History of the city of Mülheim an der Ruhr
This article offers a chronological overview of the history of the city of Mülheim an der Ruhr and its incorporated districts.
The history of the city is closely linked to the rule and the Broich Castle , which was built around 883 as a fortification on the Ruhrfurt, but the verifiable history of individual Mülheim districts begins earlier and it was not until 1093 that "Mulinhem" became a court venue in a first documented mention of the city name.
801-1200
- Menden is entered as “menithinna” on a list of gifts from the Werden monastery, where it is noted that Abbot Hildegrim was given six acres of land here . This is probably the first reliably datable mention of a later Mülheim district.
- Presumably in the winter of 883/884 the Franconian Count Heinrich had a fortress built on the left side of the Ruhr to protect the Hellweg and as a river barrier against the Vikings. The later Broich Castle developed from the late Carolingian fortifications .
- In his annals , Flodoard von Reims reports on a meeting between King Heinrich I of East Franconia and King Robert I of West Franconia on the lower reaches of the fluvium Ruram , most likely on the fortified complex in Broich.
- In a certificate, Emperor Konrad II grants the Werden monastery the right to ship the Ruhr from the mouth at Ruhrort to Werden monastery .
- Today's Speldorf district is first mentioned in a document as “Speldorpe” in a deed of gift from Werden.
- King Heinrich IV donated his part of the Styrum royal court to the Kaiserswerth monastery .
- With the oldest document, which later uses the city name “Mulenheim” , a donation is made to the Werden monastery. As witnesses of Gaugerichts of Ruhrgaues which are also noblemen of Broich and Dümpten the first time mentioned by name. In more recent documents the name is changed to "Molenheim" and "Molnheim" .
- Emperor Heinrich IV declares the Sattelhof in Raadt, today a part of Menden-Holthausen , to be vogt free.
- The Archbishop of Cologne, Philipp I von Heinsberg , acquires Broich Castle as an open house from Messrs. Dietrich and Everwin. This is the first time that Broich Castle is mentioned in a document.
Around 1200
- The own church of St. Peter is likely to be the first stone sacred building to be built on the church hill.
- In Saarn later, after today's archaeological findings Zisterzienserinnenkloster Saarn built.
- Count Arnold von Altena-Isenburg is named as the lord of the Altenhof and Murenhof on the church hill and of Haus Styrum . He assigns this to his wife Mechthild von Holland zu Styrum , a daughter of Florens' von Holland , as widow's estate .
1201-1400
- On July 3rd, the monastery church of the nunnery " Aula sanctae Mariae " in Saarn is consecrated.
- In a document dated 10 May abbess Wolberna stated that their monastery in the already 1214 Cistercian order was added and the filiation of the Abbey Kamp was assumed.
- The oldest watermill in today's urban area can be found at Fronhof Diepenbeck. The interpretation of the name “ Mülheim ” as “ home of the mills ” indicates that the inhabitants in the Middle Ages assigned their settlement to the existence of mills as a special characteristic . Unfortunately, it can no longer be determined whether this was due to the large number or the outstanding importance of a single mill.
- The Saarn Monastery is confirmed by letters of confirmation from Pope Honorius III. recognized and given special privileges.
- A farmer is said to have found the first coal while plowing in Eppinghofen , but this was of no importance as fuel at the time because of the large number of trees.
- Due to the imperial ban of December 25th over Count Friedrich von Isenberg , his cousin Count Adolf von der Mark can also take possession of the Isenberg estates on Mülheim territory.
- The Lords of Broich are drawn into the territorial wars of Archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden against the Duke and his ally Count Wilhelm IV of Jülich as vassals of Duke Heinrich IV of Limburg . As a result, Broich Castle is attacked and besieged. Ultimately, however, the archbishop has to withdraw without success.
- After eighteen years , Count Dietrich von Limburg 1 can bring the goods in Mülheim back into family ownership through swap , from which the headquarters of the new Count Line Limburg-Styrum developed.
- The source of the Mülheim jury is documented for the first time. The court is jointly owned by Messrs von Broich and von Berg .
Around 1250
- To the west of St. Petrus Church, Count Dietrich von Limburg-Styrum had a tower with an entrance portal built.
- The Pleban Ludwig is documented as the first priest in the Church of St. Peter.
- Count Dietrich von Limburg-Styrum receives the right to set up a weekly market in his possessions in Mülheim from the rival king Wilhelm of Holland .
- Count Adolf V. von Berg acquired extensive Vogt eir rights from the possession of the Werden monastery and considerably expanded the influence of the Counts of Berg in the lower Ruhr valley.
- The parish of Mülheim is mentioned for the first time.
- Together with his son Eberhard , Count Dietrich von Limburg-Styrum built a first castle house in place of the old court estate in Styrum .
- The various ruling families in Mülheim, the Counts of Limburg-Hohenlimburg , Count Gerhard von Berg and the Lords of Broich, form an alliance that further strengthens the position of the Bergisch Counts.
- The gentlemen von Broich die out in the male line and the inheritance is shared between the two daughters. The Broich possessions on the left bank of the Rhine go to the Lord von Wevelinghoven , the goods on the right bank of the Rhine, including the Broich castle and estate , go to Dietrich IV . For almost 140 years they have been the immediate neighbors of the relatives in Styrum.
- After the battle of Kleverhamm on August 3, the judicial district of Mülheim and the parish were pledged from the hands of Wilhelm, Duke von Berg to the Counts of Kleve and Mark and remained under Klevian influence for half a century.
1401-1600
- First documentary mention of the Broich Ruhr ferry on June 24th.
- The enfeoffment of Count Wilhelm I of Limburg-Styrum by King Friedrich is documented. Until 1806 the rule of Styrum remained an imperial fiefdom.
- Duke Adolf II. Von Kleve-Mark has the district on the church hill expanded to be defensible after an attack by the electoral Cologne troops and moves a garrison there.
- Dietrich V. von Limburg-Broich is appointed by Duke Adolf II. Von Kleve-Mark as bailiff over the Mülheim parish.
- On the occasion of the dispute between Cologne Archbishop Dietrich von Moers' power struggle with Duke Adolf von Kleve , the Archbishop and Duke Gerhard von Jülich-Berg conquered Broich Castle and took possession of it. As the mercenaries of the Archbishop of Cologne plunder and pillage numerous monasteries in Saarn, Speldorf and Broich, the Saar monastery suffers lasting economic damage.
- The judicial district of Mülheim is released from the pledge to Kleve by the Archbishop of Cologne for 4,000 guilders.
- The Counts of Limburg-Broich received - as a Bergisches fiefdom - the rule of Broich Castle. Count Wilhelm II of Limburg-Broich becomes bailiff of the Mülheim parish .
- Count Wilhelm II of Limburg-Broich finally received the parish of Mülheim as a pledge. This is the first time that Broich Castle on the left side of the Ruhr and the village of Mülheim on the right side of the Ruhr are combined under common rule.
- Count Johann von Limburg-Broich , the last male representative of this line of counts, dies. Son -in-law Wirich V. von Daun-Falkenstein was enfeoffed as his successor three years earlier. Until 1682 the Counts of Daun-Falkenstein ruled Broich and the village of Mülheim for four generations.
- Styrum Castle loses its function as the residence of the Limburg-Styrum counts, as Count Georg von Limburg-Styrum moves into the inherited possessions in the Duchy of Geldern . Officials take over the administration of the Styrum rule.
- On September 28th, Count Philipp II von Daun-Falkenstein marries Herr zu Broich, resigned Cologne subdeacon , the former nun Maria Caspara von Holtey. The marriage is concluded in the Broich castle chapel by the Kettwig pastor Hermann Kremer according to the evangelical rite .
- Shortly after Count Philipp's death, there are signs of reformatory changes in Mülheim in writing.
- In the Saarn monastery there is a dispute between the abbess and nuns, who demand communion from both denominations.
- The Saarn nuns send a supplic to the knighthood of Berg.
- Count Wirich VI. von Daun-Falkenstein Herr zu Broich marries the resigned abbess of the Reichsstift Essen , Elisabeth von Manderscheid-Blankenheim. This is again, together with instructions to change the worship service, as a strong reformatory endeavor.
- With the help of the abbot von Kamp, the abbess from Saarland expelled the nuns who had rebelled since 1575 from the Saarn monastery.
- The Gregorian calendar is to be introduced by a decree of the ducal government in Düsseldorf on October 31 . This year, November 2nd is followed by November 13th in the duchies of Jülich, Kleve and Berg and thus also in Mülheim.
- In Heißen there is evidence of a five-person union that operates a mine for coal mining.
- From now on, as a result of the Truchsessian turmoil and the Eighty Years' War , there are repeated Spanish and state marches and billeting . Mülheim and the surrounding area suffer hard from this.
- The Flemish general in the Spanish service Claude de Berlaymont stays in the village of Mülheim in March. The Spaniards are driven out because of arson , but they set fire to a number of houses as they retreat. Two days later, the village was attacked by seven pennons of Spanish troops, with many Mülheim residents being murdered, wounded or robbed.
- Another Spanish attack on Mülheim. On January 12th the Petrikirche was broken into and the goods brought there, the poor fund and the court seal stolen.
- The Reformation finally prevailed in the Broich rule.
- Written complaint from Count Wirich VI. Daun-Falkenstein to the Spanish Colonel Francisco Verdugo about the excesses of his mercenaries.
- In September there are repeated looting, arson and murder in Alstaden and Styrum by the Spaniards quartered in Orsoy under Admiral Francisco de Mendoza . Finally, on September 27th, the village of Mülheim was also looted and set on fire.
The murder of Wirich by the Spaniards, copper engraving by Jan Luyken from 1698
- Because of the increasing danger from the Spaniards, Count Wirich VI. von Daun-Falkenstein moved his family to Hardenberg on October 4th . On the following day, on Mendoza's orders, an army of 5,000 Spaniards and several artillery pieces moved up to Broich Castle. In vain does the lord of the castle, Count Wirich, point out his neutrality. After heavy fire by the Spanish troops, he surrendered the next morning. Broich Castle was so badly destroyed that the damage was only repaired decades later. In spite of the oath of free retreat, the conquerors slaughter the 200 or so castle people, including servants, maids, women and children at the gates of the castle. Count Wirich is arrested and on October 11th, while walking near his castle, two Spaniards knocked down and stabbed him to death. The corpse is sprinkled with black powder and burned to the point of harmlessness. With the death of the declared Calvinist , the Protestants lose an important leader in the Lower Rhine region .
Around 1600
- When Neickmannshof in Styrum workshops are the the smelting of bog iron to iron serve.
1601-1700
- On October 9th, as a result of the Eighty Years War, the first battle of Mülheim takes place , in which General State and Spanish troops face each other in the Broich-Speldorfer Ruhrauenwiesen and in the village of Mülheim . Many Mülheim citizens also lose their lives in the conflict, and houses and courtyards in the area are badly damaged or destroyed.
- Because of this event, Count Johann Adolf von Daun-Falkenstein is forced to have the Spanish Lieutenant General Ambrosio Spinola issue a letter of protection for the rule on October 30th .
- On February 6, Johann Adolf's only brother, the young Count Wirich von Daun, an officer in Prince Moritz's army, was robbed and murdered by Spanish mercenaries near Sterkrade .
- The second battle for Mülheim takes place in February between the Spanish and the general government troops . In a kind of street fight, the Dutch under Daniël de Hertaing drive the Spaniards through the village of Mülheim, where they take several hundred prisoners on the church square. But more than a hundred Spaniards can entrench themselves in the Petrikirche, whereupon their opponents set the houses on the church wall on fire to break their defense.
- On March 8, Prince Moritz of Orange expressed his regret in writing to Count Johann Adolf that his troops had set fire to several houses in the village of Mülheim and that he was campaigning for compensation from the States General .
- In autumn destroy cuirassiers of Marshal Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim the Church of St. Lawrence and burn the village Mintard down.
- At the instigation of the abbot of the Kamp monastery, the Saar abbess Anna von Deutz was deposed after 22 years in office due to alleged "excesses" by the papal legate Fabio Chigi, later Pope Alexander VII . What the offense should have consisted of is never cleared up. Count Wilhelm Wirich von Daun-Falkenstein was accused of having a "passion for the abbess and incompetence in church matters".
- Count Wilhelm Wirich von Daun-Falkenstein starts construction work, which will remove the damage to Broich Castle over a four-year construction period, strengthen the fortifications and convert the complex into a baroque residence.
- Count Moritz von Limburg-Styrum and Bronkhorst chose the castle in Styrum again as a residence after the legacy of his father Count Hermann Otto was divided between the three sons.
- The Lordship of Broich and the Saarn Monastery had to deliver provisions to the imperial troops under General Lamboy and pay war contributions .
- On September 30th, soldiers of the ruler of the Bergisch region, the Catholic Count Palatine Wolfgang Wilhelm von Pfalz-Neuburg , penetrated the Petrikirche and plundered it and the poor fund. The reason for the attack is that Count Wilhelm Wirich von Daun-Falkenstein sided with the Protestant Elector Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg .
- The Broich family is granted the privilege of holding three horse markets a year.
- Count Wilhelm Wirich von Daun-Falkenstein donates money and land to the Lutheran community to build a church. But it will still be decades before the community has collected enough to finally be able to build. The finished Paulikirche was not blessed until 1719.
- On October 7th, Count Moritz von Limburg-Styrum shoots young Count Carl Alexander von Daun-Falkenstein in a dispute. This means that the Daun-Falkenstein line of counts will die out.
- Theodor Undereyck , an early pietist of the Reformed Church, worked as a pastor in Mülheim until 1668.
- The Mintarder St. Laurentius Church has been rebuilt.
- Since the Mülheim pastorate was occupied by Count Wilhelm Wirich von Daun-Falkenstein on his own initiative and thus irregularly with Theodor Undereyck in 1660, there was more than two years of tension between Count Wilhelm Wirich, the parish with Pastor Undereyck on the one and Count Moritz von Limburg- Styrum on the other hand. The latter finally feels compelled in November its share of the Kollationsrecht 1000 Reichstaler to sell to the community.
- Count Wilhelm Wirich also sells his share of the right of collation - from now on the community chooses its pastor itself.
- After the death of Wilhelm Wirich, the last Count of Daun-Falkenstein, the Broich rule passed to the Counts of Leiningen .
- In Saarn, the supporters of the Reformation fight for the right to build their own chapel, which for a long time can only be used for funeral sermons. It was not until 1809 that the Saar community was allowed to hold church services on Sundays.
- Fiefdom Johann Wilhelm (Duke of Jülich and Berg) deprives the Count of Leiningen of the mountain shelves without giving any reason and takes the coal mining into their own use.
1701-1800
- Due to the threatened Spanish succession dispute, Countess Johanna Magdalena von Leiningen decides to leave Broich with her children. She appoints a rent master to manage the property and goes to the relatives in Hanau .
- Finally, from December onwards, Prussian troops are in control, but they are transferred to the Angermund office in the following February .
- After the successful siege of Kaiserswerth , the rulers suffered from constant troop movements and billeting. Only after the capture of Bonn in the spring of 1703 did the situation relax again.
- China clay was discovered on the western side of the Ruhr near Speldorf , but because of the lack of mountain shelves, it was initially irrelevant.
- Gerhard Tersteegen settled in Mülheim and worked until his death in 1764 as a theologian , preacher and writer of Reformed Pietism .
- Mülheim is known as "Städtgen" - until 1808 the village remained a legally dependent settlement within the Broich domain.
- The lords of Broich got the mountain shelf back and the overview compiled a year later names 24 coal mines in the Broich lordship.
- Count Karl Joseph August von Limburg-Styrum gives his house chaplain land on the church hill for the establishment of a Catholic mission and school.
- With the first shipment of coal from the Brandenburg region, Ruhrschifffahrt also began in Mülheim. The at Ruhr resulting stacking and hub becomes the center of Ruhr navigation and coal trade.
- With the opening of the first Mülheim lock , the Ruhr becomes navigable up to the mouth. The connection to the port of Duisburg ensures a further increase in shipping on the Ruhr.
- The Catholic mission that has existed on the church hill since 1752 becomes a parish - this is the first time that both denominations maintain a church building in Mülheim at the same time.
- Johann Caspar Troost founds the first industrial factory in Mülheim with his spinning mill in Luisental.
- Johann Caspar Troost and other Mülheim merchants found the Casino company, as can be seen from a commemorative publication for the 100th anniversary of the Mühlheim Casino Company from 1892 - the original copy is currently being sought internationally.
- The "Mülheimer Zeitung von Kriegs- und Staatssachen" (Mülheimer Zeitung von Kriegs- und Staatssachen) was granted an edition license and from 1797 the newspaper appeared twice a week.
1801-1900
- For the first time, a weekly fruit, vegetable and dairy market is allowed on Fridays. The market is held south of the Petrikirche as a street market until 1839.
- The new Bavarian King Maximilian I Joseph ceded the Duchy of Berg to Napoleon Bonaparte on March 15, 1806 .
- With the creation of the Rhine Confederation on July 12, the powers of rule over Broich and Styrum from Maria Luise Albertine zu Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg and Ernst Maria von Limburg-Styrum, respectively, end . As the Broich-Styrum Office, the area is now a direct part of the new Grand Duchy of Berg .
- On August 1st, the Confederation of the Rhine leaves the Holy Roman Empire . The empire is finally dissolved by Emperor Franz II on August 6th because of Napoléon's threats of war .
- On February 18, the city charter will be granted under French law. The municipality is named after the larger settlement of Mülheim. It covers the territory of the Lords Broich and Styrum and administratively belongs to the canton of Duisburg in the arrondissement of Essen within the department of Rhine .
- The Cistercian monastery in Saarn is being secularized after a good 600 years of existence . On December 2nd, the French administration had the monastery buildings sealed.
- Eighteen-year-old Mathias Stinnes founds a shipping and coal trading company on June 14, which later became the Stinnes concern .
- The municipality gets its first street lighting with petroleum .
- 11,949 inhabitants are counted in the municipality of Mülheim.
- Johann Dinnendahl settles in Mülheim as a “mechanic” and sets up a mechanical workshop on the banks of the Ruhr. The Friedrich Wilhelms-Hütte develops from the iron foundry founded by him and his brother Franz in 1820 .
- Napoléon's power in the Grand Duchy of Berg ends. The area is now annexed by Prussia by decree of Freiherr vom Stein and becomes the Generalgouvernement Berg . The dominions Broich and Styrum are finally dissolved.
- Following a resolution by the Congress of Vienna , the General Government of Berg is now formally incorporated into Prussia and parts of it are part of the Jülich-Kleve-Berg Province .
- With 12,334 inhabitants, Mülheim is the largest city in the Rhenish-Westphalian industrial area .
- The Royal Prussian Rifle Factory , which produced here until 1862, is housed in the buildings of the former Saar Monastery .
- First mention of a civil society, the Casino Mülheim company, and purchase / construction of the first parent company in Ruhrstrasse 26 with a ballroom, wine cellar and bowling alley.
- Mülheim becomes part of the Essen district .
- The year without a summer is noticeable, the harvest fails and the citizens of Mülheim are starving.
- By the Prussian cabinet order of June 22nd, the province of Grand Duchy of Lower Rhine and the province of Jülich-Kleve-Berg are merged to form the Rhine province .
- The Essen circle is dissolved. Mülheim becomes part of the newly formed district of Duisburg until 1873 .
- 17,723 people live in Mülheim.
- The Aktienstraße built by Mathias Stinnes is opened. It runs from the coal magazines on the banks of the Ruhr to Essen-Schönebeck . At the same time, a horse-drawn tram will be built to the United Sellerbeck colliery , which will later be extended to Essen . These investments are financed by the founding of a stock corporation by ship owners, mine owners and coal traders, of which Franz Haniel from Ruhrort and Mathias Stinnes are the main shareholders.
- The first town hall, commissioned by Mayor Christian Weuste for 20,300 thalers , will be completed after a year of construction. On August 6th, the keystone of the town hall, and a little further on, the foundation stone for a chain bridge, will be laid.
- The Mülheim casino company , the Gesellschaft Casino eV, is building its second parent company "An der Delle 57" by the district architect Dahmen.
- The Mülheimer Sparkasse is founded.
- After two years of construction, the Chain Bridge will be the first Ruhr bridge in the Mülheim area to be officially opened on November 13th. It is officially named Friedrich Wilhelm Bridge , but popularly it is only called the Chain Bridge. The 79,000 Taler bridge is being built at state expense and refinanced with bridge money. The first suspension bridge on German soil was largely built by Friedrich Wilhelms-Hütte . The ferry service loses its importance and is discontinued.
- The new Ruhr lock starts operating at the current location.
- The construction of the new port, which began in 1839, will be completed on May 31. The facility, financed by the Sellerbeck colliery, is located north of the Friedrich Wilhelms-Hütte and has coal stores and a shipyard for 16 Aaken or steam ships . The tenants of the interim storage facilities are mainly Mathias Stinnes and Franz Haniel.
- The mayor's office in Mülheim is divided into a rural and city mayor's office. The town mayor's office is granted town charter according to Prussian law and the revised town regulations .
- The Troost'sche Textilfabrik is the largest employer in Mülheim at its economic heyday with 1200 employees.
- A 330 meter long Ruhr bridge on the Duisburg – Dortmund railway line is being completed by the Cologne-Mindener Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft on the Mülheim area between Speldorf and Alstaden. However, the city has not yet been connected.
- In the wake of the general mood and the March Revolution , the Ruhr boatmen go on strike and demand higher wages from the coal traders. To reinforce this, they threaten to blow up the new railway bridge. On March 23rd, the Mülheim magistrate promised the demands .
- In the Frederick William Hut producing carried pig iron in one of coke charged blast furnace , bringing the industrial steel history of the Ruhr area begins.
- New construction of the Marienkirche on the church hill according to the plans of the Cologne architect Vinzenz Statz .
- The first hospital on urban soil opens on March 19.
- Since January 22nd, the first 60 gas lamps have been lighting the Mülheim city center.
- With the construction of the Witten-Duisburg railway line by the Bergisch-Märkische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft , Mülheim is finally connected to the railway network. For the future, this means a quick end to profitable shipping on the Ruhr - the Ruhr was the most navigable river in Europe in the 1840s and 1850s. The Mülheim shipowners will shift their main focus to the Rhine.
- The Hochfeld-Essen railway line of the Rheinische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft goes into operation.
- On January 1st, Wilhelm Schmitz and his wife Louise, née Scholl, opened their trading company, Wilhelm Schmitz-Scholl Colonialwaren , at Ruhrstrasse 3 , the origin of the Tengelmann group . The Villa Schmitz-Scholl is still preserved today and has been a listed building since 1988.
- The Styrum-Ruhrort railway line of the Bergisch-Märkische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft opens.
- The Hafen-Actien-Verein (Hafen-Actien-Verein) of the port, which has only existed since 1846, is bankrupt. The reasons for this are the railway lines that opened in 1862, 1867 and especially 1866 and the associated end of shipping on the Ruhr.
- After the end of the Franco-Prussian War , the German Empire was proclaimed on January 18 and Wilhelm I of Prussia was appointed Emperor.
- Together with his father Friedrich as a partner, August Thyssen founds the strip iron mill Thyssen & Cie on April 1st in Styrum . , Nucleus of one of the largest European corporations.
- On September 21st, Friedrich Wilhelms-Hütte bought the port, which had been fallow since 1869, in order to obtain space for the construction of blast furnaces and coke ovens . The harbor basin was filled in as early as 1872, the first foundations were laid and in 1874 the first blast furnace was blown.
- 14,718 people now live within the mayor's office in Mülheim.
- Because the city of Duisburg becomes a district, the district seat is moved to Mülheim and the district of Duisburg is renamed as the district of Mülheim an der Ruhr . Food is excluded from it.
- The Styrum- Kettwig railway line , the lower Ruhr Valley Railway , of the Bergisch-Märkische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft is opened.
- Eppinghofen and Mellinghofen are incorporated.
- Western areas are spun off from the Mülheim district and become part of the Ruhrort district .
- A steam tram runs between Broich and Duisburg.
- As a result of the great miners' strike , the Mülheim collieries Humboldt , Rosenblumendelle and Wiesche also join in May . There is no strike at the Sellerbeck colliery because the administration guarantees the miners a wage increase and a reduction in working hours.
- A strong flood sanded the Ruhr and shipping was suspended for years.
- Twenty-year-old Hugo Stinnes takes over the management of the family's mining operations, Mathias Stinnes KG .
- After two years of construction, the main post office will open on May 17th at Schollenfeld, today's Viktoriaplatz.
- The first electric trams will run from July 9th . The steam tram ceases to operate.
- The brothers August and Joseph Thyssen , together with Hugo Stinnes and others, found the Mülheimer Bergwerks-Verein , one of the largest mining companies in the German Empire.
- Mülheim is a garrison town. The Royal Prussian 8. Lorraine Infantry - Regiment . No. 159 pulls on March 29 in the new barracks in the Kaiserstraße the foundation stone on 30 October 1897 set was.
1901-1932
- On May 1st, Mülheim was spun off from the district and became an independent city .
- Broich, Holthausen, Saarn, Speldorf and Styrum are incorporated on January 1st. Thus, the city has more than 40,000 inhabitants and is therefore, according to the district regulations of the Rhine province , city circle. Paul Lembke becomes Lord Mayor .
- The ophthalmic institute on Hingberg will open on July 16 (since 2013 now the city archive and music school). It exists until 1985, when the eye clinic of the ev. Hospital opened.
- According to plans by the architect Josef Kleesattel and after two years of construction, the synagogue on today's Viktoriaplatz will be inaugurated on August 2nd.
- 15-year-old Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia is also present at the celebrations for the 100th anniversary of the city on February 18 .
- On April 9, Mülheim reached the population limit of 100,000 and became a large city .
- On April 1st, Otto von Bismarck's birthday , the 27-meter-high Bismarck tower is opened as a viewing tower on the Kahlenberg .
- On May 15th, the Raffelberg saltwater pool and Raffelbergpark , which was laid out according to plans by the garden architect Walter von Engelhardt , open their doors in Speldorf . The spa gets the iodine-rich brine through a pipe from the nearby Alstaden colliery .
- On April 1st, Heißen and Oberdümpten are incorporated. North Styrum is spun off and comes to Oberhausen .
- The Raffelberg racecourse in Speldorf is inaugurated on September 29th.
- The inauguration of the Schlossbrücke is celebrated on February 24th. It replaces the chain bridge that was demolished in October 1909 and was no longer able to cope with the volume of traffic. With the opening, the connection of the tram from Broich to Rathausmarkt will be extended, and two new routes for the city's companies to Saarn and Waldschlößchen will be put into operation.
- After a four-year planning and construction period, the Stadtbad on the eastern bank of the Ruhr, right next to the new Schlossbrücke, has been completed. August and Josef Thyssen donated the necessary capital of 570,000 marks to the city .
- The Tengelmann company is building the city's first office building next to the new public swimming pool.
- Establishment of the Rheinisch-Westfälische Wasserwerkgesellschaft on December 27th.
- On July 27, 1914, the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Coal Research planned for 1912 is celebrated.
- The new town hall, designed by the architects Pfeifer und Großmann , will be completed after four years of planning and construction. The total cost of the construction project is 2.5 million Reichsmarks .
- On June 24th, Mülheim's church bells ring from 12 noon to 1 p.m. to say goodbye. Because the raw materials for the manufacture of weapons and ammunition from the First World War are missing, they are confiscated by the Reich.
- On the night of November 8th to 9th, revolutionaries nonviolently occupy the town hall. The military coup was triggered by sailors who had arrived from the November Revolution and were joined by soldiers from a garrison stationed here. They disempower the police and set up the workers 'and soldiers' council for administration.
- Following the November Revolution at the end of the First World War, Philipp Scheidemann proclaimed the German nation-state on November 9, which led to the change of the German Empire from the German Empire to the Weimar Republic . The Kingdom of Prussia becomes the Free State of Prussia .
- On December 7th, the workers 'and soldiers' council arrested August and Fritz Thyssen , Hugo and Edmund Stinnes and their directors. They are accused of treason and taken to Berlin in an unheated railroad car. They were released four days later because the charges against them turned out to be fictitious. Before the industrialists return, freedom of the press in Mülheim is severely restricted by the council.
- On December 13th, the 159 Infantry Regiment returned to Mülheim with around 800 soldiers - 3,500 comrades lost their lives.
- At the beginning of the year there were numerous smaller strikes initiated by the miners of the Mülheim Mining Association . In retrospect, the workers at Friedrich Wilhelms-Hütte and Thyssenwerke also stop working.
- Thereupon, on January 8th, a massive demonstration against the government in Berlin , in which solidarity soldiers from Infantry Regiment 159 also took part, took place. A general strike is called to overthrow the Ebert - Scheidemann rule and to socialize the mining industry. Socialization is understood here in the syndicalist sense to mean taking over the factories into the possession of the workers.
- On January 13, it was announced that some of the soldiers of Infantry Regiment 159 were planning a demonstration for the Berlin government. The Workers 'and Soldiers' Council then disarms the regiment and deposes the troop commander Major Schulz . The Guards Landesschützen-Korps of Neufville emerged from some soldiers of the disbanded regiment , others joined the Freikorps Schulz .
- On April 5th there was repeated general strike. When the Freikorps Schulz intervenes, firefights lead to a number of dead and wounded. Many insurgents are arrested.
- On March 13, the Mülheim Action Committee proclaimed a Soviet republic in response to the right-wing Kapp Putsch against the Berlin Reich government .
- Workers' troops of the Red Ruhr Army conquer the city as a result of the Ruhr uprising on March 19.
- On March 20, the command of the Red Ruhr Army was established in Mülheim.
- On March 23, the Mülheim Action Committee made it clear in a call what the red revolutionaries want: Works councils should form a municipal executive council and the city's businesses should be socialized.
- On April 4, the last Mülheim troops of the Red Ruhr Army disintegrated during battles with the “provisional Reichswehr ”. The soldiers of the Reichswehr repay the violence of the insurgent workers with even greater terror.
- Menden and Raadt are incorporated on July 1st.
- The Uhlenhorst hockey and tennis club was founded on August 20th and became German field hockey champion 16 times in the following years, making it the record champion.
- The Guards Landesschützen-Korps leaves Mülheim , which is part of the demilitarized Rhineland. On September 27th, commander Rittmeister Georg von Neufville handed over a farewell bugle to Lord Mayor Paul Lembke .
- On January 10th, around 1000 French and Belgian soldiers arrived at the Speldorfer train station and one day later, heavily armed, they marched into Mülheim. They occupy the Styrum, Heißen and Eppinghofen stations, which is how the Ruhr occupation begins for the city . The Reich government calls for passive resistance, which through numerous acts of sabotage expands into active resistance, the Ruhr War .
- That of the established on 24 February airline Ruhr built Essen / Mülheim airport officially receives the airport Rights on 25 August.
- The Kahlenberg hydropower plant , based on plans by the architects Pfeifer und Großmann, is completed.
- The Mülheimer Stadthalle , designed according to the plans of the architects Pfeifer und Großmann, will be officially opened in Broich on the banks of the Ruhr on January 5th. The interior design was planned by Emil Fahrenkamp .
- On February 26, 1926, the Raffelberg hydropower plant planned by the architects Pfeifer und Großmann went online.
- On October 8, the Rhine-Ruhr port in Speldorf and the Ruhr shipping canal from Duisburg to Mülheim will be opened.
- With the ships from Mülheim to Kettwig , the White Fleet will start passenger shipping on the Ruhr on June 8th.
- Selbeck and Ickten are incorporated.
- After a year of planning and construction, the Catholic parish church of St. Mary's Birth on the church hill, designed by Emil Fahrenkamp, is consecrated.
- The landing of the LZ 127 "Graf Zeppelin" at Essen / Mülheim Airport is celebrated.
- Local group leader Karl Camphausen is appointed Mülheim district leader of the NSDAP on October 1st .
- Mülheim result of the Reichstag elections of November 6th : NSDAP 28.3% - KPD 24.3% - Center 17.3% - SPD 13.5%
1933-1945
- SA Standard 159 was founded on January 1st .
- On January 30th, Adolf Hitler's appointment as Reich Chancellor is celebrated by the NSDAP in Mülheim, as in other cities, with a torchlight procession.
- Members of the German National People's Party with their youth organization, the “ Fighting Ring of Young German Nationalists ”, the German National Steel Helmet and the SA will gather in the town hall on February 1st . Apart from NSDAP district leader Karl Camphausen, Prince Friedrich Christian zu Schaumburg-Lippe also speaks, praising the departure into a new era and celebrating January 1933 as the new August 1914.
- On March 1st, 200 auxiliary policemen were transferred to Mülheim, 50% of whom were recruited from the SA, 30% from the SS and 20% from the ranks of the Stahlhelm. As a result, they effectively take over police power in the city. The following day they raid around 100 KPD comrades, most of whom were released a few days later after interrogation. The communist “ringleaders” remain in protective custody .
- On the day before the last Reichstag election , Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen visits the city on March 4th. Initially a guest of the Hugo Stinnes family at Haus Urge , he later held a parade on the town hall market with great sympathy from the population. In the evening, von Papen gave a speech in the town hall which, like that of Adolf Hitler in Königsberg that evening, was broadcast by radio stations in the Reich. Among the guests are many prominent Mülheimers, such as Lord Mayor Alfred Schmidt , his predecessor Paul Lembke or the Prussian War Minister and Colonel General a. D. Karl von One .
- On March 6, the NSDAP and DNVP celebrate their election victory from the previous day with a pageant through the city, accompanied by the police marching band . The next day, members of the SA and the steel helmet hoist the swastika flag or the black-white-red flag of the empire on public buildings .
- With the Enabling Act of March 23, the totalitarian dictatorship of the NSDAP under Adolf Hitler begins in the German Reich .
- Following the enactment of the Professional Civil Service Act of April 7th, Mülheim is one of the very first municipalities to have all Jewish employees and a number of party members of the SPD and the center removed from office as quickly as possible.
- On October 6th, the 2nd Battalion of Infantry Regiment 39 is stationed in the old barracks on Kaiserstrasse.
- On September 30, the city council decided that the synagogue on Viktoriaplatz was sold to the city savings bank for 56,000 Reichsmarks. The Jewish community had previously been forced to sell the building to the city on October 5th.
- On the night of November 9th to 10th, the Reichspogromnacht , fire brigade major and SS-Sturmbannführer Alfred Freter had his fire brigade set fire to the synagogue and burn it down completely. On orders from Berlin, only non-Jewish buildings are protected by the fire brigade. The rubble of the church will be disposed of a good two months later.
- The 2nd Battalion of Infantry Regiment 39 held a parade on April 20, Hitler's 50th birthday, on Viktoriaplatz, attended by thousands of people from Mülheim.
- At Essen / Mülheim airport , on August 20, eleven days before the start of the Second World War , the largest mass event to date will take place in Mülheim: Hundreds of thousands come to a major flight day to see the LZ 130 "Graf Zeppelin II", among other things . The Luftwaffe shows bombers , reconnaissance planes and fighters as well as an anti-aircraft division in action. The return of the LZ 130 to Frankfurt will initially be the last journey of a large airship.
- On May 13, three British attack Wellingtonbomber the Royal Air Force Mülheim an alternative destination as food. There are no dead people.
- From March 10th to March 11th, Mülheim was attacked in a smaller operation by two British mosquitos , which dropped two tons of bombs.
- Shortly after midnight on June 23, Mülheim was attacked by 557 British bombers (242 Avro Lancaster , 155 Halifax , 93 Stirling , 55 Wellington, 12 Mosquito).
- 0 33 pm: Completely surprisingly attacked low-flying Mosquitos the guard of firefighters Mülheim on in the stock road to disengagement of the fire police to prevent. 90 people lost their lives, 13 fire engines and the telephone system were destroyed.
- 0 45 pm raid alarm is triggered.
- 1 10 a.m .: The first bombs fall on the city center, Eppinghofen train station and the main train station. A little later, the air attack moves north to Mellinghofen and Styrum to hit heavy industry and the connection to Oberhausen.
- 1 40 pm: The attack is now shifting to Speldorf where the harbor, the railway repair work and train together with train tracks, the company Schmitz-Scholl and the connection to Duisburg goals.
- A total of 530 people died that night. 1630 buildings and the infrastructure are totally destroyed, the numerous fires last several days and 40,000 people have to be evacuated.
- On the night of November 1st to November 2nd, 33 people died in an air raid by the British, which actually applies to Oberhausen, especially in Dümpten.
- Around 200 British bombers attacked Essen-Mülheim airfield at around 2 p.m. on Christmas Eve , killing at least 250 people. At that time the airfield was the base of the air force and served to support the Ardennes offensive .
- In preparation for Operation Plunder , the USAAF flies around 90 B-24 bombers to attack Essen-Mülheim airport on March 21 , killing 22 people.
- On April 11th, the first soldiers of the 513rd Paratrooper Regiment of the 17th U.S. Airborne Division under Lt. Colonel Ryan Mülheimer Boden. After minor battles with soldiers of the 183. People Grenadier Division of the Wehrmacht finally reached via Dümpten and native soil around 9 40 the town hall clock. A little later, Mayor Edwin Renatus Hasenjaeger hands over the city to Major Keene. The war is over for Mülheim. Only around 88,000 people live in the city.
- Mayor Hasenjaeger was picked up on April 12th by a CIC agent on the pretext that he should attend a briefing for four days. In truth, however, he was interned in a camp near Attichy in France for five months , which started the occupation of the city.
- The unconditional surrender on May 8th ended the Second World War in Europe and the dictatorship of the NSDAP in the German Reich.
- On June 18, the American garrison was replaced by the British.
- On October 11th, Hasenjaeger, who was released from camp detention as harmless on September 16th, was reinstated as the city's mayor by the Allied military government.
- At the end of the year, 125,441 people were living in the city again.
1946-2000
- Because Lord Mayor Edwin Hasenjaeger encounters considerable resistance from the SPD and KPD in the newly formed city council , he resigned from his office at the end of April.
- By decree of the British occupiers of August 23, the northern part of the Rhine province is united with the province of Westphalia to form the state of North Rhine-Westphalia .
- The first free local election will take place on October 13th. 71,504 Mülheim citizens vote with a participation of 78.73%: CDU 39.1%, SPD 37.2%, FDP 12.8%, KPD 10.1% and independents with 0.8%.
- On November 4th, the new city council appoints Wilhelm Diederichs from the CDU as the city's first elected mayor.
- Mülheim signed its first town twinning with the English city of Darlington in March .
- Federal President Theodor Heuss inaugurates the restored town hall in Broich.
- The company founders Karl and Theo Albrecht split the family business Aldi among themselves. Mülheim becomes the headquarters of the legally independent Aldi Süd group of companies .
- After three years of construction, the extension of the town hall, which adjoins the historic town hall from 1915, is completed. The 19th century houses on the Friedrich-Ebert-Straße passage will be demolished and new parts of the building will be erected to complement the town hall on the side of the town hall market towards the west and, together with a new part of the building on the Ruhr side, form the expanded town hall.
- Ten years after the first, Mülheim signed another city partnership with the French city of Tours on January 29th .
- The director of the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research in Mülheim, Professor Karl Ziegler , will receive the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in Stockholm on December 10th .
- The blast furnaces at Friedrich Wilhelms-Hütte are shut down. The city is thus the first in the Ruhr area without a blast furnace.
- The Rosenblumendelle colliery ceases coal mining. The city is thus the first in the Ruhr area without a colliery.
- The Paulikirche an der Delle, which was slightly damaged during the war and restored through donations twenty years earlier, is being torn away on behalf of the presbytery of the Protestant old town. Today there is a gravel parking lot on the site of the second church, consecrated in 1881.
- Mülheim signs twinning with the Finnish city of Kuusankoski .
- With 192,937 fellow citizens, the city has the highest population.
- In Heißen, Germany's largest indoor shopping center at the time, the RheinRuhrZentrum , will open on March 1st on the site of the former Humboldt colliery .
- As part of the local reorganization, the Düsseldorf-Mettmann district will be dissolved on January 1st . The city of Kettwig is incorporated into Essen, and its western district, the village of Mintard , is incorporated into Mülheim.
- On May 28, the 7.8 km long model route of the Rhein-Ruhr urban railway network will be officially opened as the U18 subway line between the stations Wiener Platz (now Hirschlandplatz) in Essen and Heißen Kirche in Mülheim . The extension of the line to Mülheim main station officially went into operation on November 3, 1979.
- The State Minister for Labor, Health and Social Affairs Friedhelm Farthmann officially hands over the new building of the ev. Hospital designed by the architect Peter Poelzig to its destination on October 12th .
- The state horticultural show takes place in the " MüGa-Park "
- With the 38th Squadron of the Royal Corps of Transport , the British Army of the Rhine leaves Mülheim after 48 years . The Wrexham Barracks , a barracks built for the Wehrmacht in 1939, becomes the property of the city.
- On February 21, the new Duisburg synagogue with the community center of the Jewish community Duisburg-Mülheim-Oberhausen will be opened in the inner harbor of Duisburg .
2001 – present
- After the resignation of Jens Baganz (CDU), the teacher Dagmar Mühlenfeld (SPD) is elected as the new mayor.
- The leather and tanning museum opens in the premises of the former Abel leather factory.
- The Museum of the Prehistory of Film (Camera Obscura) opens in the former Broich water tower.
- On January 26th, Mülheim will be twinning with the Istanbul district of Beykoz in Turkey .
- Mülheim is celebrating its 200th city anniversary. The basis is the survey of the municipality by Grand Duke Joachim von Berg (1808). The founder and entrepreneur museum (GuM) opens, as does the monastery museum in Saarn monastery.
- In the first quarter, all represented specialist offices move out of the town hall . More than 600 workplaces and around 7500 meters of shelves for files are relocated. The demolition of the western part and the renovation of the historic town hall can now begin.
- The media house will open on the site of the former synagogue. In addition to the city library and media center, the Rio cinema will find a new home there.
- The newly founded Hochschule Ruhr West welcomes its first students for the 2009/10 winter semester.
- Mülheim opens the year of the European Capital of Culture RUHR.2010.
- The SPD politician Hannelore Kraft from Mülheim is elected the first female Prime Minister of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
- The first Mülheim art house opens in Mülheim. 7 artists from Mülheim move into the historic Villa Schmitz-Scholl at Ruhrstrasse 3. In the main building of the Tengelmann founding family Schmitz-Scholl will Galerie an der Ruhr / Ruhr Gallery and the "KuMuMü - Culture Muelheim an der Ruhr Street 3" opened, located directly on the Ruhr / Ruhr plant in the art district of art city of Mülheim an der Ruhr.
- In Mülheim, the city harbor is opened with a new Ruhr promenade. The harbor basin is located next to the mouth of the Rumbach in the Ruhr. This is where the historic Troost factory canal began. This means that in addition to the Ruhr area, another part of the city has returned closer to the Ruhr.
Remarks
1 Count Dietrich von Isenberg is now named after his mother's maiden name: von Limburg.
See also
literature
- Otto R. Redlich: Mülheim ad Ruhr. Its history from the beginning to the transition to Prussia in 1815 . Self-published by the city of Mülheim an der Ruhr, Mülheim an der Ruhr 1939
- Ilse Barleben : Mülheim ad Ruhr. Contributions to its history from the city elevation to the founding years . Self-published by the city of Mülheim an der Ruhr, Mülheim an der Ruhr 1959
- A. Rose: Chronological Mülheim local history board . Mülheimer Zeitung, festival edition from April 1, 1922
- Heinz Hohensee: 175 years of the city of Mülheim an der Ruhr. Yearbook '83 . Tourist office Mülheim an der Ruhr e. V., Mülheim an der Ruhr 1983
- Kurt Ortmanns: Brief information from 1100 years . Tourist office of the city of Mülheim, July 1992
- Vincenz Jacob von Zuccalmaglio: History and description of the city and the district of Mülheim a. R. Cologne 1846 ( ULB Düsseldorf )
Web links
Commons : Mülheim an der Ruhr - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Individual evidence
- ↑ FLODOARDI ANNALES 923 (Latin)
- ↑ G. Binding: Monumenta Germaniae Historica ( Memento of October 1, 2004 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ The Mülheimer Mühlen ( Memento from September 26, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ The murder of the young count Wirich von Daun
- ↑ Happe, W. Source: Yearbook of the Rheinische Denkmalpflege, 1985 ISBN 3-7927-0825-6 Location in the IRB library: DERhAD - DEIRB 16jahrb.
- ↑ When the Ruhr was bridged for the first time - Article of the NRZ from November 13, 2008
- ^ Foundation of the Schmitz-Scholl company
- ↑ The Thyssen company starts operations
- ↑ a b Opening of the first Mülheim trams
- ^ Opening of the main post office on Viktoriaplatz
- ^ Laying of the foundation stone for the barracks in Mülheim
- ↑ Inauguration of the ophthalmic institute in Mülheim
- ↑ Inauguration of the Mülheim synagogue on Viktoriaplatz
- ↑ Mülheim's synagogues from 1794 until today
- ^ A b Günter, Roland (1975): Mülheim an der Ruhr. 1st edition Düsseldorf: Schwann (The monuments of the Rhineland, vol. 21), p. 35f.
- ^ Farewell ringing of the Mülheim church bells
- ↑ a b Reichspogromnacht in Mülheim
- ↑ a b c d e f The bombing war in Mülheim an der Ruhr
- ↑ a b The end of the war in Mülheim
- ↑ City of Mülheim an der Ruhr: Town Hall - move currently
- ↑ The West: In New Places