Hintertaunus

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Hintertaunus
Overview map Taunus

Overview map Taunus

Highest peak Weilsberg ( 700.7  m above sea  level )
location Hessen , Rhineland-Palatinate
part of Taunus
Coordinates 50 ° 13 '  N , 8 ° 14'  E Coordinates: 50 ° 13 '  N , 8 ° 14'  E
Type Low mountain range
rock Devonian clay slate, Hunsrück slate ( rock facies ), greywacke , occasional scarf stone , mass limestone
surface 1,816.67 km²
f1
p5

As Hintertaunus in the low mountain range Taunus (main unit group 30) that up to 700.7  m above sea level. NHN high area or the natural area north of the Hohe Taunus (301). It extends in the west to the Rhine , in the north to the Lahn and in the east to the Wetterau and is divided into Eastern Hintertaunus (main unit 302), Idsteiner Senke (303) and Western Hintertaunus (304).

Natural location

Natural spatial structure of the Taunus

overview

From the Taunushauptkamm the Hintertaunus falls as a low mountain range, gradually in the form of a plateau covered to the Lahn valley . When speaking of the hull area , which slowly sinks to the Lahn valley , we mean the plateaus lying between the valleys, which in the geological past once formed a coherent, flat, undulating almost plain. This torso surface nature also led to the name surface taunus . The hull surface of the Hintertaunus is, however, less uniformly built than, for example, the otherwise similar Hunsrück plateau . Several tectonic faults running from north-north-west to south-south-east divide the Hintertaunus into plateaus and subsidence zones, which deviate from the level of the hull surface (350 to 450  m height). The most striking is the rift valley of the Idsteiner Senke formed in the Idstein - Bad Camberg area , which merges to the northwest into the Limburg Basin and divides the Hintertaunus into the eastern and western Hintertaunus . In the northern area, the Idsteiner Senke is also known as the Goldener Grund .

To the running from southwest to northeast crest zone of the Taunus back (Taunus main ridge) welded at right angles, from southeast to northwest withdrawing high floes to. In the eastern Hintertaunus this is the Feldberg-Langhals-Pferdskopf-Scholle and in the western Hintertaunus the Kemeler ridge . These clearly raised clods are slate mountains that are forested just like the Taunus ridge. However, they do not quite reach the height of the Taunus quartzite strand .

Eastern Hintertaunus

Division of space

View of the Taunus main ridge with the Feldberg massif (in the middle) from Wehrheim in the Usinger basin (eastern Hintertaunus)

The eastern Hintertaunus is more divided into clods by several faults running from northwest to southeast . Most of the area in the Taunus Nature Park is made up of the plateaus sloping gently towards the Lahn. They are slightly wavy, but in the source areas of the brooks still give an idea of the old contiguous plateaus from the tertiary period . The further the side streams move away from their sources and move towards the receiving waters of Weil , Emsbach , Usa and Erlenbach , the more these areas are broken up and appear as hills and curved ridges. The course of the waters is almost in the same direction from south to north. This cuts the trunk surface into individual rows. The plateaus are usually between 350 and 450  m high, towards the Lahn valley they drop to 250 to 300  m high. The ridge of the Feldberg-Langhals-Pferdskopf-Scholle , in the west of the eastern Hintertaunus , has heights of 600 to 700  m in the southeast at the root area of ​​the Taunushauptkamm and falls in steps to the northwest to about 450 to 550  m .

Landscapes

View from the Großer Feldberg to Oberreifenberg (to the northwest), behind the Feldberg-Langhals-Pferdskopfscholle (Eastern Hintertaunus)

In the northeast, the Solmsbach and Wetzbach make the Bodenroder knolls appear as a stronger, disintegrated mountain and hill country. On the eastern edge of the Wetterau and Mörlener Bay there is a slight bulge in the Hesselberg ( 518  m ) and the local mountain ( 485.7  m ). The Mörlen Bay encroaches on the lower mountain range of the Taunus between Bad Nauheim and Butzbach . It is bounded in the south by the Taunus main ridge, which slopes down from Winterstein ( 482.3  m ) to Johannisberg ( 264.8  m ). In the north it is entwined by the arched plateau parts around the local mountain near Butzbach, which (determined by volcanism) continue into the area of ​​the Stoppelberg in the Hüttenberg / Wetzlar area.

The Münster-Maibach-Schwelle joins south of the Bodenroder Kuppen, with the breakthrough of the Usatal to the Wetterau. The wooded plateau drops to the southwest with gentle slopes to the Usinger basin . The basin, from 270 to 300  m in height, is heavily sunk and less mountainous compared to the surrounding clods in the west, north and east, as well as the Taunus ridge in the south. Surrounding clods, which are separated from the deep clod by steep slopes, tower over the basin by several hundred meters. The Usinger Basin is only curved, faults and crevices, as in the Idsteiner Senke ( Goldenen Grund ), are hardly to be found. The Usinger Basin is mainly used for agriculture and is framed by the wooded heights. The southern sub-basin of Wehrheim is drained from the Stahlnhainer Grund by the Erlenbach, which after a shady Köpperner narrow valley reaches the Nidda as a receiving water. The valley watershed in the Usingen Basin runs from the Langhals ( 573.5  m ) over the Wacht ( 405  m ) and the Platte ( 374  m ) to Oberloh ( 349  m ). The Wehrheim sub-basin is about 70 m higher than the Usinger basin, into which the Erlenbach originally flows over the Heisterbachtälchen, where the deposits of the Ur-Erlenbach can still be found today.

View from Reinborn to the root area of the Feldberg -Langhals- horse head plaice (in the southeast), before Wüstems in the upper Emsbachtal (Eastern Hintertaunus)

The Wetzlarer Hintertaunus , located north to the Lahn, is crossed by the Kleebach and has its highest elevation in the Schorn ( 450  m ), a little north of the Bodenroder Kuppen. South of Wetzlar rises the Stoppelberg ( 401.2  m ), which is one of the volcanic fringing mountains and goes back to the Vogelsberg tectonics . At the northernmost point, the Eastern Hintertaunus (Wetzlarer Hintertaunus) jumps approximately at right angles into the Marburg-Gießener Lahn valley .

The Solmsbach forms the natural boundary between the Wetzlarer Hintertaunus and Weilburger Hintertaunus , with the highest elevation in the Heiligenwald ( 415.8  m ). The Kubach crystal cave is located in the northern Weilburger Hintertaunus . To the west, the Weiltal, with the tributary of the Wiesbach branching off to the east , forms the natural border between Weilburger Hintertaunus and Hasselbacher Hintertaunus . In the further course to the east, the Usinger Basin forms the natural boundary. The Hasselbacher Hintertaunus has its highest elevation in the Kirschenhell ( 466.6  m ), which connects to the eastern Hochscholle Feldberg-Langhals-Pferdskopf-Scholle .

Eschhofen , seen from Dietkirchen (north). In the background the eastern Hintertaunus with the Feldberg-Langhals-Pferdskopf-Scholle

The Hochscholle of the Feldberg-Langhals-Pferdskopf-Scholle , the Pferdskopf-Taunus , is a ridge running from southeast to northwest, and starts in the most prominent mountain knot (over 800  m ). From the root area on the Taunuskamm, this high floe continues from the Ems, Aubach and Weilquell areas, initially in mountain peaks of almost the same height, with heights between 600 and 700  m . The highest mountains in this area are the Weilsberg ( 700.7  m ), Dillenberg ( 682.4  m ), Sängelberg ( 665  m ) and Weisseberg ( 660.2  m ). The horse's head on the opposite side of the Weiltal is 662.6  m high. In contrast, the Klingenberg ( 595.9  m ), the Great Oak Forest ( 633.2  m ) and the Langhals ( 573.5  m ) on the eastern side of the Hochscholle have already lost height. The Hühnerberg ( 636  m ), the Bremer Berg ( 618.9  m ), the Judenkopf ( 613.8  m ) and the Pfaffenkopf ( 586.9  m ) are the notable elevations on the western side of the Hochscholle. To the northwest, the Feldberg-Langhals-Pferdskopf-Scholle descends in steps to heights between 450 and 550  m . The significant elevations such as Wolfsküppel ( 545.1  m ), Kuhbett ( 525.6  m ), Stückelberg ( 509.7  m ) and Suterkopf ( 461.8  m ) gradually descend to the level of the plateaus. From Emmershausen onwards , the heights of the clods blur almost completely into the plateaus of the eastern Hintertaunus . Towards the Pferdskopf-Taunus, the landscape to the east of the Idsteiner Senke rises in two stages and even exceeds the Rheingau mountains in height. The approximately 5 to 10 kilometers wide and well-structured Hochscholle is bounded to the west and north by the Steinfischbacher Hintertaunus . The highest point is reached in the Häuserstein ( 471  m ). To the west, the plateau of the Steinfischbacher Hintertaunus slopes down to the Emsbach Fault (Idsteiner Senke), which marks the break-off to the Goldener Grund .

Eschbacher Klippen on the northern edge of the Usinger Basin (Eastern Hintertaunus)

If you fly over these areas by plane, you can see the villages on the plateaus inclined to the north. They emerge as clearing islands from the forest, with which the meadows are very closely interlinked. This results in an extraordinarily varied landscape. The forest distribution, mainly deciduous forest dominated by beech, is extensive, but dominates in the west with a share of around 50% compared to other forms of use. The grassland is scattered in a ribbon shape, especially in the valleys and around the villages. Typical are the orchards on the outskirts and the narrow meadow valleys and spring meadows. Arable farming is concentrated at Schöffengrund and on the clearing islands on medium to large fields, whereby the areas are structurally poor.

In the eastern Hintertaunus there were no deep crevices like in the mineral water-rich Vordertaunus . Here the crevices were filled with barite and vein quartz. At Usingen the quartz supplies material for the production of special glass , and at Eschbach the former quartz filling remained as a cliff about 93 m long and 6 to 11 m high.

Natural structure

The eastern Hintertaunus is divided into natural areas:

Taunus landscape near Haintchen , behind and on the right the last elevations of the Feldberg-Langhals- Pferdskopfscholle in the northwest (Eastern Hintertaunus)

Mountains and elevations

The highest mountains and elevations of the Eastern Hintertaunus (all located in the Pferdskopf-Taunus ) include - sorted by height in meters (m) above sea ​​level (NHN):

The eastern Hintertaunus , directly north of the Taunushauptkamm, was until after the First World War - seen from the urban Vordertaunus - the area "behind the hedges", the landscape name " Buchfinkenland " (in the Usinger Land area) was more beneficial . It was also formulated between joke and seriousness: "Here, hiker, don't let your courage sink, here you come to the land of finches".

Idstein Valley

description

The Idsteiner Senke is a 3 to 4 km wide trench depression running in north-south direction (actually north-north-east-south-south-west), which extends between the Limburg Basin in the north and the Taunus ridge in the south and thus separates the western from the eastern Hintertaunus. The depression is drained to the north, mostly from the upper reaches of the Emsbach . Limburg Basin and Idsteiner Senke go back to Cenozoic tectonics and can be viewed together as the northern foothills of the Upper Rhine Rift, from which they are, however, cut off topographically by the Eppsteiner Horst and the Taunus ridge.

View over the Goldener Grund from the west to the eastern Hintertaunus and Hochtaunus, on the middle left of the picture the A3 , in front Dauborn

The northern half of the Idsteiner Senke takes up the forest-free Goldener Grund . Like the Limburg Basin, to which it opens like a funnel to the north, the Golden Ground is characterized by fertile loess soils and is used as arable land. The southern half is divided into two parts by a wooded ridge running parallel to the longitudinal axis of the valley, the Idsteiner Wald , whereby the western, wider and further south-reaching partial valley is considered the southern part of the actual Idsteiner valley (natural area: Idsteiner Grund , there is the one for the Valley, which gives the town its name, Idstein ) and the eastern, narrower valley is known as the Walsdorfer Grabenzweig (natural area: Escher Grund ). Most of the Escher Grund is drained by the Schlabach , which flows into the Emsbach, which enters the depression from the east , near Esch . Most of the Idsteiner Grund is drained by the Wörsbach . This does not flow directly to the Emsbach, but breaks north of Wörsdorf into a trough running parallel to the Idsteiner Senke, which naturally lies in the western Hintertaunus, follows it to the north and only joins the Emsbach in the Limburg basin.

The Idsteiner Senke lies at an altitude of around 170  m in the north of the Goldener Grund at the transition to the Limburg Basin and around 350  m in the south in front of the Taunus ridge. The basin climate is dry and warm in the leeward location on the eastern edge of the Rhenish Slate Mountains . Mineral springs can be found in the north of the depression between Ober- and Niederselters (see →  Selterswasser ).

The A3 runs along the entire western edge of the Idsteiner Senke and the routes of the Main-Lahn-Bahn and the high-speed Cologne-Rhine / Main line run more or less parallel to it . The old trade route Frankfurt - Cologne , today's Bundesstraße 8 , runs parallel to both traffic routes in the Goldener Grund , but coming from the east via Esch.

In the Idsteiner Senke, elaborate landscape archeology has proven at least 66 so-called ribbon ceramic houses: They show how the first sedentary arable farmers lived in Hesse around 7,500 years ago.

Natural structure

The Idsteiner Senke is structured naturally:

Western Hintertaunus

Area representation

Near Dachsenhausen . View to the east over the Nastätter Mulde, in the middle the Kemeler Ridge (Westlicher Hintertaunus)

The old hull area of ​​the western Hintertaunus shows some strong contrasts in landscape. The landscape consists of undulating plateaus that rise from north-west to south-east from 250  m to the high floe of the Kemeler Ridge with 550  m . The course of the waters of Aar , Dörsbach and Mühlbach is, like the larger brooks in the eastern Hintertaunus, which drain to the Lahn, almost in the same direction from south to north. As a rule, the plateaus are between 350 and 450  m high, towards the Lahn valley they roof to 250 to 300  m high. The high clod of the Kemeler Ridge , in the east of the western Hintertaunus , is almost at the same height from the southeast at the root area of the Taunus main ridge to the northwest, between 500 and 550  m in height.

Landscapes

In the north-west and west lies the Middle Rhine Taunus , a 2 to 5 km wide and 350 to 450  m high, moderately cut high rump plateau with wide, undulating Riedel heights, gentle trough valleys and original troughs, with the highest elevation in the Großer Dachskopf ( 456.6  m ). These parts arch as a wide plateau ridge over the terrace corridors of the Rhine and the neighboring Nastätter Mulde .

View to the west over Miehlen and the Nastätter Mulde to the Middle Rhine Taunus (Western Hintertaunus)

The Nastätter Mulde in the northwest is formed by the valley system of the Mühlbach , which flows into the Lahn from southeast to northwest. The valleys here are relatively wide and flat. The bottom of the trough is 200 to 250  m high, the edge heights rise on all sides up to 350 to 400  m , so that these form the natural boundaries. In the north, the hollow is separated from the Lahn valley by the deeply indented Unterlahnhöhen, which rises to 350  m .

To the east is the Katzenelnbogen plateau (300 to 450  m ), which is partly wavy and partly cut up in the east by the Aartal valley , with the highest elevation at the Weißler Höhe ( 456.2  m ). It is partially traversed by deep and steeply furrowed valleys, such as the Dörsbach , which run out in the central part of the plateau in shallower hollow valleys.

The Zorner plateau joins the Nastätter Mulde in the south (400 to 520  m ). Its ridge line forms the watershed between the Mühlbach in the north and the Wisper in the south. Here there is a partly wavy, uncut and a partly moderately split hull plateau with gently hanging and spacious trough valleys. This is a counterpart to the Hunsrück plateau on the left bank of the Rhine.

The Wispertaunus connects to the south of the Zorn plateau . The Wisper and its tributaries have created a pinnate-shaped network of very deep valley cuts. The plateaus are in the west at a height of 400  m , in the east and south over 500  m . The valley notches , which are up to 300 m deep, have steep, wooded slopes with sharp edges against the mostly open but narrow Riedel heights. Because of the steep gradient to the southwest, the Wisper flows towards the Rhine at high speed . Over a length of 30 kilometers, it overcomes a difference in altitude of 410 meters from the source ( 483  m ) on the Kemeler Ridge to the mouth ( 73  m ) in the Rhine. Through this unusual force of erosion , the Wisper in the almost closed Rheingau Mountains (Rüdesheimer Stadtwald, Kammerfort, Lorcher Wald) has created extraordinary steep-walled side valleys through the Tiefenbach , Ronselbach down from Sauerthal and from the south through the Ernstbach and Grolochbach. The rugged cliffs from Presberg into the Wispertal are particularly striking. One speaks here of Rheingau Switzerland .

Kemel Ridge (from the southwest), center of Neunzehntberg , left edge of the picture Kemel (Western Hintertaunus)

In the southeast, the western Aartaunus landscape consists of the high Kemeler ridge (500 to 550  m ). This western high block, running from southeast to northwest, welds itself to the Taunus ridge in the area of ​​the Hohe Wurzel ( 617.9  m ). The morphological connection with the Taunus ridge is partly interrupted by the intramontane high basin of Taunusstein (Aar source area). This lowering has set good economic and settlement-geographic impulses. In this " intermediate mountain hollow " (350 to 400  m ) loess was deposited during the Ice Age , which has always favored agriculture. Today the districts of Taunusstein are concentrated here. The Bäderstraße ( B 260 ) runs along the ridge of this high block . The Taunus Wunderland is located in the south-eastern root area . The Bienkopf ( 521.9  m ) and the Neuzehntberg (approx.  530  m ) rise to the northwest . In the middle of the Hochscholle the eponymous place Kemel, at an altitude of 517  m . A little east of the village of Kemel, on the B260, in the Feldmark with a height of 537.2  m . The Kemeler Ridge reaches its highest point in the Mappershainer Kopf ( 548  m ). The rock stern ( 537.2  m ) rises to the northwest from the Mappershainer head . Due to the somewhat lower elevation compared to the Feldberg-Langhals-Pferdskopf-Scholle in the eastern Hintertaunus , the Kemeler Ridge runs more in the plateaus of the western Hintertaunus . At Laufenselden, in Schönauer Küppel ( 459  m ), in the Grauen Kopf even another 543.4  m are reached before the Hochscholle after Holzhausen an der Haide drops to only 390  m .

The Kemeler Heide lies on the middle to northern Kemeler Ridge , with a forest cover of more than 60%. Until the 19th century, a large part of the landscape was still used as heather and was later reforested. It stretches from the southern Kemel to the northern drop in height of the Hochscholle at Grauen Kopf before Holzhausen an der Haide.

The eastern Aartaunus forms a wavy, sprawled plateau between the Aartal and Idsteiner Senke . It drops from 490  m in the south to 300  m in the north. A wide , 400 to 490  m high frame nestled in the semicircle between the Bad Schwalbach-Hohensteiner Aartal in the west, the Taunussteiner Oberaarmulde in the south and the Idsteiner Senke in the east , encloses a hilly undulating and largely undulating part of it, gently sloping towards west-northwest to the lower Aar open Riedel corridor. The smaller and less clear-looking basin of Breithardt on the eastern edge of the central Aar area is not a depression, but a bend like the larger and ideally designed Usinger basin in the eastern Hintertaunus . One can rather compare it with the high basins of Taunusstein built into the plateaus.

Taunus landscape near Hettenhain (front) across the Aartal to Born (western Hintertaunus)

The Wisper and the Aar with their tributaries, as well as the Mühlbach and Dörsbach have cut deep into the hull area and created a dense valley network. The landscape is heavily forested, especially at the edge, while in the central area there is more open land between the isolated forest areas. Only the stream valleys are used as grassland, otherwise agricultural use is limited to arable farming.

In the north-western part the landscape is called Einrich (formerly Heirich). It extends from the Aartal east of Katzenelnbogen as a wide-span plateau to the Rhine in the west and the lower Lahn in the north.

For part of the Western Hintertaunus, the term Untertaunus is also used as a synonym. It refers to the area of ​​the former Untertaunuskreis . This was created in 1867 by the Kingdom of Prussia after the annexation of the Duchy of Nassau , was incorporated into the Rheingau-Taunus district in 1977 and has nothing in common with the natural, geological - tectonic or geomorphological - geographical structure.

Natural structure

The western Hintertaunus is divided into natural areas:

View from the Kemeler Ridge (near Kemel ) over the Aartal to the southeast to the Taunushauptkamm (Feldberg-Taunuskamm) with the Großer Feldberg , the Kleine Feldberg and the Altkönig . The Feldberg-Langhals-Pferdskopf-Scholle runs northwest (to the left)

Mountains and elevations

The highest mountains and elevations of the Western Hintertaunus (all located in the Western Aartaunus ) include - sorted by height in meters (m) above mean sea level (NHN):

climate

From a climatic point of view, the area of ​​the Hintertaunus is colder and more rainy than the Vordertaunus south of the Taunus main ridge. There is a cool, humid low mountain range. In combination with the prevailing westerly wind weather conditions, there is a traffic jam on the Taunus main ridge and the rain of the humid Atlantic air over the Hintertaunus. This leads firstly to the uphill rain and secondly to stronger winds, which, blocked by the Hochtaunus, can overwhelm the many cleared and settlement areas. Cold, damp winds (meteorological low ) from the west or north-west direction are held back in the Hintertaunus and thus shape the climate. Southern air currents (meteorological high ) are slowed down by the Taunus main ridge and are held back in the Rhine-Main Plain or only come in a weaker form over the Taunus main ridge.

View from Pfaffenkopf near Eschbach over the Usinger Basin (Eastern Hintertaunus) to the Großer Feldberg in the Taunushauptkamm

A local climate only develops in weak weather (approx. 45% annually) and so so-called climate lanes are important so that the region around Frankfurt and Bad Homburg can benefit from the downhill and downhill winds and thus receive a portion of fresh air from the Taunus.

During the southern weather conditions in autumn, the cold and humid low pressure areas that otherwise determine the Hintertaunus do not occur and the so-called Indian summer occurs . This is an inverse foehn , which is created by the wind flowing over the Taunus main ridge from the south. Since these continental southerly winds arrive at the southern Taunus (Vordertaunus) largely dry, clouds usually form without significant precipitation .

The mean annual temperature on the foothills of the northern plateaus, on the Lahn, is 8 to 9 ° C. On the Hochschollen and adjacent plateaus, in a southerly direction to the Taunushauptkamm, with the Feldberg-Langhals-Pferdskopf-Scholle (Pferdskopf-Taunus) in the eastern Hintertaunus and the Kemeler ridge ( Kemeler Heide ) in the western Hintertaunus , at 7 to 8 ° C. On the other hand, they are on the horse head Taunus, which is severely divided by the Weil and its tributaries, at 6 to 7 ° C. In the Idsteiner Senke or Goldenen Grund at 8.5 to 9 ° C.

The mean annual precipitation on the foothills of the plateau, on the Lahn, is 600 to 700 mm. In a southerly direction on the Hochschollen and the adjacent plateaus this value increases to 700 to 800 mm. In the horse head Taunus, however, values ​​between 800 and 900 mm can occur. In the Idsteiner Senke, or Golden Ground 590 mm.

Nature parks

There are a total of three nature parks in the scenic Hintertaunus . The Taunus Nature Park includes the eastern Hintertaunus and extends north to the Lahn valley area near Weilburg . In the northwest, the Nassau Nature Park comprises parts of the Western Hintertaunus , while the Rhine-Taunus Nature Park is in the west. This nature park runs partly geographically with its borders, into the eastern Hintertaunus .

Political structure

The Hintertaunus is essentially on Hessian territory, the northwestern part, i.e. parts of the western Hintertaunus , belong to Rhineland-Palatinate . The Hintertaunus extends over the districts of Hochtaunus , Limburg-Weilburg , Rheingau-Taunus , Lahn-Dill , Gießen , Wetterau and Rhein-Lahn .

Cities and towns in the Hintertaunus

Eastern Hintertaunus

Idstein Valley

Ground fog in the Hintertaunus

The following places are located in the Idsteiner Senke from south to north:

Western Hintertaunus

literature

  • Reimer Hermann: Comparative hydrogeography of the Taunus and its southern and southeastern peripheral areas , Wilhelm Schmitz Verlag, Gießen, 1965
  • Eugen Ernst: Nature magazine HB-outside the Hochtaunus Nature Park , Hamburg, 1983
  • Ingrid Berg, Eugen Ernst, Hans-Joachim Galuschka, Gerta Walsh: Heimat Hochtaunus , Frankfurt am Main, 1988 ISBN 3-7829-0375-7
  • Alexander Stahr, Birgit Bender: Der Taunus - A journey through time , Borntraeger-Verlag, Stuttgart, 2007, ISBN 978-3-510-65224-2
  • Eugen Ernst: Der Taunus - Ein L (i) ebensworth Mittelgebirge , Frankfurt, 2009, ISBN 978-3-7973-1146-7

General sources
  • Large landscapes in Rhineland-Palatinate
    • Western Hintertaunus

Web links

Commons : Hintertaunus  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Map services of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation ( information )
  2. ↑ Eugen Ernst: Der Taunus - Ein L (i) ebensworth Mittelgebirge , Societäts-Verlag, 2009, p. 21 u. 34
  3. ↑ a b c map ( Taunus & Gießen-Koblenzer Lahntal ) and legend ( Taunus ) -  attention: web links without return!  - Environmental Atlas Hessen of the Hessian State Office for Environment and Geology: The natural areas of Hesse and their main units
  4. ↑ Stolz, C., Böhnke, S., Grunert, J. (2012): Reconstructing 2500 years of land use history on the Kemel Heath (Kemeler Heide), southern Rhenish Massif, Germany ( Memento from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) - E&G Quaternary Science Journal, Volume 61, Number 2: pp. 173-187; English. (PDF; 3 MB)
  5. ↑ The regional structure of Rhineland-Palatinate , State Office for the Environment, Water Management and Trade Supervision (PDF; 1.78 MB)
  6. ^ Reimer Hermann: Comparative Hydrogeography of the Taunus and its southern and southeastern peripheral areas , Wilhelm Schmitz Verlag, Gießen, 1965