Focus Vest newspaper
  119. ↑ fotbalvest.ro , website of the Fotbal Vest newspaper
  120. ↑ ADZ.ro , site of the Allgemeine Zeitung for Romania
  121. ↑ Timpolis.ro , website of the General Newspaper for Romania
  122. ↑ ziuadevest.ro , website of the newspaper Ziua de Vest
  123. ↑ hetiujszo.ro , website of the newspaper Heti Új Szó
  124. ↑ radiourionline.ro ( Memento from May 7, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  125. ↑ ProFM.ro , the transmitter Pro Fm Timişoara website
  126. ↑ eliberadio.ro ( Memento of October 31, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), website of Radio Guerrilla Timișoara
  127. ↑ a b RadioTimisoara.ro , website of Radio Timișoara
  128. ↑ WestCityRadio.ro , the transmitter West City Radio website
  129. ↑ AlfaOmega.tv , the transmitter Alfa Omega site
  130. ↑ AnalogTV.ro , the transmitter Analog TV Timişoara website
  131. ↑ TeleNova.ro , the transmitter Tele Europa Nova Timisoara site
  132. ↑ TVR.ro ( Memento of 28 April 2007 at the Internet Archive ), radio station's website TVR Timişoara
  133. ↑ a b c rumaenien-info.at ( Memento from April 5, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), Timișoara
  134. ↑ Kulturzentrum-Temeswar.ro ( Memento from March 17, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), website of the German Cultural Center Timişoara.
  135. ↑ BBW.ro  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Bucarest Business Week online, Sonya Rabbitte: A timely trip to Timișoara , December 8, 1997, in English@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bbw.ro  
  136. ↑ UCDCTM.ro , website of the University Dimitrie Cantemir Timișoara
  137. ↑ Homepage of the Colegiul Tehnic de Vest
  138. ↑ Homepage of the Colegiul Tehnic Emanuil Ungureanu
  139. ^ Homepage of the Colegiul Tehnic Henri Coandă
  140. ↑ Liceul Teoretic William Shakespeare on Calificativ.ro ( Memento of 2 March 2009 at the Internet Archive )
  141. ↑ Liceul Teoretic JL Calderon on Harta.bdne.edu.ro ( Memento of the original from March 10, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / harta.bdne.edu.ro
  142. ↑ Homepage of Liceul Ioan Slavici ( Memento of February 7, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  143. ↑ Liceul Teoretic Vlad Țepeș on Calificativ.ro ( Memento from February 9, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  144. ↑ Liceul de Arte Plastice on Timisoreni.ro
  145. ↑ Homepage of the Colegiul Tehnic Electrotimiș ( Memento from February 1, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  146. ↑ Liceul Waldorf on Timisoreni.ro
  147. ↑ homepage Liceul Economic FSNitti ( Memento of 26 April 2009 at the Internet Archive )
  148. ↑ temeswar.diplo.de , Consulate of the Federal Republic of Germany, press review September 17-23, 2011, adevarul.ro.
  149. ↑ timisoreni.ro , Biblioteca Academiei Române.
  150. ↑ bcut.ro , Biblioteca Centrală Universitară Eugen Todoran.
  151. ^ Library.upt.ro , Biblioteca Centrală a Universității Politehnica Timișoara.
  152. ↑ timisoreni.ro , Biblioteca Centrului Cultural German din Timișoara.
  153. ↑ timisoreni.ro , Biblioteca Forumului German din Timișoara.
  154. ↑ timisoreni.ro , Biblioteca Uniunii Sârbilor din România.
  155. ↑ timisoreni.ro , Biblioteca Județeana Timiș.
  156. ↑ umft.ro , Biblioteca Universității de Farmacie și Medicină Victor Babes Timișoara.
  157. ↑ timisoreni.ro , Biblioteca Universității de Științe Agricole și Medicină Veterinară a Banatului
  158. ↑ asiiromani.com ( Memento of November 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), Biblioteca Britanică Timișoara - 65 de ani de la înființare
  159. ↑ Ilknur Gün: Medical care and health behavior in the "Danube Swabians" settlements Banat and Satu Mare are in the former Hungary (1700-1918). Shaker Verlag, Aachen 2009, ISBN 978-3-8322-8237-0 .
  160. ^ Ioan and Rodica Munteanu: Timișoara. Monograph, Editura Miton, 2002, ISBN 973-585-650-6 .
  161. ↑ Petre Iliesu: Timisoara. History of a European City. Planetarium Verlag, Timișoara 2005, ISBN 973-97327-4-7 .