Tesla, Inc.

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Tesla, Inc.

logo
legal form Incorporated
ISIN US88160R1014
founding July 1, 2003
Seat Palo Alto , United StatesUnited StatesUnited States 
management Elon Musk ( CEO )
Robyn Denholm ( Chairman )
Number of employees 48,016 (2019)
sales 24.6 billion US dollars (2019)
Branch Automotive industry , solar industry , energy storage
Website www.tesla.com
As of December 31, 2019

Model S on a Tesla Supercharger
The T in the logo of Tesla to a sector of the cross section of an electric motor represent

Tesla, Inc. (until February 1, 2017 Tesla Motors ) is a US company that produces and sells electric cars , electricity storage systems and photovoltaic systems. The company's goal is "accelerating the transition to sustainable energy". The company name is based on the physicist and inventor Nikola Tesla . The company obtained the rights of use for the Tesla brand following an agreement with the Czech Tesla Holding following a trademark dispute in 2010.

The company was founded in July 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning , who left in 2008. In the spring of 2004, venture capital investors got on board , Elon Musk became chairman of the supervisory board and soon became the defining figure of Tesla. At the end of 2019, the company had around 48,000 employees. The market capitalization at the beginning of August 2020 was around 259 billion euros. The company is based in Palo Alto in Silicon Valley .

The roadster , built from 2008 to 2012, was the world's first series-produced electric vehicle with a battery system made up of lithium-ion cells . This was followed by the development of the luxury model S sedan . An offshoot of this is the slightly larger SUV / van crossover Model X with gullwing doors. The Model 3 mid-range sedan has been available since mid-2017 and over 500,000 units were produced (as of April 2020). The 3, S and X models are produced in Fremont (California) , with the S model also being manufactured from completely knocked-down kits in Tilburg , the Netherlands. Tesla previously supplied various components for their electric drivetrains to Daimler and Toyota, among others . In total, Tesla has produced more than a million battery electric cars. According to its own information, Tesla sold a total of 499,550 vehicles in 2020.

The Tesla company logo is a T-shaped section of a cross-section through the armature and the stator with an air gap of an electric motor, as designed by Nikola Tesla . The logo was created by the design company "RO-Studio".

History and finance

Elon Musk at the Tesla 2015 Annual General Meeting in Mountain View , California
JB Straubel at the 2013 electromobility summit in Berlin

At the end of 2003, two independent teams had come together, on the one hand Martin Eberhard , Marc Tarpenning and Ian Wright, on the other hand Elon Musk and JB Straubel , who were inspired by the prototype of the T-Zero and wanted to bring out a commercial electric car together. The T-Zero, an electric sports car developed by AC Propulsion , was the basis for their own concept.

The attempt by the auto companies to "kill" the electric car (e.g. the EV1 from General Motors ) brought Musk to his use for electric cars. To accelerate the mobility transition , he declared Tesla's patents in the public domain in 2014 .

Since college, Musk has wanted to bring electric vehicles to a wide range of customer needs. At the beginning of the necessary development, there should be a sports car for early adopters . In the next development step, the concept envisaged mass-produced models such as a sedan . In the third step, a compact car should make electric cars affordable for a wide range of customers. Musk takes an active role in the company and participates in the design of the vehicles. He also came up with the idea of ​​equipping the car with a body made of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP); He is jointly responsible for the construction of modules from the drive to the light.

The body of the Tesla Roadster comes from the collaboration (2005-2011) with Lotus , so it is similar to the Lotus Elise . Around 2250 Tesla Roadsters had been produced by the end of 2011, and in 2012 Tesla was able to carry out its first complete production of its own.

Musk has a financial stake in Tesla; he reinvested the profits from other products in the company. The company's commitment to this technology has earned the company several awards so far, most recently the Stevie Award.

At the end of 2008, Tesla was on the verge of bankruptcy , but was saved at the last minute by investor Dibalog . Since then, Tesla has also been dependent on a number of investors, including Toyota, Daimler and many private individuals who believe in the future of the electric car or use the technology for their own products. In October 2014, it was announced that Daimler had sold all of its shares in Tesla and Toyota had partially sold its shares.

The IPO took place at the end of June 2010. The initial value of the volume of the IPO was 226 million US dollars and is many times higher today. Overall, Tesla had 2010 sales of 116.7 million US dollars. For the important European market, a brand dispute was settled in 2010 with the electronics company TESLA, which was founded in 1921 and is based in Prague, under unspecified conditions.

In March 2013, Tesla was said to be sold to Google for $ 6 billion after the company again struggled with bankruptcy problems in late 2012. However, due to a surge in sales that began a little later and the associated significant increase in the share price, there was ultimately no sale. A Tesla S that caught fire after an accident led to a temporary drop in the share price of 12 percent in October 2013 (this corresponded to a decline in the market value of 3 billion US dollars at the time). However, vehicle fires in conventional vehicles are considered more likely.

Originally, “black numbers” were expected in 2013 if Tesla also sold the planned production of 20,000 Tesla Model Ss. According to Tesla, 22,477 Model S were sold in 2013, and sales of more than 35,000 are expected for 2014. Tesla lowered the expectation to 33,000 vehicles in November 2014.

Still, Tesla suffered additional losses of about $ 254 million in 2011, about $ 396 million in 2012, about $ 71 million in 2013 and $ 181 million through September 2014.

Tesla sales development

In mid-June 2014, the incumbent Tesla boss Musk announced that he would hand over Tesla's patents to the public in order to give the development of electric vehicles a boost.

Tesla generated part of its income in recent years with ZEV Credit Points , e.g. B. in 2013 in the amount of almost 130 million US dollars.

In the first quarter of 2015, Tesla was able to achieve a five-digit delivery number in one quarter for the first time. After thirteen consecutive quarterly losses, Tesla posted a profit of $ 22 million in the third quarter of 2016.

In November 2016, the takeover of the German mechanical engineering company and supplier Grohmann Engineering  GmbH was announced. Specializing in assembly plant construction, Grohmann Engineering will supply key technology to increase production capacity. In addition to the renamed Tesla Grohmann Automation as headquarters, further locations in Germany with an additional 1000 engineers are planned for the next two years under the name Tesla Advanced Automation Germany.

In June 2017, Tesla exceeded the stock market value of BMW for the first time . In mid-September 2017, Tesla was briefly the most valuable US automaker on the stock market ahead of General Motors, despite the fact that the company had made a total loss of US $ 2.3 billion over the past five years. In October 2017 it was announced that Tesla was only able to manufacture one sixth of the planned vehicles of the new Model 3 in the third quarter of the year due to production bottlenecks. In the fourth quarter of 2017, Tesla sold a total of 29,870 models of the "S", "X" and "3" models, as many vehicles as never before in a quarter.

In mid-June 2018, Elon Musk announced that it would reduce its workforce by nine percent. The downsizing was intended to save costs. After external pressure from the industry, Musk said in mid-June against the backdrop of the planned layoffs: "We will never be able to fulfill our mission if we do not demonstrate at some point that we can be profitable in the long term."

An important milestone was reached at the end of the 2nd quarter of 2018: 5000 Model 3s could be produced per week for the first time. However, this message did not lead to the presumed increase in the share price, but rather the share slipped by more than 10% within the next two trading days.

On August 7, 2018, Musk surprisingly announced a possible withdrawal from the stock market via Twitter , the financing of which was already secured. In this context, small shareholders should be given the opportunity to sell their shares at US $ 420 (price at the time of publication around US $ 340). Musk's tweet started a chain reaction. It became known that the Saudi sovereign wealth fund PIF , which is controlled by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman , had built up a billion-dollar stake in Tesla in the background and was one of Tesla's eight largest shareholders. The fund held 3 to 5 percent of Tesla, with a stake worth $ 1.7 billion to $ 2.9 billion. The Saudis had been interested in participating in a possible privatization of Tesla since the beginning of 2017. Measured against the share capital that would theoretically have to be bought back, Tesla's delisting from the stock exchange would be a historic financial feat of strength, amounting to more than 70 billion dollars would. Musk describes these capital requirement reports as grossly exaggerated.

The US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) summoned members of the board of directors and Musk to clarify the background of the tweet. Exchange traders have since sued for damages because of the tweet. In an interview with the New York Times , Musk admitted a tremendous workload because of the ongoing production problems that made him resort to the sleeping pill Ambien : "Last year was the most difficult and painful year of my career," he said, adding, "It was unbearable. ”Musk admitted that he last worked 120 hours a week, which averages over 17 hours a day. There have been times when he didn't leave the factory for three or four days and didn't go outside. Illegal drugs, on the other hand, were not involved when he announced a possible withdrawal from the stock market on August 7, 2018. He said in the interview that he dropped the tweet on the way to the airport; it should have served transparency. There is also no code for cannabis consumption behind the price of US $ 420 for Tesla shares (see 420 ). He got the amount by adding 20 percent to the current rate. He then rounded the arithmetical result, 419 US dollars, to 420 US dollars: “420 dollars seemed to me to have better karma than 419 dollars. [...] That has nothing to do with grass, to make that clear. Weed doesn't help you be productive. There's a reason for the word 'stoned'. You sit around like a stone when you're stoned. "

Tesla sales, US market, July to September 2018

At the end of August 2018, however, Musk made it clear that after talks with the investment banks and institutional investors involved, Tesla would continue to be listed on the stock exchange. Nevertheless, on September 27, 2018, the US Securities and Exchange Commission filed a lawsuit against Musk for misleading investors with his announcement of the share buyback and thus harming them. On September 29, 2018, the SEC and Musk reached a settlement in which Musk and Tesla each pay a fine of US $ 20 million, Elon Musk can no longer serve as chairman for three years, and Tesla signs an independent new chairman. The settlement has yet to be confirmed by a court. In early November 2018, Tesla announced that Robyn Denholm , a member of Tesla's Board of Directors since 2014, would take on the role of Chairman. At the end of December, Oracle founder Larry Ellison and Kathleen Wilson-Thompson - HR manager at Walgreens Boots Alliance - two independent directors were appointed to the board of directors.

In the third quarter of 2018, Tesla achieved a profit of $ 311 million. It was Tesla's third profitable quarter since it went public in 2010. For a long time, critics considered Tesla to be never profitable and therefore not viable. Revenue increased 130 percent year over year to $ 6.8 billion. Tesla's shares rose significantly as a result. Tesla shipped 55,840 Model 3s in the third quarter. Tesla sold over 80,000 vehicles across all models. In the USA, Tesla has roughly the same delivery figures as BMW and Mercedes.

In the fourth quarter of 2018, Tesla posted a profit of $ 139.5 million on sales of $ 7.2 billion. For the entire calendar year 2018, however, the business result was negative; the losses were $ 976 million.

For the first quarter of 2019, Tesla reported sales of $ 4.54 billion and a loss of $ 702 million.

In the second quarter of 2019, Tesla set a new sales record with the delivery of 95,200 electric cars. Sales were $ 6.36 billion; a loss of $ 408 million was made.

In December 2019, Tesla overtook Chinese automaker BYD with 800,000 electric vehicles manufactured, making it the world's largest manufacturer of electric vehicles.

vehicles

The model names were originally supposed to result in the name "SEXY" based on a song by Right Said Fred . However, there were problems with the Ford company because of the designation Model E, so they switched to a 3.

Timeline of Tesla models since 2008
Type 2000s 2010s 2020s
7th 8th 9 0 1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 0
Roadster Roadster
Middle class Model 3
Upper class Model S
SUV Model X
Model Y
Comparison of the models
Roadster sport Model S 85 Model S P85 Model S P85D Model S P100D
Torque 400 Nm / min 0-5100 -1 415 Nm / min 0-7000 -1 600 Nm / min 0-5300 -1 930 Nm / min 0-5300 -1 967 Nm
power 215 kW 270 kW 310 kW 515 kW 567 kW
Max. speed 200 km / h 210 km / h 225 km / h 250 km / h 250 km / h
0-100 km / h 3.7 s 5.6 s 4.4 s 3.3 s (3.0 s) 2.7 s
Range (manufacturer information) 350 km 502 km 502 km 491 km 613 km
Note: The source of the information is primarily the Tesla Motors website
Size comparison
size Roadster Model S Model X Model 3
length 3940 mm 4970 mm 5040 mm 4690 mm
width 1870 mm 1960 mm 2000 mm 1880 mm
height 1230 mm 1440 mm 1680 mm 1430 mm
Dimensions 1295 kg 2108 kg 2391 kg 1847 kg
Ground battery 440 kg 750 kg 750 kg unknown

Roadster - design 2008

The roadster, the company's first model

On July 24, 2006, Tesla presented the roadster to a select audience after three years of development. The two-seater sports car is powered by an electric motor in the rear, which acts on the rear wheels with a maximum of 215  kW via an input gear . Touch of a transition, since electric motors other than reciprocating engines their maximum torque from standstill unfold and the engine with up to 14,000 min -1 runs - above the rated speed but with decreasing torque.

The energy source consists of 6831 commercially available lithium-ion batteries for laptops with a storage capacity of approx. 53 kWh and a voltage of 375 V. The lithium-ion batteries are of the type 18650, of which several billion each year Piece to be produced. Each battery has a diameter of 18 mm, is 65 mm long and has two fuses - one on the anode and one on the cathode . The battery made up of 6831 rechargeable cells weighs around 450 kg; it is cooled by a mixture of water and glycol .

The vehicle accelerates to a speed of 97 km / h in 3.9 seconds. The manufacturer promised a range of 340 km in the European Electric Vehicle Combined Cycle. The charging time was specified as 3.5 hours at 240 V mains voltage and 70 A.

The sports model of the vehicle is even faster than the Tesla Roadster, accelerating from 0 to 97 km / h in 3.7 instead of 3.9 seconds. The Roadster Sport was available from 2009 and, like the Roadster 2.5, could be purchased until the end of 2011. At the end of 2011, the cooperation with Lotus was discontinued.

Roadster - design 2020

Tesla Roadster 2020 prototype (November 2017)

The planned new Tesla Roadster was presented on November 16, 2017 (local time in California; November 17 UTC) following the presentation of the Tesla Semi . It is a four-seater sports car with all-wheel drive and three engines, which should be available from 2020. The car is said to sprint from 0 to 60 mph (97 km / h ) in 1.9 seconds and from 0 to 100 mph (160 km / h) in 4.2 seconds, making it the fastest production vehicle ever built in terms of acceleration. The quarter mile is covered in 8.9 seconds. Tesla states that the top speed is over 400 km / h. With a battery capacity of 200 kWh, a range of approx. 1000 km should be achieved. In the basic configuration, it should cost $ 200,000.

Model S

Tesla Model S (Facelift from 04-2016)

Under the code name "WhiteStar", a company branch in Detroit developed a sports sedan . After the development work was completed, 10,000 and later 25,000 vehicles of the model were initially produced in Fremont per year. The model went on sale under the name Tesla Model S. A resale price for US citizens of $ 63,570 has been announced after a federal environmental protection premium for all-electric cars of $ 7,500 is deducted from the original price ($ 71,070). The Model S has been available in Germany from 65,740 euros since 2013. A concept vehicle of the model was presented to the public on March 26, 2009 in Hawthorne, California and in September 2009 at the IAA in Frankfurt .

The Model S is Tesla's first own production. The sporty sedan has five seats and two optional child seats. It is characterized by significantly more interior space than the roadster. Furthermore, some models can be ordered with all-wheel drive and performance on request. In the performance version P100D, a sprint from 0 to 100 km / h is possible in just 2.7 seconds. Since April 2016 there has been a facelift of the Model S, whereby the previously black painted pseudo grille was omitted. In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, 75, 90 and 100 kWh are available for the Model S, the ranges are up to 632 km (NEDC). The charging time is around three hours. In addition, Tesla has set up a network of Tesla Supercharger fast charging charging stations, which were initially built on travel routes in the USA, Western Europe and East Asia, and charge the Model S (and X) to 80% free of charge in around 40 minutes. The Model S is a competing product to the 7-series from BMW and the S-Class from Mercedes-Benz .

Model 3

Tesla Model 3

The "Tesla Model 3" was presented on March 31, 2016, with the market launch planned for the end of 2017. At short notice, at the end of June 2015, there was also talk of a market launch in early 2018. Production finally started in early July 2017 (see below). The first mid-range model from Tesla is 28 cm shorter than the Model S and, at around 4.69 m, corresponds to the length of the BMW 3 Series or Mercedes-Benz C-Class . Two battery variants are set, 50 kWh for the entry-level version with a targeted electric range of at least 215 miles (corresponds to approx. 350 km) and the "Long Range Battery" version with 75 kWh for 310 miles (corresponds to approx. 500 km) . In the basic version of the entry-level version, the vehicle costs 35,000 US dollars, in the long-range version 44,000 US dollars. Since the intended designation "Model E", which should supplement "S" and "X", is a registered trademark of the Ford company, Tesla has switched to "Model 3".

Reservations for the vehicle have been accepted since March 31, 2016. Within 24 hours, Tesla stores worldwide accepted over 115,000 reservations valued at $ 1,000 each. Within the first three days after the Model 3 was unveiled, the number climbed to more than 276,000 thanks to online reservations, which corresponds to a sum of over 276 million US dollars in down payments. Unlike the Model S and Model X, there will be no signature model, but the queues should get something “cool”, according to Musk. In spring 2016, the company reported planned annual sales of 50,000 cars in 2017 and over 500,000 cars in 2018.

Due to the high demand, the start of series production was brought forward. The first series vehicle was built at the beginning of July 2017. At the end of July, the first 30 to 50 series models were handed over to mostly internal customers and some values ​​were announced and test drives were made possible. In the third quarter, 260 Model 3s were manufactured, which means that the planned number of over 1000 vehicles was not achieved. According to the company, this was due to production bottlenecks. For the time being, only the long-range version was built and delivered with around 11,000 vehicles (status at the end of March 2018). At the beginning of February 2019, Tesla started delivering the Model 3 in Europe.

The 5000th Model 3 within a week rolled off the assembly line on a Sunday morning, albeit a few hours after the deadline set by CEO Elon Musk. In the last week of June 2018, Tesla 5031 Model 3 and 1913 Model S & X produced, the company announced in its quarterly report for the 2nd quarter of 2018. This means that production has increased by 55 percent compared to the first quarter.

Model X

Tesla Model X with double doors

The presentation of the crossover took place in Los Angeles in 2012 . The market launch was initially postponed several times and finally took place on September 29, 2015.

The Model X adopts many of the features of the Model S, i.e. battery sizes and motors, 17 ″ touchscreen, etc., but is only offered with all-wheel drive, so that the front trunk is a little smaller at 150.1 liters than the rear-wheel drive models initially offered. S variants. In addition, the mass is 300 kg larger and a trailer coupling is also available. The body is only a few centimeters longer and wider, but 24 cm higher, and offers space for up to seven people (on the Model S only possible with two rear-facing child seats). The second and third rows of seats can be reached more easily through folding wing doors , so-called falcon wings , which have a second hinge over the windows and are electrically operated. Another feature is a large windscreen that forms a glass roof over the front seats. The rear trunk holds 744.7 liters, folding down the third row of seats increases it to over 1645.2 liters. The second row of seats could not be folded down at first.

Model Y

The Model Y was presented on March 15, 2019. It is largely based on the Model 3 , but is roughly 10 percent larger and offers up to seven seats.

Tesla Model Y from the driver's side (taken at the "Investor Conference")
Tesla Semi

Semi

The Tesla Semi was presented on November 16, 2017 . It is a tractor ( English semi truck ) with a three-axle tractor , the four rear wheels individually by four electric motors are driven. The truck with a maximum weight of 36 tons should accelerate from 0 to 100 km / h in 5 seconds (empty) or in 20 seconds (fully loaded). The driver sits in the middle, which should ensure a particularly good all-round view. The exterior mirrors have been replaced by cameras, the image of which - along with all other vehicle data displayed - is shown on two flat screens on the left and right of the steering wheel .

A drag coefficient (c w ) of 0.36 is to be achieved through a streamlined driver's cab, movable side flaps between the tractor and the trailer, and a completely flat underbody . With a full load and a speed of around 100 km / h, the consumption should be less than 2 kWh per mile, which should enable a range of 800 km with a full battery. Within 30 minutes, the battery should then be able to be recharged for a distance of 640 km at “megacharger” charging stations that have yet to be built and are fully powered by solar power . Armored glass panes , improved autopilot functionality with anti-lock braking system (AEB), automatic lane keeping (ALK), front collision warning (FCW), a smartphone app like that of Tesla cars and a 1,600,000 km failure guarantee should also be part of the standard equipment.

Operating costs should be at least 20% lower than a conventionally powered truck of this size (diesel $ 1.51 per mile, Tesla $ 1.26 per mile, each fully loaded at 60 miles / hour), and even lower with platooning (0, $ 85 per mile). According to Elon Musk , the latter should make the Tesla Semi more economical than rail transport. Production is to begin in 2019 [obsolete] and the first deliveries in 2020 [obsolete] .

Cybertruck

Cybertruck prototype

On November 21, 2019, Tesla presented its pickup truck called the Tesla Cybertruck. The vehicle is equipped with a body made of cold-rolled stainless steel sheet, which is supposed to ensure durability and occupant protection.

The Cybertruck is expected to be produced from late 2021 and then be available as a base model starting at $ 39,900. Tesla wants to offer three versions of the Cybertruck with a range of 400, 640 and 800 kilometers and different engine types.

technology

Battery concept

Battery cell in format 18650, with steel cover. Of these, 6831 each were installed in the roadster.

Tesla's energy storage system is based on lithium-ion round cells with a form factor of 18650 . These are cylinders with a diameter of 18 mm and a length of 65 mm. This size has already been produced billions of times for laptops. The round cells in which the active layers are wrapped inexpensively cost between 190 and 200 dollars per kWh in 2014. In contrast, the costs for large-format cells, the active layers of which are laboriously stacked or folded, as used by other manufacturers, were in the order of magnitude of 240 to 250 US dollars per kWh.

Tesla encloses each of the round cells in a steel housing that dissipates the heat generated during charging and discharging. The relatively large surface area due to the small size of the cells enables the resulting heat to be rapidly transferred to the water-cooled environment and protects the cell from overheating during normal operation.

In the roadster's battery pack, 69 cells are wired in parallel to form a block. Nine blocks per layer are connected in series and eleven layers are inserted into the set housing. In total, a set consists of 6,831 cells. The battery pack weighs approx. 408 kg, can store 56 kWh of electrical energy and delivers 215 kW of electrical power as a peak value. Cooling liquid is pumped through the set for efficient heat transfer. As a result, cells within the pack that are distant from one another only have a temperature difference of a few degrees. The cooling requires energy, but by providing the optimal operating temperature and by individually controlling the cells, it forms the basis for achieving a long service life for the entire package. In the cooling system of the package there are sensors that allow a targeted control of the cooling. When it is cold, the system is used in reverse to heat the cells. The whole pack is enclosed in a sturdy steel case.

Tesla has been manufacturing batteries in the larger cylindrical cell format 21700 with a diameter of 21 mm and a length of 70 mm since 2016 . These cells are used for energy storage and for the Model 3. An increased specific energy and a further economies of scale are achieved. As of February 2020, according to media reports, Tesla is working on using lithium iron phosphate batteries in its e-cars in addition to conventional lithium-ion batteries, which do not use the controversial raw material cobalt and are also cheaper than them.

Tesla Supercharger DC quick charging stations

Tesla Supercharger charging point near Münchberg on the A9
European type 2 plug on a Tesla Supercharger

In 2012, Tesla began setting up high-performance charging stations under the name “Tesla Supercharger” with a maximum charging capacity of almost 120 kW. In a first phase, the proprietary direct current charging system (DC) was built along the west and east coast of the United States. In a second phase, the two coastal corridors were connected, making it possible to cross the United States in a Model S free of charge. The network expansion in North America was followed by networks of “Tesla Supercharger” charging stations in Europe and Asia. In June 2014, Tesla Motors announced that it would make several patents available to the general public for free use, which are linked to their previously proprietary charging stations.

By summer 2016, the network in Germany had been expanded to include 60 locations so that it was possible to drive electrically from any location to any other.

Unlike the US market, Tesla vehicles for the European market are supplied with IEC 62196 Type 2 charging sockets . Tesla did not wait for the new European charging standard CCS Combo 2 with two separate additional contacts for its direct current fast charging , but implemented the direct voltage charging via extended type 2 contacts.

Tesla has been a member of the Charging Interface Initiative e. V. , an association for the promotion and dissemination of the Combined Charging System.

For Tesla vehicles that have been ordered since January 1, 2017, only 400 kWh (over 1,600 km, worth around € 100) per year were given free of charge via Supercharger. The use beyond this was calculated and should cost less than refueling a comparable vehicle with a combustion engine. This was revised again in June 2017. Every Model S or Model X, for which a reference link is used when purchasing, can continue to use the Supercharger free of charge until the end of the vehicle's life, provided it was ordered by December 31, 2017. For vehicles ordered after December 15, 2017, according to a “Supercharger Fair Use Policy” presented by Tesla in December 2017, the fast charging stations may only be used for “private long-distance journeys”; Use for commercial purposes can lead to exclusion from the authorization to use the Supercharger.

Tesla Energy

Tesla announced at the end of April 2015 that it would be offering lithium-ion battery storage during the summer, the Tesla Powerwall (10 kWh and 7 kWh) for private households and the "Tesla Powerpack" for companies (100 kWh). According to Bloomberg , the product launch was very successful. In the first week alone, orders with a volume of USD 800 million were placed.

In addition, Tesla Energy also sells solar glass roofs, which function as a tile and solar system in one. Tesla advertises with a durability of 25 years and wind, fire and hail resistance.

The first battery storage systems were produced at the Fremont plant. The units have been assembled in the already completed part of the Gigafactory since autumn 2015.

Autopilot

Tesla offers driver support in its vehicles that implements some elements of a self-driving vehicle . Since October 2015, vehicles have been offering lane departure warning and adaptive cruise control on motorways in a mode known as “autopilot” . The lane can be changed automatically by tapping the indicator lever.

The technology for the autopilot assistance system was initially supplied by Mobileye and only had a front-facing camera. After a fatal accident occurred, Mobileye ended its collaboration with Tesla due to safety concerns and Tesla decided to develop its own system (WP2).

In October 2016, the hardware update “Enhanced Autopilot” was presented, which should enable extended autonomy for vehicles manufactured from the end of 2016. A semi-autonomous control of the vehicle should, for example, take over the lane change and the change from freeway to freeway. After the update , new vehicles initially did not have the previous range of functions. Thanks to updates via the integrated cellular network, several improved software versions were installed.

The additional hardware update "Autopilot 2.0 / Full Self Driving Capability" is intended to introduce the technical requirements for complete autonomy. By combining redundant camera, radar and ultrasound systems (camera called "Tesla Vision") with powerful image processing, the car should be completely autonomous on almost all routes in the future, although, unlike previous versions of the autopilot, there will be no preceding car , road markings are still necessary. The activation of these functions was originally planned for 2018 and turned out to be too ambitious, although this information may vary depending on the legal decisions of the countries that have to legalize these self-driving systems. In 2020, Tesla will be one step closer to this goal with the release of the FSD Beta.

Tesla app

Every Model 3, S and X has a built-in UMTS / LTE modem as standard . Tesla provides a mobile app for Android and iOS that connects the owner's smartphone to the car via Bluetooth . The following functions, for example, can be controlled via the app in version 3.3.4:

  • Visualize (for example the interior temperature, the battery charge level or whether the vehicle is locked)
  • Unlocking the vehicle
  • Switch on the air conditioning / heating and set the temperature
  • Horn and flash the vehicle
  • Open or close the trunk and sunroof
  • Set loading options
  • Call vehicle (forward / backward)

Locations

Tesla Stores

Tesla Store in San Francisco

In addition to the headquarters and several production facilities, Tesla also has numerous stores ( American for shop ). The first store opened in West Los Angeles in 2008, followed by another in Menlo Park and more over the course of the following year. In 2011 there were 18 worldwide, most of them in the US and Europe. At the beginning of 2018, Tesla announced 300 stores worldwide. Some of the stores are run as showrooms or galleries, as many US states do not allow direct sales by automobile manufacturers. Tesla is trying to bring down relevant federal laws, which are supposed to protect local car dealers, both judicially and politically.

Company headquarters

Tesla was founded in San Carlos , Silicon Valley . In August 2009, Palo Alto was designated as the future company headquarters.

Tesla Factory

In May 2010, Tesla acquired a car plant in Fremont, California , near the company's headquarters, from Toyota for $ 42 million . The plant was previously operated by Toyota and General Motors as part of the joint venture NUMMI ( New United Motor Manufacturing , Inc.) before it was shut down in April 2010 as a result of GM's bankruptcy. The manufacturing facility was reopened by Tesla in October 2010. The Model S has been in series there since 2012, the Model X since 2015 and the Model 3 since 2017.

Gigafactory 1

Tesla is building a factory for lithium-ion cells and battery packs in Reno ( Nevada ) together with Panasonic , which is to supply around 500,000 electric cars with inexpensive batteries by 2020 [obsolete] . It is part of a strategy to build electric cars for a wider range of customers. The aim was to reduce the cost of a battery pack by 30 percent by 2017 compared to the cost prices of 2014. Construction began in May 2014. A first part of the factory was inaugurated on July 30, 2016. The project, which is estimated at 4 to 5 billion US dollars and in which Tesla intends to invest 2 billion US dollars, will employ around 6,500 people. The factory floor area is estimated to be ≈1 square kilometer (10 million ft²), with 2 to 4 square kilometers (500 to 1,000 acres) of land to be purchased. The project includes renewable energy systems such as solar and wind power systems . According to Tesla, the US states of Texas , Nevada, Arizona , New Mexico and California were originally considered locations. In September 2014 the location near Reno was announced. To establish Tesla in Reno, Nevada provided a total of $ 1.9 billion in tax breaks and other reliefs. In a special session, the Senate and the Nevada House of Commons unanimously passed a number of legislative amendments, each granting Tesla $ 1.3 billion in tax breaks.

Gigafactory 2

Gigafactory 2 is a photovoltaic factory rented from Tesla subsidiary SolarCity in Buffalo , New York. The factory, which is owned by the State of New York, was built on the redeveloped wasteland of a former Republic Steel mill. Construction of the factory began in 2014 and was completed in 2016-2017. After commissioning Gigafactory 1 near Reno, Nevada , in 2016, Tesla began referring to the SolarCity Gigafactory as Gigafactory 2.

Gigafactory 3

On January 7, 2019, Elon Musk and the Mayor of Shanghai , Ying Yong , laid the foundation stone for the construction of the first production facility outside the United States, Gigafactory 3 in Nanhui New City (Shanghai) in the People's Republic of China . In the plant, which for the first time belongs entirely to a foreign car manufacturer, the Model 3 has been produced since the end of 2019 and the Model Y in the future . The first fifteen cars were delivered on December 30, 2019. In the final stage of expansion, the plant will have an annual production capacity of 500,000 vehicles.

Gigafactory 4

On November 12, 2019, Elon Musk announced the construction of a gigafactory for Europe in Germany on the occasion of the award of the " Golden Steering Wheel ". The production facility for electric vehicles and batteries is to be built in Grünheide, southeast of Berlin , near Berlin Brandenburg Airport . A design and development center is also to be built in Berlin itself.

According to Brandenburg's Minister of Economic Affairs, Jörg Steinbach , the multi-billion dollar investment will create “over 3,000 jobs in the first expansion stage”. In analogy to the Tesla factory in Shanghai, he estimated “7,000 to 8,000 jobs” in the full expansion phase. Construction work is scheduled to start in the first quarter of 2020. Construction preparations have been underway since February 13, 2020. However, the Berlin-Brandenburg Higher Administrative Court stopped the work two days later at the request of the Brandenburg Green League . Completion and start of production is planned for the first half of 2021.

Offices in Europe

In June 2009, Tesla opened its first European sales point in London, followed by a showroom in Munich and Monaco. Since 2010 there are further stores in Zurich, Copenhagen, Paris, Milan and Berlin. The European headquarters moved from Maidenhead near London to Amsterdam in the Netherlands in 2013 . Final assembly of the Model S for European customers began in a factory in Tilburg , the Netherlands , in August 2013, initially designed for the assembly of 200 vehicles per week. The production capacity in Tilburg was expanded in 2015 by a further production facility. Initially designed for the assembly of 450 vehicles per week, 120 vehicles were assembled per day in 2018. In 2018, a third location was added in Tilburg, which is used as a spare parts warehouse.

In 2014, Tesla set up a Tesla store in Graz-Messendorf with a showroom, office and workshop. It is in close proximity to Magna Steyr and various automotive suppliers. A service center has existed in Möhlin (Northwestern Switzerland ) since 2014 and a store in Basel since 2015 . Tesla is also represented in Cham (Canton Zug), Winterthur, Geneva and Bern-Zentweg. There is now (as of September 2018) a Tesla store in Frankfurt am Main , Hanover , Stuttgart , Nuremberg and in Düsseldorf .

On January 3, 2017, Grohmann Engineering in Rhineland-Palatinate was taken over by Tesla Motors and has been continued as Tesla Grohmann Automation GmbH since March 22, 2017 . In October 2020 it became known that Tesla is taking over another company in Rhineland-Palatinate with ATW.

  • Tesla showroom in Berlin, interior shot

  • Tesla Motors Berlin, Kurfürstendamm

  • Tesla Motors Stuttgart, Dorotheenplatz

Strategic partnerships

Daimler

From 2007 Tesla worked with Daimler AG after Elon Musk had convinced the German bosses of his concept, and they converted a Smart into a functioning electric vehicle. Then Tesla received the order for the drive components of the Smart Fortwo . In London there was a series of tests with 100 vehicles with Tesla drives. Tesla produced battery packs and powertrains for over 2000 electric smartphones. For the mass production of the electric smart, Daimler relies on a battery from Deutsche ACCUmotive and an electric drive from EM-motive. Tesla produces the battery pack and the powertrain for the B-Class Electric Drive, which was launched in 2014. In May 2009 Daimler took over 9.1% of the shares in Tesla, 40% of which (approx. 3.64%) had already been sold in July 2009. As a result of the capital increases associated with Tesla's IPO, Daimler's equity stake was last 4%. In 2014, these shares were sold. In March 2016, Daimler announced that no follow-up projects with Tesla were currently planned. In the summer of 2017, Daimler tested a Tesla vehicle without a contract.

Toyota

Since May 2010 there has been a cooperation between Tesla and Toyota , which began with the sale of the NUMMI factory to Tesla. Further financial support from the large company is conditional, depending on joint projects. In addition to electronic drive trains, vehicles and other components are also to be jointly developed. The jointly developed Toyota RAV4 EV came on the American market in September 2012 and was built until September 2014.

Panasonic

The partnership with Panasonic was also launched in 2010 to advance the development of special lithium-ion batteries for the automotive industry. Panasonic does not have a monopoly on Tesla; the cooperation is more aimed at researching and developing new products.

Panasonic is taking over the production of the battery cells in Gigafactory 1 in Nevada and the solar cells in Gigafactory 2 in Buffalo on behalf of Tesla. The latter are built into solar panels and solar bricks by Tesla in the same factory.

criticism

CO 2 emissions

A Swedish study from 2017 came to the conclusion that the production of lithium-ion car batteries produces around 150 to 200 kg of carbon dioxide equivalents per kilowatt hour of capacity . Some media inferred from this study that a vehicle powered by fossil fuel would have to drive for more than eight years before it had the same environmental impact as a Tesla Model S with 100 kWh battery capacity. Company boss Musk rejected this allegation in a statement on Twitter. He justified this with the complete supply of the Gigafactory in Nevada with renewable energies. What is criticized about the developed media hypothesis is that the combustion engine did not consider the entire value chain. Only the CO 2 emissions at the exhaust are included here. In order to be able to draw a suitable comparison, the extraction and refining of the crude oil into fuel, the production of the additional components and wear parts of an internal combustion engine as well as the necessary oil changes and economic damage would have to be included in the calculation.

The distorted presentation was then described as inaccurate and misleading in terms of content. Much of the information provided by the journalists was not included in the study. Even the authors of the Sweden study stated in a press release that the study was often misquoted. The study only gives an indication of 150 to 200 kg CO 2 per kWh battery capacity, which is a current average value. This can easily be reduced, for example through the increased use of renewable energies in battery production. Comparisons with cars with internal combustion engines are not included in the study. At the end of 2019, they published an updated version of the study based on new literature. In this study, they corrected the information they provided in 2017 down to around half of the original values. Accordingly, the CO 2 emissions in the production of the most frequently used NMC type are around 61 to 106 kg CO 2 equivalents .

A Tesla is rated positively, for example, by scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , who carried out a comparison for Manager Magazin . Accordingly, the Tesla more than makes up for the significantly higher CO 2 emissions during its manufacture compared to a combustion engine over time. However, this study assumes significantly lower CO 2 emissions from battery production than the Swedish study.

working conditions

Employees describe working at Tesla as stressful and meaningful. In 2016, 20% of employees were female; the average age was 30 years. In 2016, the injury rate (number of injuries per 200,000 hours worked) was 8.1, 31% higher than the industry standard, according to the worker safety organization Worksafe. In the first quarter of 2017, according to Tesla's own information, it was able to be reduced to 4.6 by introducing a third shift, which is 32% better than the industry standard of 6.7. According to the US Automobile Union, the starting salary for factory workers is $ 18 an hour and the national average wage in the industry (not just starting salary) is $ 25.58 an hour.

During the Corona crisis, California authorities ordered production stops and going out restrictions until the end of May 2020. Musk defied these requirements and restarted Tesla production in California on May 12, despite the ban.

Autopilot

On May 7, 2016, a fatal accident occurred in Florida in which an oncoming semitrailer truck illegally turned left and neither the driver nor the assistance system recognized the white trailer against the bright sky. Tesla emphasized that the autopilot function does not make the vehicle a self-driving vehicle. Drivers must always be in control of the vehicle. An investigation by the NHTSA criticized the inadequate education of the customer about the capabilities of the autopilot. It initially came to the conclusion that Teslas' accident rate has decreased by 40% since the introduction of the autopilot and emergency brake assist. After an independent review, this information turned out to be falsified. With the autopilot and the emergency brake assistant, there were not 40% fewer airbags but 59% more airbags.

monitoring

On September 18, 2020, Tesla received the negative BigBrotherAward “for selling cars that comprehensively monitor their occupants and the area around the car over the long term. The data collected is continuously evaluated and can be used for any purpose. ”In the opinion of the jury, Tesla vehicles ex works violate the General Data Protection Regulation and are therefore not allowed to be sold in the EU. Owners of a Tesla should therefore only let people drive or take them with them after they have been given data protection instructions. Tesla cars are "monitoring systems on four wheels" because: "The hip cars from California have sensors for practically everything that happens to, in and around the car."

literature

  • Frank O. Hrachowy: Car history compact: Tesla - The history of the car brand. Verlag Edition Technikgeschichte, 2nd updated edition October 2017, ISBN 978-3-9816711-5-5 .
  • Hamish McKenzie: Insane Mode. How Elon Musk's Tesla Sparked an Electric Revolution to End the Age of Oil. Dutton, New York 2018, ISBN 978-1-101-98595-3 . (American original edition)
  • Hamish McKenzie: Insane Mode. The Tesla story. How Elon Musk turned and will turn the automotive industry upside down. Plassen, Kulmbach 2019, ISBN 978-3-86470-485-7 .

Web links

Commons : Tesla Inc.  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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Timeline of Tesla models since 2008
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