Minden
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Coordinates: 52 ° 17 ' N , 8 ° 55' E |
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| Basic data | ||
| State : | North Rhine-Westphalia | |
| Administrative region : | Detmold | |
| Circle : | Minden-Lübbecke | |
| Height : | 42 m above sea level NHN | |
| Area : | 101.12 km 2 | |
| Residents: | 81,716 (Dec. 31, 2019) | |
| Population density : | 808 inhabitants per km 2 | |
| Postcodes : | 32423, 32425, 32427, 32429 | |
| Primaries : | 0571, 05734, 05704 | |
| License plate : | MI | |
| Community key : | 05 7 70 024 | |
| LOCODE : | DE MID | |
| City structure: | 19 boroughs | |
City administration address : |
Kleiner Domhof 17 32423 Minden |
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| Website : | ||
| Mayor : | Michael Jäcke ( SPD ) | |
| Location of the city of Minden in the Minden-Lübbecke district | ||
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Minden [ 'mɪndən ] is a large district town in the northeast of North Rhine-Westphalia and the administrative seat of the East Westphalian district of Minden-Lübbecke in the administrative district of Detmold . With around 84,000 inhabitants, it is the fourth largest city in the East Westphalia-Lippe region . The city lies on the Weser and forms the historical and political center of the Mindener Land .
Minden was founded around the year 800. Until the Peace of Westphalia, the city was the seat of the bishopric of the Minden diocese and the capital of the Minden bishopric , after which it came under Brandenburg administration and was expanded into a fortress town . In Prussian times, Minden was the administrative seat of the Principality of Minden and, from 1719, of Minden-Ravensberg . 1816 Minden administrative seat for the same was Regierungsbezirk Minden .
Today Minden is known for its waterway cross , where the Mittelland Canal and the Weser cross in a building. In the city there are numerous buildings of the Weser Renaissance as well as the Minden Cathedral , which is considered an important architectural landmark.
geography
Geographical location
Minden is located in the northeast of North Rhine-Westphalia, north of the breakthrough of the Weser through the Weser and Wiehen Mountains . Here the Weser leaves the Weserbergland and flows into the North German Plain .
The city lies on both sides of the Weser in the lowlands and extends with the districts of Häverstädt, Dützen and Haddenhausen up to the ridge of the Wiehengebirge. The core city lies around five kilometers north of the western high bank of the Weser, which marks the border between the two natural areas of the Middle Weser Valley and Lübbecker Loessland . This step runs right through the urban area and not only divides the city into the upper and lower town, but also the two natural spaces.
Minden is 40 km northeast of Bielefeld , 55 km west of Hanover , 100 km south of Bremen and 60 km east of Osnabrück and forms the historical and political center of the Mindener Land .
The Mittelland Canal crosses the city from east to west and is led north of the city center at the Minden waterway crossing over the Weser, which flows from south to north. At the southern edge of the city center, the small river, the Bastau , flows into the Weser from the west.
Minden is on the motorways A 2 and A 30 ( European route 30 to reach). The federal highways B 61 , B 65 and B 482 continue through.
The lowest point is in the Leteln district at 40.338 m above sea level. NN , the highest point at 180.594 m above sea level. NN in the Haddenhausen district. The height of the city is 42.2 m above sea level. NN indicated at the Minden town hall. Due to its location on the river, the city has repeatedly been hit by floods .
Geology and soils
The area is mainly determined by the loose rocks of the Ice Age . These include gravel , sand and boulder clay . In some areas there are isolated meltwater sand and fertile loess .
In the urban area, the soils consist mainly of parabrown earths on loess. In the north-east of the area there are brown soils suitable for arable farming with a predominantly loamy-sandy character, in the north-west also waterlogged soils ( pseudogley ) on clay-rich, densely-layered till. Here the land is mostly used extensively as grassland. Agriculture is only possible after appropriate drainage. Gleye can be found in the lower floodplains of the Weser and Bastau . Here, due to the influence of the groundwater or regular flooding, only use as grassland is possible. In the Wiehen and Weser Mountains there are stony and shallow to medium-sized soils ( Rendzina brown earths) made of marl stone and occasional loess additions. The sediments in the Weser Valley were deposited in the post-glacial valley floors and floodplains of the Weser and Bastau.
In the deeper layers, the subsoil consists of clay , marl , limestone and sandstone . These rocks come from the Triassic , Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous . In the south, where the urban area touches the Wiehen Mountains, the layers of the Middle Ages (Upper Jura, Lower Cretaceous) come to light. In 1998, remains of the Wiehenvenator dinosaur genus were found in the Minden part of the Wiehen Mountains near Haddenhausen . This find was called Monster von Minden in the press and was celebrated as a sensation.
In Bölhorst, Zollern and Meißen ( Minden coal mine ), hard coal was mined in the Minden mining district for around 370 years . In the former Bölhorst shaft of the Bölhorst coal mine , around ten percent brine has been extracted for spa treatments since the beginning of the 20th century. Iron ore has been mined along the Wiehengebirge since the middle of the 19th century. For example, in the Porta iron ore mine in Dützen, which existed until 1967 , the outbuildings of which are still visible on the grounds of the Potts amusement park . Ancient rocks ( Devonian , Carboniferous , Permian ) can be found in the deep subsurface .
The suitability of the Minden underground as a geothermal heat source by means of a geothermal probe and for heat recovery through heat pump heating varies greatly depending on the location; there are unsuitable as well as very suitable locations. In general, the usability improves from the north to the south of the urban area.
Expansion of the urban area
| Land and land use | ||
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| Soil type | Area in km² | % |
| Agricultural area | 52.28 | 51.72 |
| Forest area | 4.44 | 4.39 |
| Buildings, open spaces and operational areas | 26.37 | 26.09 |
| Settlement and traffic areas | 10.17 | 10.06 |
| Water surface | 4.02 | 3.98 |
| Sports and green space | 2.46 | 2.43 |
| other use | 1.34 | 1.33 |
| Source: | ||
Minden is defined as a middle center with partial functions of an upper center in the east of East Westphalia-Lippe and covers a total area of 101.08 km². The urban area extends in north-south direction up to a maximum of 13.1 km and in east-west direction up to a maximum of 14.1 km.
The land use is shown in the table opposite, with Minden showing a significantly higher proportion of the land for agriculture compared to other cities in North Rhine-Westphalia such as Bielefeld (37.71% there). In the OWL average, however, this is mediocre.
Neighboring communities
Minden borders in the east with its districts of Meißen, Päpinghausen and Dankersen on the city of Bückeburg in the district of Schaumburg in Lower Saxony . In the north, Minden borders on the city of Petershagen , in the west on the municipality of Hille and in the south on the cities of Bad Oeynhausen and Porta Westfalica (all located in the Minden-Lübbecke district).
City structure
According to § 1 of the main statute, the urban area of Minden is divided into the following 19 districts:
| district | Population (December 31, 2017) |
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| Bear fighters | 6,940 |
| Boelhorst | 900 |
| Dankersen | 5,066 |
| Dützen | 3,753 |
| Haddenhausen | 1,566 |
| Hahlen | 3,826 |
| Häverstädt | 3,489 |
| Downtown | 10,806 |
| King's Gate | 8,944 |
| Kutenhausen | 1,801 |
| Leteln-Aminghausen | 3.132 |
| Meissen | 3,337 |
| Minderheide | 4,077 |
| North city | 7,240 |
| Päpinghausen | 385 |
| Right bank of the Weser | 4,785 |
| Rodenbeck | 8,929 |
| Stemmer | 1,668 |
| Todtenhausen | 3,316 |
| total | 83,960 |
climate
Like all of East Westphalia, Minden lies in the transition area from the predominantly prevailing maritime climate and the weaker continental climate that is only temporarily pronounced in this area . Therefore, the temperatures and rainfall are relatively balanced during the year. The summers are rather cool compared to the highly continental climate, the winters are rather warm. Minden is still influenced by the lee location on the northern Wiehen Mountains. The Teutoburg Forest and the Wiehengebirge shield the city from the prevailing winds from the southwest, which bring precipitation from the Atlantic . Minden is therefore a relatively low-precipitation area - compared to the rest of East Westphalia. In the north of the urban area, mean annual precipitation is between 600 and 650 mm. Further south, these values are slightly above between 650 and 700 mm. The temperature is mainly determined by the relatively low location in the North German Plain and the Weser Valley. The annual mean temperature is between 9 and 9.5 ° C and is therefore comparable to the annual mean temperatures in the Westphalian Bight .
The following table gives an overview of the precipitation in Minden-Hahlen.
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Precipitation in Minden-Hahlen (46 m)
Source: Precipitation: DWD
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history
From the beginning to the Middle Ages
Findings of settlements in several places in the current urban area suggest that Minden has been around since the 3rd century BC. Is populated. The Minden area shows a continuous development of settlements from the 1st to the 4th century AD. During this time he belonged to the Rhine-Weser-Germanic circle of forms. This becomes clear in the imperial burial fields Minden-Römerring, Porta Westfalica-Costedt.
Due to the location at the transition from the Lower Saxon highlands to the North German lowlands , important traffic axes in the north-south direction crossed with those in the east-west direction at the ford over the Weser in prehistoric times. The old trading route Hellweg in front of the Santforde joined the Westphalian Hellweg to the east , the Weser enabled transport and traffic to the North Sea.
Minden ("Minda") was first mentioned in a document in 798 in the so-called Reichsannalen , a Franconian chronicle, as the place of an imperial assembly of Charlemagne . Around 800 he founded a diocese in Minden . In 977 the city was granted market rights , coinage rights and customs rights.
Until the beginning of the 13th century, the Wichgraf appointed by the bishop was head of the city and head of administration. Around 1230, the citizens of Minden and their council were able to break away from the bishop as secular rulers to the extent that they received city rights. They took advantage of these new rights and began a trade independent of the Church. The profit from this was one of the foundations for the further development of the city. In the Middle Ages Minden was a member of the Hanseatic League . A certificate issued on October 7, 1295 by the Minden City Council is the earliest evidence of the membership of Minden's long-distance trade merchants in the Hanseatic League. Due to its location on the river, the city was able to use the stacking right to force passing ships to unload the goods. The city was extremely active and successful in the grain trade. The first bridge over the Weser was first mentioned in a document dated June 12, 1258.
The increased self-confidence of the citizens of Minden became clear in the construction of the historic town hall, which was probably built around 1260 in the city center right next to the cathedral immunity . In 1306/07, Bishop Gottfried von Waldeck moved his residence from Minden to the newly built Petershagen Palace .
From the end of the Middle Ages to modern times
In the course of the Reformation there was a serious conflict in Minden in 1529, which resulted in the formation of a committee of thirty-six men, which from then on took over the city regiment. Finally, on February 13, 1530, Nikolaus Krage proclaimed the Protestant church order for the city of Minden from the pulpit of the Martinikirche.
In the years 1584–1684 there were witch trials against at least 170 people, including Anna Maßmeyer and Margarethe Rockemann . As in many neighboring regions, proceedings against women were almost exclusively opened in Minden. In 1669, after three decades without witch hunts, the Minden Council Court began intensive witch trials in the year when the government of the Brandenburg Principality of Minden moved to the city of Minden.
During the Thirty Years War (1618 to 1648) Minden was occupied by the Emperor's Catholic troops from 1625 to 1634. In 1634 the city was besieged by the Protestant Swedish troops and eventually conquered. Queen Christina of Sweden granted the citizens of Minden full sovereignty in all internal and external affairs of the city.
After the Thirty Years' War, Minden came into the possession of Brandenburg-Prussia in accordance with the Treaty of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 , when the Minden bishopric was converted into the secularized Brandenburg Principality of Minden , and remained part of the State of Prussia until its dissolution in 1947.
With the sovereign city regulations of June 10, 1711 by King Friedrich I , the four hundred year self-determination of the citizens of Minden ended. The committee of the "forties" was dissolved by the king and the city council was replaced by a magistrate , who was elected for life by a committee of 16 merchants, 16 craftsmen and 8 representatives of the community.
In the Seven Years' War (1756–1763) the fortified city of Minden was once again a theater of war. In the summer of 1757 it was occupied by French troops. A few months later, an Allied army under Duke Ferdinand von Braunschweig began a counter-offensive that led to violent battles for the city in the winter of 1758. Minden initially remained in the possession of the Allies until it was captured again by French troops in the summer of 1759. As a result of the Battle of Minden on August 1, 1759, at the gates of the city , the fortress finally fell to the Allied forces. Traditionally, the British regiments around the world and in the northern English city of Preston celebrate " Minden Day " with a large procession . But also in Minden there is an annual celebration at the memorial in memory of the Battle of Minden.
From 1719 to 1807 the city was the administrative seat of the territory of Minden-Ravensberg and from 1816 to 1947 the seat of a district government .
19th century
Until 1806, the area around the Minden Cathedral , the so-called Cathedral Freedom , was ruled by the cathedral chapter, which remained Catholic, in contrast to the rest of the city. On November 13, 1806, French troops occupied the city, which from August 1807 to the end of 1810 belonged to the Kingdom of Westphalia and from 1810 directly to the French Empire . After Napoleon I was defeated in the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, the French troops left the Mindener Land and Minden became a Prussian garrison town again .
During the tenure of the first Minden district administrator von Arnim (1816-1820), the Minden fortress was rebuilt under the supervision of the government of the Minden district . This measure turned out to be disastrous for the urban development, because the enforced narrowness deteriorated the living conditions, and the industrial development almost completely bypassed the constricted city. At that time much smaller cities - z. B. Bielefeld and Dortmund - laid the foundation for economic prosperity during this time.
The Weserschifffahrtsakts , decided by the representatives of all Weseruferstaten on September 10, 1823 in Minden, put an end to the stacking rights and other medieval privileges and made a continuous Weserschifffahrt possible. In addition, all neighboring states committed themselves to necessary electricity construction measures and to secure shipping on the Weser.
In Minden there were three civilian hospitals for the poor and sick, which were closed in the middle of the century, and a military hospital. The beguinage , founded in 1295, had become a social institution for the city and was finally demolished in 1839. In 1830 the Prussian state left the building of the orphanage founded in 1720 to the city for the establishment of an institution for the poor, sick and work, in which in 1880 a "tobacco cell" for the mentally ill and in 1887 another "insane cell" were set up, while in 1888 a bathing facility was installed. After significant deficiencies were discovered in 1898, a new hospital was built between 1902 and 1904.
In the revolutionary year of 1848 , the Constitutional Club was formed on April 18, which , as an opponent of all democrats and republicans, rejected all aspirations for democracy and absolutely wanted to preserve law, property and order. On the other hand, a people's assembly was formed, from which two parties emerged: the Democratic Association and the Liberal-Conservative People's Association . There was also an educational association . The electoral elections for the election of the members of the Prussian and German National Assemblies fell in favor of the upper-class liberal direction. In the years that followed, different parties emerged, striving for civil and social democracy. Even before that, democratic ideas had spread in the Prussian army, so that the officer corps of the garrisons in Minden, Münster and Wesel split into a majority of "royalists" and a minority of committed democrats. The starting point for the political disputes was the court of honor proceedings initiated in September 1845 against the artillery lieutenant Fritz Anneke stationed in Minden , which ended with his dismissal from service.
Technology also moved into the city: on July 1, 1887, the city's local telephone network was opened. A gas works had been in operation since 1864, electricity had been generated privately since 1895, and the municipal electricity works went into operation on November 12, 1902, and was taken over by the Minden-Ravensberg electricity works in 1913 . From 1850 to 1934 Minden was the home of the Minden Oberpostdirektion .
In the period between the founding of the empire and the First World War (in some cases even before) numerous new companies were founded in Minden, some of which shaped economic life in Minden for a long time, but often no longer exist today, or have been merged into other corporate units or not are more present in Minden. These include the fuse factory (Brücker and Zschetzsche) (today: Ornamin), whose roots go back to 1883, the Feldschlösschen brewery (1865), the spirits manufacturer Strothmann (1886, today: Bols ), the furniture manufacturer Drabert (1898, today : Kinnarp ) and the Marowsky publishing house .
The Prussian period was very formative for Minden. This can still be seen today in the city layout and in the cityscape. Many buildings from this period still exist. The city was a Prussian fortress until 1873, on May 30, 1873 the Reichstag in Berlin passed the law to abolish the fortresses of Minden, Stettin , Erfurt , Wittenberg , Kosel , Graudenz , Kolberg and Stralsund . At the end of 1874, the last fortress commander left Minden. From 1879 the city walls were razed , with the city bearing a large part of the costs. The city flourished under Mayor Theodor Bleek , but it never regained its former political and economic importance.
After the removal of the fortifications in the 1880s, the streets of the ramparts encompassing the city center were supplemented from 1899 to the west and north of the city by a system of five further ring roads, which helped to structure the settlements that began to grow and to prevent the city districts from randomly proliferating.
20th century through the 1930s
In 1915, with the opening of the Mittelland Canal, the Minden waterway intersection went into operation, at that time the largest of its kind in Germany.
In the First World War was on the parade ground Minderheide the POW camp Minderheide with up to 25,000 prisoners. The work details were not only deployed in and around Minden, for example during the construction of the Mittelland Canal, but also in the Ruhr area and the Rhineland .
The November Revolution at the end of the First World War was relatively calm in Minden. In some barracks of the Minden garrison there were minor unrest on November 7th and 8th, 1918, but these were calmed down by local representatives of the SPD and the trade unions . On the afternoon of November 8, 1918, a workers 'and soldiers' council took over public power in the city of Minden.
During the Kapp Putsch in March 1920, a workers' council was formed again in Minden, which took measures to safeguard the constitutional order, which were approved by the Reich government. After the assassination of the Reich Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau on June 24, 1922, there were sometimes serious riots in Minden. On June 27, 1922, a rally with around 15,000 participants took place on the market square, as the Reich government had called for demonstrations for the republic. After the rally ended, numerous demonstrators marched through the city and searched the apartments, shops and restaurants of "reactionaries" and nationalist Mindeners, numerous busts and pictures as well as black-white-red flags and other objects were smashed or burned. The Mindener Zeitung described the unrest on July 1, 1922 as "Russian conditions".
National Socialism and World War II
During the Second World War , underground factories, called U-relocations , were built in the Weser and Wiehen Mountains near Minden , in which forced laborers from the Neuengamme concentration camp had to manufacture weapons and other war-essential goods. The warehouse at Minden train station should also be mentioned here. After the war, the machines in these factories were dismantled by the Americans and the entrances closed.
At the Minden waterway intersection, employees of the state shipyard and the Minden shaft lock were protected in a so-called angle tower bunker. The bunker was demolished after the war and demolished in 2010.
After the " seizure of power " by the NSDAP , the Jewish citizens of Minden were systematically persecuted through offices and fellow citizens, as exemplified by the fate of city doctor Robert Nussbaum . Another example is the exclusion of a Jewish senior from the Bessel-Oberrealschule , who in 1939 had to sit alone in the bank separate from the other students and was isolated by a ban on speaking on the other students, with the harassment being stoked in particular by the class teacher and finally by the The director advised the father to take the son out of school, as the school administration could not guarantee the boy's physical safety or mental well-being. The pensioner and invalid Heinrich Take from Minden, on the other hand, supported persecuted and deported Jews with letters, parcels, parcels or small amounts of money, sometimes even after contact between " German bloods " and Jews was forbidden.
Most of the Jewish citizens were deported and expropriated. On December 13, 1941, the first of the transports of Jews from the Minden administrative district to the Riga concentration camp took place from the Gestapo headquarters in Bielefeld ; others followed. Only around a tenth of the members of the Jewish community survived the deportations and coercive measures. Today the Stolpersteine project is a reminder of her.
During the Second World War, Minden suffered severe damage from aerial bombs . The goals were the railway station with the railway depot , which is important for traffic, as well as the waterway cross between the Mittelland Canal and the Weser, as well as the residential areas as part of the " moral bombing ". The first attack occurred on December 29, 1943, in which the city center was hit and 29 people died. In October 1944 the waterway intersection was the main target; in the Busch box factory , the damaged cellar overflowed with water leaking from the canal, and 25 people seeking refuge drowned. On November 6, 1944, it mainly hit residential areas, in which 115 people died. On December 6, 1944, the city center was hit and part of the cathedral and the post office were destroyed. There were now daily air raids, and many bombers accidentally dropped bombs on the way to Berlin. On March 28, 1945 there was a last major attack in which the city center was badly damaged. 186 people died. On April 3, 1945, American troops from Bad Oeynhausen called for the town to be surrendered. On April 4, the 1st Canadian Paratrooper Battalion entered the city from the west; it stood in the market square shortly before midnight and announced at 2:30 a.m. on April 5 that the city had been completely cleared. As early as April 9, 1945, the city administration temporarily resumed operations.
After the Second World War until the municipal reorganization
Minden became part of the British zone of occupation and the location of the British Army on the Rhine , which moved into old barracks in the city and a new one in Minderheide and remained in Minden until the early 1990s. Here the German Economic Council for the British Zone of Occupation was set up by the British military government on March 11, 1946, a precursor to the bizonal Economic Council . For this purpose, the Central Office for Economic Affairs was set up in the British zone . This then became the new bizonal Administrative Office for Economics (VAW) , headed by Viktor Agartz , with 2000 employees at last, which was relocated to Frankfurt am Main at the end of 1947 .
After the Second World War, the city of Minden finally lost its status as a supraregional administrative focus. Against the concerns of the British occupation forces, the seat of the district government was relocated to Detmold in 1947, amid strong protests by large sections of government employees. The relocation was the result of the Lippe punctures , an agreement between the state governments of North Rhine-Westphalia and the state of Lippe, which stipulated “guidelines” for the treatment of the Lippe part of the state after the state of Lippe was incorporated into North Rhine-Westphalia.
The main administration of the employment office was relocated to Herford in 1962 , but still maintains an office in Minden today, as does the IHK .
The reconstruction after the war took place bit by bit. In 1949 the bridge on the Mittelland Canal over the Weser was put back into operation, in 1955 the rebuilt town hall opened, in 1957 the rebuilt Minden Cathedral. The architect Werner March is responsible for the last two buildings mentioned .
Even after the Second World War, Minden was the site of important company foundations. Founded in 1945, the Harting company moved to Espelkamp as early as 1950, but has been back in Minden with a subsidiary for several years. The construction company Kampa , founded in 1948, went bankrupt in 2009.
In 1969 the traffic over the Weser near Minden was reorganized and the traffic over the Weser bridge in Minden was flanked as the only crossing over the Weser with two further bridges, the city center traffic calmed and a bypass road was built. The reorientation of traffic towards a car-friendly city with a multi-lane ring around the old town and wide Weser bridges also had an impact on local public transport . It was reorganized in such a way that all bus lines in the city center served as the only bus stop at the central bus station in Minden , which was initially located on the Domeck , directly on the Minden Cathedral. In 2012 it was moved from the Kleiner Domhof in the old town to the southern edge of the city center.
From the territorial reform to the turn of the millennium
After the municipal reform of January 1, 1973, Minden remained a district town. The new district building was built south of the city center on the site of the former garrison nursery in the Portastraße / Alte Hausberger Torstraße area, and the old district building continues to be used as the municipal archive of the city of Minden.
The first urban redevelopment of the old town in the 1970s was supported by funds from the urban development subsidy of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The money was used to rebuild the city center after the traffic was removed. The Bäckerstraße, the Scharn, the market square, the small cathedral courtyard around the Minden cathedral and the Obermarktstraße were redesigned into pedestrian zones. With the help of multi-storey car parks on the outskirts of the city center and the large car park on Kanzlers Weide , motorized visitors should get into the city center easily. For this purpose, the living area around the Wesertor was rearranged. Older, small-plot houses were replaced by new, modern buildings on large plots. This is how the large Karstadthaus and the clothing store C&A in the eastern inner city area were built.
On the previous central bus stop, the Domeck , a new town hall was built by Harald Deilmann , which connects the old town hall and the old government and was deliberately designed as a visual contrast to the old buildings. The line of sight from the arcade of the town hall to the westwork of the cathedral was restricted by the new building, which was often viewed as a construction sin . The demolition of some old half-timbered houses was also considered a mistake.
From 1974, the glacis , which is important for recreation close to the city, was redesigned and made more tangible as a green belt on the old abandoned fortress, and from 1976 the banks of the Weser were upgraded by extending the promenade on the Weser in front of the fishing town to the Minden waterway intersection . From 1979 the old city wall on the fishing town was renewed and reduced to the old height. With the withdrawal of the British troops in 1994 and a reorganization of the Bundeswehr training areas, it was possible to integrate large parts of the pioneer training area on the Weser into the glacis and thus gain local recreation areas on the banks of the Weser. This area will be extended to the east bank through the construction of a new pedestrian bridge and thus the Kanzlers Weide will be integrated as a new large car park and festival area.
With the Obermarktpassage , which opened in 1985, additional shopping locations were opened up in the southern part of the city center. After a few successful years, this area became less attractive. While the city redeveloped the surrounding area and renewed the central bus station east of it and expanded Obermarktstrasse, the Obermarktpassage went downhill. After the closure of a large grocery store in 2017 as an anchor tenant , the Obermarktpassage currently (2018) has the character of a dead mall .
The former Universum cinemas (Markt 22) on the south side of the market, the cinemas “Apollo” (Simeonstr. 9), “Central” (Markt 9), “Edison Theater” (Bäckerstr. 62), “Ring Theater” ( Lübbecker Str. 73) and the "Ufer-LS" (Friedrich-Wilhelm-Str. 129) ceased operations. The Regina (building built in 1953) below the Marienkirche was converted into a market hall in 1997 after a few years of vacancy. After the concept failed at the first attempt, the market hall was reopened on August 10, 2007, but closed again after a short period of operation. The Scala, located between the bus station and the market, was closed in the 1980s. The cinema was partially rebuilt and is now the festival and event hall of the Viktoria Hotel. The Globe cinema of the British occupation forces, to which only British military personnel had access, was located on Marienwall. With the departure of the British in the 1990s, this cinema also disappeared. The art-house cinema Stella , which opened in the 1980s and previously housed the Colloseum cinema in the building on Hermannstrasse , had to close in the 1990s and the building was demolished in March 2003. There was also a small Solaris cinema in the Stella building .
After German reunification , the British Rhine Army withdrew from Minden between 1992 and 1994 . The vacant properties were used as part of extensive land recycling for residential development and for the settlement of businesses and infrastructure facilities. Apartments for British military personnel were taken over by the Federal Republic and sold to interested parties. In the run-up to the withdrawal of the remaining British troops from Germany in the 2010s, Minden became a British troop base again.
The traditional summer pool in Minden closed in 1999 because the over-indebted city of Minden no longer wanted to pay for the operation. It has been operated by a voluntary support association since 2003.
21st century
Until 2005, there was a branch of the state central bank of North Rhine-Westphalia in Minden . The Karstadt retail group has also withdrawn from Minden with its department store at Wesertor .
On September 23, 2008, the city received the title “ Place of Diversity ” awarded by the federal government .
At the beginning of the 21st century, the development of the inner city was discussed again. In June 2009, the City Council approved a master plan for inner city development. In December 2015, the council decided to build a commercial building on the Scharn in a so-called prime location . Together with the new building at the Wesertor and the reactivation of the Wehmeyer property on the market square, an attractive city center is to be created.
On April 26, 2016, Minden was the 54th city to be awarded the honorary title of “ Reformation City of Europe ” by the Community of Evangelical Churches in Europe .
Construction work began in the city center in 2017. In order to expand the capacity of the city administration, an old building on the Scharn and the last remains of the Domeck are torn away. In the planned new building, there should be space for a commercial unit on the ground floor, while the city of Minden has rented office space for the city administration on the upper floors.
In Minden, the construction of a new multifunctional hall on the right bank of the Weser is being discussed in 2018 . It should at least partially replace the Kampa Hall , which is managed by the Minden-Lübbecke district, and set new accents in the city center. The city is considering accompanying the planning process with a referendum .
In May 2019, the earthworks to design the Minden townscape on the right bank of the Weser began.
The Minden History Association takes care of the historical processing .
Incorporations
As part of the reorganization of the cities and municipalities in North Rhine-Westphalia, the Bielefeld Act on January 1, 1973 created the municipalities of Aminghausen , Bölhorst , Dankersen , Dützen , Haddenhausen , Hahlen , Häverstädt , Kutenhausen , Leteln , Meißen , Päpinghausen , Stemmer and Todtenhausen incorporated into the city of Minden. These previously independent communities belonged to the higher-level municipal bodies of Amt Dützen , Amt Petershagen , Amt Windheim and Amt Hausberge , which were dissolved. The city remained after the unification of the old districts of Minden and Lübbecke to form the newly formed district of Minden-Lübbecke .
The previous old communities became predominantly in their previous boundaries to districts of the city of Minden. Exceptions are the previous municipalities of Leteln and Aminghausen, which have been combined into one district, as well as an area reorganization in the area of the current district of Minderheide . This was formed from the south-eastern part of Holzhausen II , the northern part of the old town of Hahlen, including its exclave in the north and parts of Hartum, the southern part of the old town of Stemmer, as well as smaller north-western parts of the previous urban area of the city of Minden within their boundaries before 1973. Part of the municipality of Neesen and the district of Zollern of the municipality of Barkhausen were incorporated into the core town of Minden. The area of the core city was divided into the areas of Nordstadt, Bärenkämpen, Königstor, Rodenbeck, right bank of the Weser and the city center.
Population development
In the Middle Ages and at the beginning of the modern age , the population of Minden grew only slowly and fell again and again due to the numerous wars, epidemics and famine. For a long time Minden lay only on the left, high bank of the Weser; only with the dissolution of the fortress were both banks built. In the 19th century, industrialization accelerated population growth. In 1816 only 6,500 people lived in the city, in 1900 there were already 25,000. After the Second World War, this number doubled to 50,000 residents by 1965 due to the influx of refugees and displaced persons, among others.
By incorporating surrounding places with a total of around 25,000 inhabitants, a city with 80,000 inhabitants was created on January 1, 1973.
Religions and other communities
Minden was the seat of the diocese of Minden from 800 to the middle of the 16th century . In the years 1521–1529 the Reformation prevailed in Minden. On February 13, 1530, the Protestant theologian Nikolaus Krage drafted the Protestant church regulations on behalf of the city council of Minden, which became binding for all residents. On September 7, 1535, the council concluded a treaty with the bishop and cathedral chapter that guaranteed their rights and secured their property. The cathedral remained untouched as a Catholic church.
Protestant
Today the city of Minden comprises six evangelical parishes of the Evangelical Church of Westphalia : The Evangelical Lutheran parishes St. Marien , St. Martini , St. Simeonis, St. Markus, St Jakobus and the supraregional parish of the Evangelical Reformed Petrikirche . The Evangelical Lutheran Simeon Church is currently an “open church” without its own congregation. St. Thomas in Rodenbeck is the parish church and with the remaining part of the Simeons parish is independent. The former villages of Todtenhausen and Kutenhausen belong to the Mariengemeinde, and in the past, today's St. Markus parish in Leteln also belonged to the Mariengemeinde. The Martinikirche used to belong to Dützen , Bölhorst and Häverstädt , which today form the St. Jakobus parish.
The district of Hahlen belongs to the Protestant parish Hartum .
The Haddenhausen district belongs to the Protestant parish of Oberlübbe - Rothenuffeln and its parish Rothenuffeln-Haddenhausen.
Catholics
The four Roman Catholic parishes of the city of Minden are assigned to the deanery of Herford-Minden of the Archdiocese of Paderborn : The provost parish of the Minden Cathedral of St. Petrus and Gorgonius and the parishes of St. Mauritius , St. Paulus and St. Ansgar, which are now part of the Mindener pastoral network Country are summarized. After the Reformation, only the cathedral parish remained Catholic. According to the provost of the cathedral , the Catholic population makes up 14 percent of the total population and is thus a diaspora in the city with its mainly Protestant population.
Jews
There has been a Jewish community in the city of Minden since the 13th century . In the 19th century it grew rapidly and had up to 400 members. In 1850 the congregation split into a conservative and a reform congregation , but one year later they reunited to form a unified congregation through the mediation of the doctor David Julius Heilbronn .
Even before the persecution of the Jews in 1350 , there was a Jewish cemetery in front of the Simeon Gate in the south of the city. Since the 17th century, the Jews in the city and principality of Minden had been allowed to use the Jewish cemetery in Hausberge to bury their dead. In the 19th century there was a Jewish cemetery in front of the Marientor in the north of the city, which soon fell victim to the fortifications. Since 1897 at the latest, the Jewish community of Mindens has had its own cemetery in the south of the city on Erikaweg. A list of houses of 1791 resulted in a mikveh on "encouraging Deichhofe".
After the Second World War, the Jewish community of Minden and the surrounding area is re-established with 40 members. In 1958, a new building was inaugurated on the property next to the old synagogue in the upper old town for the Minden synagogue , which was destroyed during the November pogroms in 1938 ; today it is the center of a Jewish community that has grown again in recent decades.
Quaker
In the 19th century there was one of the few Quaker communities in Germany in Minden . She repeatedly came into conflict with the authorities, initially because of an unapproved meeting house, later because of the compulsory schooling for children. Representatives of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in particular made numerous attempts to hinder the activities of the community and its school system. Today there is no longer a Quaker community in Minden. The Quaker cemetery is only located on Kuckuckstraße.
Other religious communities
- An Evangelical Free Church Congregation ( Baptists )
- The New Apostolic Church with three congregations in the city, but which have a catchment area that extends beyond the congregation's borders.
- Latter-day Saint Ward of the Church of Jesus Christ .
- The four congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses (three in German and one in Russian) meet in the Kingdom Hall in Mitteldamm.
- The Turkish- Islamic Congregation in Minden ( DITIB ) was headed from 2009 to 2014 by Imam Ahmet Güney. The mosque of the parish Barbaros Merkez Camii - Minden is located on Kaiserstraße. There are two other mosques on Friedrich-Wilhelm-Strasse and on Stiftsstrasse.
- Buddhist Community Triratna
Freemasons
The Freemasonry also found in Minden trailer: 1780 in Minden on the one Johannisloge Wittekind to the Westphalian Gate after the manner of teaching the Great Royal Mutterloge "The Three Globes" founded, and on the other Johannisloge was Aurora from the Grand National Masonic from Germany donated to Berlin . Both lodges dissolved in 1934, but were rebuilt in 1948 to merge into a new Johannisloge Wittekind at the Westphalian Porte . The new box house is located on Pöttcherstraße.
language
The most widespread colloquial language in Minden is High German with a few typical Westphalian idiosyncrasies and phrases. In addition, the native languages of the immigrant groups have a certain importance in everyday life. Minden is in the area of distribution of the East Westphalian dialect group of Low German . Low German is still widely spoken in the Mindener Land , but is hardly used by younger generations. In the city itself, the formerly widespread "Mindener Platt" is de facto no longer to be found and is only documented by interested citizens out of traditional awareness. A Mindener sociolect is the butter language , which is also dying out.
politics
Minden belongs to the Minden-Lübbecke II state electoral district , in which Christina Weng (SPD) was elected as a direct candidate in the 2017 state elections , and to the Minden-Lübbecke I federal constituency , in which Achim Post (SPD) prevailed as a direct candidate in 2017 .
City council
The city council of Minden has 50 elected members, plus the mayor, who, according to the local constitution, has limited voting rights in the council.
| 2014 | 2009 | 2004 | 1999 | 1994 | 1989 | 1984 | 1979 | 1975 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Political party | Seats | % | Seats | % | Seats | % | Seats | % | Seats | % | Seats | % | Seats | % | Seats | % | Seats | % |
| SPD | 24 | 40.65 | 22nd | 38.62 | 21st | 41.75 | 20th | 39.96 | 24 | 44.36 | 27 | 50.18 | 26th | 48.95 | 27 | 51.73 | 26th | 50.90 |
| CDU | 17th | 27.96 | 17th | 28.72 | 16 | 32.22 | 21st | 41.04 | 18th | 32.09 | 14th | 26.87 | 16 | 31.31 | 19th | 37.31 | 20th | 37.76 |
| Green | 6th | 9.98 | 6th | 9.49 | 5 | 9.48 | 4th | 8.08 | 5 | 10.09 | 4th | 9.15 | 5 | 10.97 | - | - | - | - |
| WED 1 | 3 | 5.02 | 4th | 7.18 | 5 | 11.02 | 3 | 6.68 | 4th | 7.57 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| FDP | 2 | 3.10 | 4th | 7.08 | 3 | 5.42 | 2 | 4.24 | 0 | 4.64 | 4th | 8.24 | 4th | 8.35 | 5 | 9.85 | 5 | 10.53 |
| BBM 2 | 1 | 1.89 | 2 | 4.23 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| left | 3 | 4.48 | 2 | 3.64 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| AfD | 3 | 4.28 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pirates | 1 | 1.59 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| REP | - | - | 1 | 1.04 | - | - | - | - | 0 | 1.25 | 2 | 5.55 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| DKP | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0.41 | 0 | 1.12 | 0 | 0.80 |
| Individual applicants | - | - | 0 | 0.10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Total 3 | 60 | 100 | 58 | 100 | 50 | 100 | 50 | 100 | 51 | 100 | 51 | 100 | 51 | 100 | 51 | 100 | 51 | 100 |
| voter turnout | 45.68 | 47.15 | 51.08 | 51.22 | 80.26 | 66.10 | 66.74 | 71.29 | 85.12 | |||||||||
1 Minden Initiative
2 Minden Citizens' Alliance
3 without taking into account rounding differences
Mayor
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In 1999, in Minden, as in the rest of North Rhine-Westphalia, the dual leadership in the city administration according to the North German Council Constitution was given up. Since then there has only been the full-time mayor . This is the highest representative of the city, chairman of the council and head of the city administration . He is elected directly by the population.
In the election for mayor on September 13, 2015, Michael Jäcke (SPD) won the first ballot with an absolute majority (52% of the valid votes cast). The turnout was 36.23%. He replaced Mayor Michael Buhre (SPD), who had been in office since 2004 , and who did not run again.
household
According to the taxpayers' association , Minden was in debt with 114 million euros in 2015, which corresponds to a per capita debt of 1,404 euros.
Ring of honor
The City Council of Minden has been awarding the City of Minden's Ring of Honor since 1964 .
coat of arms
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Blazon : “The shield , split by gold and red , showsa gold armored , red-tongued black double-headed eagle in front in gold under an imperial crown , behind in red two diagonally crossed silver keys with beards turned away at thetop, the key with the beard pointing towards the center of the shield above the another key lies. " |
| Justification of the coat of arms: This coat of arms has been the city's official coat of arms since 1853 and is made up of the two coats of arms that have been in use for a long time. The double-headed imperial eagle in the front right half of the coat of arms was given to the city in 1627, during the Thirty Years' War by Emperor Ferdinand II, as a token of special protection, when the city took in and supplied the imperial troops at great sacrifice. In the left part of the coat of arms are the two keys from the coat of arms of the former city lord, the bishop of Minden . They are the keys of St. Peter . |
At the same time, the motto of the city of Minden was determined. Since then it has been “Jus et aequitas civitatum vincula” , “ Law and justice are the solid bonds of communities” . The city colors of the city of Minden are red and white,
Town twinning
The city of Minden joined the Wilmersdorfer Kreis in 1968 . At that time, the cities of Gladsaxe in Denmark and Sutton in England were already part of the federal government. In 1976 the city of Gagny from France joined the circle.
Minden has also had a partnership with the Berlin district of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf since 1968 . After the fall of the Berlin Wall , the partnerships with Tangermünde in Saxony-Anhalt (August 2, 1990) and Hrodna in Belarus (July 1, 1991) were established. As early as June 1953, Minden took on the sponsorship of the former residents of the Pomeranian city of Köslin .
After a declaration of intent “about establishing friendly relations” with the Chinese city of Changzhou in the Jiangsu province , the partnership agreement was signed in April 2015 in China Minden maintains these partnerships with student exchanges and meetings between students, choirs and associations in the twin cities or on site. The mayors' conference of the Wilmersdorfer Kreis meets annually. Specialist conferences are convened on current topics.
Minden is also a member of the New Hanseatic League of Cities .
public relation
For the 1200th anniversary of the city of Minden in 1998, a new advertising logo was developed which is intended to accompany the public relations work of the city of Minden from now on. In the logo , the Glacis Bridge , the city silhouette, the green Wiehen Mountains at the Weser breakthrough of the Porta Westfalica and the Weser are shown in two windows . The windows are connected by the new “Min + Din” font. In the signature, the founding year 798 is used with the tongue-in-cheek addition “merk-worthig”.
In 2015 the new digital presence of the city of Minden was activated. The city has commissioned an agency to represent the city under a new logo that accompanies all of the city's public appearances. Stylistically, it is a cross, derived from the Minden waterway intersection, and the colors blue (= Weser), red (= city) and green (= Weser and Wiehen Mountains).
Minden is the first city in Germany to have QR codes embedded in the pavement . Regional places and sights can be called up here. Beacons are also distributed in Minden. They send so-called push messages : advertisements for local businesses and information that are always coordinated with the exact location of the visitor. For this innovative tourism concept, the city of Minden wins the Tourism Innovation Prize of the Sparkassenverband Westfalen-Lippe .
Culture and sights
Theater and cabaret
The Minden City Theater was founded in 1908 as a rank theater and has been playing in the building next to the Tonhalle since then. Other theater and cultural events take place in privately owned cultural institutions, such as the BÜZ cultural center at Johanniskirchhof and the Theater am Weingarten. Both young artists and established cabaret artists have performed in the former for many years. There are also theater associations without a permanent venue.
Minden is the founding place and seat of the nationwide known amateur cabaret Mindener Stichlinge . It was founded in 1966, making it the oldest active amateur cabaret in Germany. Since 1994, the city of Minden has been awarding the national Minden stickleback award for literary and political cabaret every two years . The prize is endowed with 4,000 euros and is sponsored by the Melitta company and Sparkasse Minden-Lübbecke .
European authors' association "The Cog"
The European authors' association Die Kogge was founded in Bremen in 1924 . In 1933 it was banned by the National Socialists before it was revived in Minden in 1953. Today around 170 authors from 17 countries are members of the authors' association. The highlight is the annual meeting in Minden and the award of the literary prize of the city of Minden at the suggestion of the cog.
music
In the founding years of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Minden Children's Choir appeared as the city 's ambassador. Up to the year 2000 there were concerts and numerous tours abroad.
The Mindener Jazz Club was founded in 1953 and is one of the oldest jazz clubs in Germany. He organizes numerous concerts with internationally known jazz musicians in the club rooms on Königswall. The most famous artists who have performed in Minden include Dizzy Gillespie , Klaus Doldinger , Al Jarreau , Dave Brubeck and many more.
Visual arts
In 1974, seven Minden artists founded the free artists' association “der regenbogen”. In the context of city partnership activities, the group often acted as the city's ambassador. In 2009 the artists' association celebrated its 35th anniversary.
In the Martinikirchhof stands the so-called Keilstück , a sculpture by Wilfried Hagebölling , which the city of Minden bought in 1987 and around which a bitter discussion about art in public space has been going on for years. The Hamm Higher Regional Court finally decided in 2001 in a landmark judgment in favor of remaining in public space.
Museums
In addition to the municipal archive, Minden has two important museums. The Prussian Museum Minden , next to Wesel the second location of the Prussian Museum North Rhine-Westphalia, is housed in the former defense barracks on Simeonsplatz at a prominent location of the former Prussian fortress Minden , which shaped the city until its dissolution in 1873. The Minden Museum in a decorative row of houses from the Weser Renaissance in the Upper Town has presented the city's cultural history since 1922. The affiliated coffee museum refers to the hundred-year history of the coffee producer Melitta
The ship mill on the left bank of the Weser is a technical monument on the Westphalian Mill Road in the Minden-Lübbecke district. Other restored mills are the windmills in Dützen and Meißen.
The Mindener Museumseisenbahn operates a museum railway on routes of the Mindener Kreisbahnen with old Prussian rolling stock . It is known far beyond the district boundaries for its Prussian tradition.
At the Minden waterway intersection, the Minden Waterways and Shipping Office operates an information center that shows the intersection of the two federal waterways and the construction of the new Minden Weser lock next to the old shaft lock.
The Kösliner Heimatstube - founded in the 1950s and since the end of 2012 in the Dützen district at Lübbecker Straße 211 - shows objects relating to the history of the city of Köslin in Pomerania . The city of Minden has been the sponsor city of Köslin since 1953, understood as sponsorship of the residents who were expelled from Köslin .
Buildings
Minden, which is over 1200 years old, still has numerous buildings from the 16th century in the old town , some with the typical features of the Weser Renaissance , and on the other hand striking buildings of the former Prussian fortress Minden .
The old town on the lower terrace of the left bank of the Weser, which extends in the area of the cathedral freedom around the Gothic cathedral with its Romanesque westwork, is considered to be the center of the settlement of Minden . Previous constructions of the cathedral are proven in the 9th century. The Minden cathedral treasure collected in the diocese is now exhibited in the cathedral treasury next to the cathedral. Immediately to the west of the Cathedral Freedom is the Old Town Hall with an arcade from the 13th century, supplemented by the new town hall from 1974 to 1978. The stone arcade of the Old Town Hall is one of the first arcades in the region and remained in the city hall when it was destroyed Preserved World War II. On the market there are civil buildings with historicizing facades from the time before the First World War, such as the Schmiedingsche Haus, in which since January 2010 a puppet game has shown Duke Widukind and Emperor Charlemagne twice a day shaking hands and with the oath "these The castle is said to have given the city of Minden its name after this legend.
The Martini staircase leads from the market square to the upper old town on the upper terrace of the Weser. Three old town churches with towers that can be seen from afar were placed close to the stepped area of the upper terrace: St. Martini (built after 1300) with the Martinikirchhof, the St. Mary's Church at the Hufschmiede, which was redesigned to a Gothic hall church, and the Church of St. Simeonis (after 1305 , Tower from the 19th century).
Furthermore, what is probably the oldest stone house in Westphalia can be found in the Upper Town, the Old Mint . Next to the Martinikirche is the house at Windloch , one of the smallest buildings in Minden. Due to the narrow passage to the church, the wind always whistled here, which is why the name came about. In the immediate vicinity is the museum line on Ritterstrasse in the Weser Renaissance style and the half-timbered building of the Schwedenschänke, which is said to have housed an inn at the time of the Swedish occupation of Minden during the Thirty Years' War .
The so-called Schinkel buildings from the Prussian fortress period in the style of the builder of the same name have a striking effect . These include the former army bakery (1834), today the parish hall of the St.Martini parish, the former provisions store (1836), which is now used by the Weser-Kolleg , the former defension barracks on Simeonsplatz (former parade ground) where the Prussia Museum Minden is housed, and the former army hospital opposite, which was converted into an office building.
The city expanded to the north on the sub-terrace within the fortress walls. The secularized church of St. Johannis (today the community center) is located here. At the Wesertor, parts of the old buildings were demolished as part of the urban redevelopment in order to make space for two large new department store complexes, which re-shaped the eastern part of the central inner city street (Bäckerstraße). North of the city center on the Weser lies the fishing town with parts of the city wall that was part of the fortifications.
The other ramparts were razed after the fortress was dissolved in 1873 and replaced by the green belt of the Glacis , where representative bourgeois residential buildings were built. In the glacis area, public buildings such as the former grammar school (today cathedral school), the lyceum (today Herder grammar school), the new high school (Ratsgymnasium), the city theater and the new building of the government building of the district government in the neo-Renaissance style were built next to the Wesertor . The Minden-Lübbecke district administration building and the court center, which were also built in the glacis area, should be mentioned as new buildings in the modern style.
In Minden there are important buildings in the style of the Weser Renaissance, such as the Hill house on Bäckerstrasse and the Hagemeyer am Scharn house, both in today's pedestrian zone. Haddenhausen's Weser Renaissance Castle from the 17th century is located in the southwestern district of Haddenhausen.
Today Minden belongs to the working group for historic city centers in North Rhine-Westphalia . The building for the sales company Harting Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG in Minden, completed in 2001, was designed by the Swiss architect Mario Botta . The wall-like front is based on the surrounding barracks from Prussian times.
The Kampa Hall is a large sports and event hall. It is home to the handball club GWD Minden, which has been playing in the 1st handball league again since the 2012/13 season.
Monuments
In the city of Minden there are some monuments due to the Prussian history. Mention should be made of the monument to the Great Elector Friedrich Wilhelm at the Weser Gate , who was Margrave of Brandenburg, Elector of the Holy Roman Empire and Duke of Prussia and who was nicknamed "the Great Elector" from 1675.
The Weserspucker fountain is in the pedestrian zone . It symbolizes in a casual way the connection between the city and the Weser. For the reconstruction of the inner city it was removed from its position in the Bäckerstraße and is to be put up again at another place (Poos) after the end of the construction work. At the Wesertor is the Berlin kilometer stone that was erected in the 1950s and was intended to awaken a bond with divided Berlin.
Parks
The largest and most important park in the inner city emerged from the former glacis of the Minden fortress . After the Prussian fortifications were dissolved in 1873, a park landscape with valuable trees was designed as a “green lung” around the densely populated city center, the so-called Minden Glacis .
Included in this ring-shaped city park is the old cemetery where people were buried until 1904. The cemetery was then rededicated and converted into a botanical garden from the 1950s . The burial facilities were moved to the north cemetery , which is located on the northern outskirts of the city directly on the banks of the Weser . Another large park is the Südfriedhof south of Bastau.
The botanical garden is a listed building, especially because of the numerous graves that have been preserved. Today it stands out through its old trees and themed gardens. On the banks of the Weser, a promenade borders the park called Weserglacis, which also includes a pond dammed by the Bastau .
Natural monuments and protected areas
There are four nature reserves in the urban area . The Nordholz nature reserve is located in the Todtenhausen district, has an area of 25.4 hectares and is the location of the Minden-Lübbecke Biological Station on the former Nordholz estate. It looks after numerous nature reserves in the district and also offers numerous events on environmental education .
The Minderheide nature reserve is 31.2 hectares in size and is located in the district of the same name. Minden has a share in the Bastauwiesen nature reserve , which extends over Hille and Lübbecke with a total area of around 18 km² , as well as in the 85.9 hectare nature reserve Kohbrink, which is mainly located in Petershagen . Most of the areas are part of the Natura 2000 network of protected areas in the European Union . Nordholz and Kohbrink belong to the FFH area Heisterholz (Natura-2000-Nr. DE-3619-301), the Bastauwiesen in Minden belong to the European bird sanctuary Bastauniederung (Natura-2000-Nr. DE-3618-401).
In Minden, 21 individual trees and groups of trees as well as a quarry wall are designated as natural monuments .
Sports
The most famous sports club in Minden is the handball club Grün-Weiß Dankersen Minden . Since the founding of the Handball Bundesliga in 1966, Bundesliga handball has been played here with three interruptions. The games take place in Minden's Kampa Hall . The Weser Stadium, formerly used by GWD, is now used as an athletics and soccer stadium, the Minden soccer club Union Minden plays in the Westphalia regional league.
The location on the Weser traditionally enables water sports . There are several well-known clubs with their own boathouses on the Weser, such as MTV 1860 Minden e. V, which as the oldest and largest sports club in Minden, offers water sports canoeing and swimming . KSG Minden e. V., a canoe club, organizes the Minden Weserdrachencup, a competition for dragon boats . The TV Jahn Sportclub also has a large canoe and kayak department. The Bessel Ruder Club e. V. is a rowing club that emerged from the rowing ranks of the Bessel and Herder grammar schools. The Minden Harbor Sprint used to be held once a year in the Osthafen, at that time one of the largest school rowing regattas in Germany. In 2018 and 2019, the Melittarenntag, a German rowing league race, took place on the Wasserstraßenkreuz . Together with other clubs, these water sports clubs organize the water sports event Blaues Band der Weser every two years . The landing stages for water sports are equipped with the yellow wave signet .
The dance sport club TSC Rot-Weiß Minden e. V. was founded in 1964. Aside from having fun dancing and promoting ballroom dancing, the association also tries to bring real “highlights” to Mindener Land every now and then. The TSC has already organized two national league tournaments for the top teams in formation dancing. These events took place with great success in front of around 1300 spectators each in the Kampahalle. The club found a new home for the training evenings in the "Hochhaus am Ring" A&S Sport.
The Mindener Squash Club trains in the Sportcenter Falke in Minden. The first men's team plays in the Association League Ostwestfalen.
The billiard club 1. PBC Minden has its premises in Schwarzer Weg near the train station. The first team plays in the major league.
Tennis can be played in four clubs in Minden. The largest club is the Mindener TK from 1912, whose 9 outdoor spaces and a 3-fold hall can be found next to the Weser Stadium. The association has 402 members. The Railway Sports Club 1923 e. V. (ESV) has 3 places and 55 members. In the TC Minden-Stemmer e. V. 85 members play on 4 places, at the TC Leteln 90 members share 3 places (all figures as of Feb. 2019).
Minden golf players, on the other hand, do not find a playground in their city, but have to go into the surrounding area, e.g. B. to Bad Oeynhausen, Bad Eilsen, Obernkirchen or Löhne.
Minden is a stop on the Sigwardsweg long-distance hiking trail .
The Minden Bandits e. V. provide a men's baseball team in Minden under the name Minden Millers and a women's softball team under the name Minden Maniacs. The men's team played in the regional league I and the women's team played in the association league of the baseball and softball association of North Rhine-Westphalia in the 2019 season. These two teams are based in Millers Park in Titzelweg.
Regular events
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Candide Prize
The Minden Literary Association has been awarding the Candide Prize annually since 2004 , which is the result of the Minden City Scholarship . -
Citizen Prize of the City of Minden
The association Mehr Minden has awarded the Citizen Prize of the City of Minden every year since 2000. The winners include Pit Witt , Die Mindener Stichlinge and Burkhard Hedtmann. -
Mindener fair
Every year at the beginning of May and the beginning of November the Minden fair with numerous rides and a fireworks display takes place on the fairground "Kanzlers Weide" on the right bank of the Weser .
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Minden Free Shooting
Every two years the Minden Free Shooting takes place in Minden , which was first held in 1682. A large parade takes place here with various “companies”, which represent parts of the city and are sponsored by the local economy, some in historicizing (Prussian-borrowed) uniforms with corresponding ranks. The other participants in the marches wear black suits and top hats. The course and content of the festival is very similar to that of a shooting festival .
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Blue Ribbon of the Weser
Every two years the major water sports event " Blue Ribbon of the Weser " takes place on the Weser . The regular meeting of boat and water sports enthusiasts is organized by the “Ring of water sports clubs around Porta Westfalica e. V. "organized associations. The event with its regattas of various water sports and the large folk festival regularly attracts several thousand people to the city of Minden. The highlight of the event is a large fireworks display and the nightly boat parade on the Weser.
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Weserberglandrallye
The Weserberglandrallye , a distance race for rowing and canoeing boats on the Weser, takes place annually in autumn . It can be started in three lengths, the longest is 65 km. The Weserberglandrallye is one of the largest German hikers' meetings. -
Opera productions of the Richard Wagner Verband Minden
Every three to four years the Richard Wagner Verband Minden organizes opera productions with operas by Richard Wagner in co- production with the Northwest German Philharmonic and the Minden City Theater . In 2002 it was The Flying Dutchman (director: Holger Müller-Brandes, musical director: Frank Beermann ), in 2005 Tannhäuser (director: Keith Warner; musical director: Frank Beermann), in 2009 Lohengrin (director: John Dew; Musical director: Frank Beermann) and in 2012 Tristan und Isolde (director: Matthias von Stegmann; musical director: Frank Beermann) -
Weserlieder Open Air
Every year on the last weekend in July, the Weserlieder Open Air, a music event with bands from the region, takes place in the amphitheater on the Weser promenade. -
Events on the market
The market at the town hall of Minden is the central square in the city center of Minden. Regular events in the fields of culture, tourism and marketing take place here. The city of Minden lists the following events for 2011: city festival, wine festival, cultural summer stage, gourmet mile, jazz summer night and free shooting.- Jazz Summer Night: The Jazz Summer Night has been held annually on Rathausplatz since 1982. The event, at which internationally known jazz , funk and soul artists perform, is organized by the Minden Jazz Club .
- Minden Wine Festival: The wine festival takes place every year in the city center of Minden
- Gourmet Meile: This culinary festival has been taking place on the market square every year since 2001, and local restaurateurs offer a variety of dishes. The offer and the decoration are based on a different theme every year.
- Mindener Kultursommerbühne: Every year the four-day cultural event takes place in front of Minden Cathedral. In addition to program items from the areas of musicals, cabaret, readings and children's programs, one evening is reserved for a classical concert. This event is organized by Minden Marketing GmbH.
movie theater
While there were still several cinemas in Minden in the 1970s and 1980s , there are currently two cinemas left: Die Birke, a cinema with a hall for 300 visitors, and the Savoy & Cinema am Schwan cinema near the swan pond two halls.
After the Minden cinemas had temporarily stopped their programs for financial reasons shortly before Christmas 2010, the first cinemas were reopened in January 2011.
Economy and Infrastructure
traffic
Rail and bus transport
The Minden (Westphalia) station is located on the railway lines from Hanover to Bielefeld – Hamm on the main line Berlin – Ruhr area – Cologne and the branch line in Löhne towards Osnabrück – Rheine on the main line to Amsterdam. In addition, the single-track connection to Nienburg (Weser-Aller-Bahn) branches off here as part of a direct route between the Ruhr area and Hamburg to the north, which is primarily used for freight traffic .
The station is stopping point in the network of long-distance transport by ICE trains and the Inter City on the ICE lines 10 between Berlin and the Rhine / Ruhr region and in the day the edge ICE line 43 in the direction of Hannover and Basel. The Intercity is represented in Minden with trains on line 55 (Dresden – Cologne) and line 77 (Berlin – Amsterdam).
In 2019, the Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure announced that the planning of a new Bielefeld – Hanover line within the framework of the Germany cycle did not take Minden station into account. On the long-distance route between Hanover, Bielefeld and the Ruhr area, travel times should be reduced to 31 minutes and trains should travel at a top speed of 300 km / h.
The following regional lines serve the station:
- RE 6 " Rhein-Weser-Express ": Cologne - Düsseldorf - Essen - Hamm - Bielefeld - Minden,
- RE 60/70 " Weser-Leine-Express ": Bielefeld / Rheine - Osnabrück - Minden - Hanover - Braunschweig
- RE 78 " Porta-Express ": Bielefeld– Bad Oeynhausen –Minden– Nienburg (Weser)
- S 1 Minden - Stadthagen - Haste - Wunstorf - Hanover and on via Barsinghausen to Haste.
All platforms are barrier-free . There is a bicycle station in the station area . There are two ticket machines in the station hall .
The train station can be reached by city bus every 30 minutes. The most important transfer point on the bus network, however, is the central bus station in Minden in the city center, two stops from the train station. The "MindenBus" has been operated with a rendezvous concept since December 2019 by Transdev Ostwestfalen GmbH with its Teutoburger Wald Verkehr (TWV) brand. City and regional buses (routes to Bad Oeynhausen , Lübbecke , Espelkamp , Petershagen, among others ) meet at the central bus station every half hour, but some of the individual lines only run every hour. Regional and city lines are not always linked. From Monday to Saturday the last buses leave from 8:15 p.m. from the central bus station and on Sundays at 7:15 p.m. On Saturdays and Sundays, all city bus routes run every 60 minutes.
The city is part of the Westfalentarif tariff association ( TeutoOWL network ). The Lower Saxony tariff applies in the direction of Hanover and Nienburg ; Minden is in the border station ( GVH -Regionaltarif) and is thus in Zone F .
The Minden Museum Railway (MEM) runs on a section of the Mindener Kreisbahnen with historical locomotive and wagons: ( Hille –Minden, Oberstadt– Kleinenbremen , visitor mine ). Some of the remaining stretches of the former narrow-gauge railways, which were later converted to standard gauge, are now used for goods traffic on the Mindener Kreisbahnen. There was also the tram from 1893 to 1959 and the trolleybus from 1953 to 1965 in Minden.
Street
The city is located 15 km north of the A 2 and A 30 autobahns and is crossed by the B 65 and B 61 . The latter leads south of the city of Minden as a motorway-like road through the Weserauentunnel parallel to the old connecting roads to Barkhausen , the center of which is now bypassed, to Porta Westfalica and on to Bad Oeynhausen and the A2. West and north it becomes a wide, four-lane ring road led around the city center. The federal highway 482 runs east of the urban area from the junction of the A 2 in the direction of Nienburg / Weser .
The city center is subject to parking space management and is controlled by a parking guidance system.
Weser bridges
Minden lies on both sides of the Weser. In the city center, the river has to be crossed several times in order to meet the city relationships. The core bridge is the repeatedly renewed and now four-lane Weser Bridge Minden . It lies on the site of the old ford through the Weser and connects the city center with the eastern suburbs and the train station. The federal highway 65 crossed the Weser here, to the east a road ran across the train station to Bückeburg in Lower Saxony. To relieve them, two relief bridges were built in the 1970s that cross the Weser north and south of the city center and are then called the North Bridge and the South Bridge, today the Gustav-Heinemann-Bridge and Theodor-Heuss-Brücke . They have also been expanded to four lanes and are intended to relieve the city center of car traffic by bypassing it. The Gustav-Heinemann-Brücke in the north takes on the traffic of the partially four-lane ring road that leads around the city to the west. On the right bank of the Weser, it leads to the industrial area at Mindener Hafen with connection to the federal highway 482 . Bundesstraße 65, which was developed as a motorway-like road and which, according to plans in the 1970s, was to become part of the eastern continuation of Federal Motorway 30 , now runs over the Theodor Heuss Bridge in the south . For this purpose, the Wiehengebirge should be tunneled through in order to reach a connection at Bad Oeynhausen. However, these plans were rejected. In the meantime, the Theodor-Heuss-Brücke on the western bank has been connected to the Weserauentunnel and thus to the federal highway 61 , which runs from south to north, via a motorway junction . A direct continuation to the westward federal highway 65 is planned.
The last bridge was the Glacisbrücke , a pedestrian bridge constructed as a suspension bridge, which connects the city center with the Chancellor's pasture , which is designated as a large park and fairground .
The small railway bridge was built by the Mindener Kreisbahnen north of the inner city area in the form of a truss arch bridge for the Weser crossing in order to enable the Minden small railway to connect to the state railway on the eastern bank.
The next Weser crossings are upstream in Porta Westfalica (around 7 km) and downstream in Petershagen (around 10 km). These are road bridges.
Waterways and ports
The intersection of the Weser , which has been developed as a federal waterway , with the Mittelland Canal forms one of the few waterway crosses in Germany. In 1998, after a five-year construction period, a second, larger bridge for large motor ships was added. The shaft lock connects the Weser and the Mittelland Canal at a height difference of around 13 m. The new Weserschleuse Minden was put into operation in 2017
The port of Minden on the Weser and Mittelland Canal is recording increasing sales in the 21st century. Above all, the expansion of the industrial port in connection with container handling should be mentioned, which is developing positively thanks to the shipping connection with the seaports of Bremerhaven and Hamburg . On the Mittelland Canal east of Minden, a container port known as the RegioPort Weser is being planned across the federal states in both North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony .
Mindener passenger shipping
The crossing of Minden federal waterways Weser and Mittellandkanal and the waterway junction Minden regularly during the summer months by the Minden Fahrgastschiffahrt busy. Between 2001 and 2015, the coat of arms of Minden operated from the Schlagde , the last paddle steamer operated on the Weser. Since April 2015, the ship has been based in Bremen under the name Weserstolz .
bicycle
The city lies on the long -distance cycle routes Mühlenroute and Weser-Radweg . It is also the starting point for the wellness cycle route . There is a bicycle station with service facilities at the train station . The city has been part of the cycle -friendly cities and municipalities in North Rhine-Westphalia working group since 1996 and has had a bicycle officer since 2007 . In the bicycle traffic concept adopted in July 2010, the medium to long-term aim is to achieve a bicycle share of over 25 percent of the total traffic volume.
economy
Minden's economic development in the city was long hindered by the fortress being constricted. In 1873 it was dissolved, the city and with it the economy could develop beyond the borders. Today the chemical and metal industries, electronics, paper, ceramics and wood processing can be found here. The city administration counts 4,700 companies in the city.
Agriculture still has a share of 50% of the total area of the city of Minden. That is slightly more than the average in North Rhine-Westphalia, but much larger than in the densely populated areas of North Rhine-Westphalia. A large new port is currently being planned east of the Minden waterway intersection , the so-called RegioPort Weser .
South of the city , the Porta Markt shopping center has been built on the green meadow directly on the city limits in the Barkhausen district of the city of Porta Westfalica since the 1960s, drawing a lot of purchasing power from the city of Minden.
The disposable income in Minden at € 20,198 per inhabitant in 2015 was below the average for the Minden-Lübbecke district (€ 21,849) and the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (€ 21,336); This puts Minden in position 309 of all 396 municipalities in North Rhine-Westphalia in terms of purchasing power.
Established businesses
The oldest trading company in Minden is Endler und Kumpf , which was founded after the Battle of Minden and is now a wholesaler for kitchen appliances and automation.
One company known to end users is Melitta , which has been based in Minden since 1929 and manages the Melitta Group from here.
The former Chemische Fabrik Knoll AG in the industrial area on Karlstrasse was later taken over by BASF Pharmachemuellen and now operates as Siegfried PharmaChemischem Minden . The family company Follmann also belongs to the chemical industry . The Ornamin plastic works, founded in 1955, based on the Kuckuckstraße, produce and design new commodities in the sense of universal design of plastic.
The Altendorf company , a mechanical engineering company founded in 1906, is the world market leader for sliding table saws.
WAGO Kontakttechnik has its main plant north of the city center and produces connection technology there. Schoppe & Faeser , manufacturer of electrical engineering, has been taken over by ABB .
In the food sector there is the fruit juice manufacturer Löffler . It was only located at the bridgehead on the right bank of the Weser , and has now been relocated to a southern industrial park. The Edeka Minden-Hannover has its headquarters in Minden and celebrated in 2020 100 years of existence. The WEZ food markets are known in the region . The sourdough specialist Ernst Böcker has been running his company in Minden for 100 years. The pet food factory of Mars Petcare Germany in Minden has been producing since 1982 .
In the transport sector, Deutsche Bahn relocated its central office from Dresden to Minden after the war ; today this authority has merged into DB Systemtechnik and DB Fahrzeuginstandhaltung GmbH.
In the banking sector, the two cooperative banks, Volksbank Minden, as branches of VerbundVolksbank OWL, and Volksbank Mindener Land should be mentioned. Historically, they are connected to the city of Minden and the old district of Minden. Minden is co-owner and seat of the Sparkasse Minden-Lübbecke .
media
The local daily newspaper is the Mindener Tageblatt . The public broadcasting is operated by the WDR , which maintains a studio for East Westphalia-Lippe in Bielefeld. From there, local programs for both television and radio are produced and broadcast. A regional correspondent for the WDR studio in Bielefeld reports from Minden .
In 2006, the television program was converted to the digital form DVB-T , which is broadcast from the television tower on Jakobsberg for the region. As a private broadcaster, Radio Westfalica (from the Radio NRW group) broadcasts a local radio program from Minden for the Minden-Lübbecke district.
The online newspaper Mindener-Rundschau and since 2012 the online magazine Hallo Minden have been reporting mainly on local topics from Minden and the surrounding area since 2009 .
Public facilities
The district administration of the Minden-Lübbecke district is based in Minden . The Minden District Court , the Minden Labor Court and the Minden Administrative Court , which is responsible for the Detmold administrative district , are located in a joint court center near the city center . Minden is home to the Ostwestfalen-Lippe regional forest office , a merger of the Minden and Bielefeld forest offices.
Minden also functions as a Bundeswehr location with the Herzog-von-Braunschweig barracks and as the location of a large university clinic , the Johannes Wesling Clinic on the southern outskirts of Minden-Häverstädt .
Minden is the headquarters of the control center for the Minden fire brigade , which is responsible for the Minden-Lübbecke district. Minden is also one of the few towns in the district that has a professional fire brigade . The central sewage treatment plant for the city of Minden and the right bank of the Weser has been set up in the Leteln district. It has been operational since 1981.
power grid
The city of Minden has a 51% share in Mindener Holding GmbH , the 100% parent company of Mindener Stadtwerke and Mindener Wasser, through Mindener Entwicklungs- und Wirtschaftsförderungs GmbH (MEW) ; Both companies are responsible for ensuring the supply of electricity, gas and water.
In the Meißen district there is a substation that is connected to a 220 kV line operated by the transmission system operator Tennet TSO . Up until the turn of the millennium, when the 220 kV switchgear in the Bierde substation ( Petershagen ) was removed, this connection formed a branch of the continuous line from the Veltheim power plant to Bierde; today it ends in Meißen. Here the voltage is transformed to the high voltage of 110 kV, which is distributed to five other substations in the city area. There the reduction to a medium voltage of 10 or 30 kV for industrial companies takes place. The conversion to the low voltage of 230 V takes place in transformer boxes.
education
Minden, along with the Minden campus, is the location of the Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences with the departments of design, architecture and civil engineering, technology, engineering and mathematics (including mechanical engineering , electrical engineering and industrial engineering ), social affairs, as well as business and health. The Fernuniversität Hagen has a study center in the building of the study seminar for the teaching post for the primary level.
Since 2015, the Johannes Wesling Klinikum Minden has served as a location of the University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum for the practical training of medical students.
The city of Minden maintains three grammar schools ( Herder-Gymnasium , Besselgymnasium , Ratsgymnasium ), two secondary schools ( Freiherr-von-Vincke-Realschule , Käthe-Kollwitz-Realschule), a secondary secondary school (Todtenhausen secondary school), a PRIMUS school (PRIMUS school Minden, primary and secondary school in the PRIMUS school trial) as well as a comprehensive school ( Kurt-Tucholsky-Gesamtschule ) in the building of the former Caroline-von-Humboldt-Gymnasium, which was attached to the Herder-Gymnasium in 1988. In addition, there are numerous primary and special schools in Minden, as well as the Freiherr-vom-Stein vocational college and the Leo-Sympher vocational college. The Weser-Kolleg offers the opportunity to catch up on school qualifications on the so-called second educational path from technical college entrance qualification to high school diploma. The Free Evangelical School (elementary and comprehensive school) and the Waldorf School in Haddenhausen are privately owned .
In addition, there has been a district student council (BSV for short) since March 3, 2009 . The BSV is active as a non-partisan representation of around 40,000 schoolchildren in Minden-Lübbecke.
The Minden Municipal Music School is located on Simeonscarre.
For extracurricular education, the city of Minden operates the Minden adult education center in association with Porta Westfalica, Petershagen and Hille , which entered into a long-term cooperation with the Bad Oeynhausen adult education center in 2012.
Personalities
Honorary citizen
→ List of honorary citizens of Minden
The honorary citizenship of the city of Minden was awarded on December 23, 1841 to the Prussian reformer Freiherr Ludwig von Vincke, who was born in Minden . Vincke campaigned for the unification of Westphalia and reforms in the administrative apparatus. Furthermore, honorary citizens are the regional presidents of the administrative district of Minden Karl Gottlieb Richter (1777–1847) and Franz von Borries (1785–1858). The last named honorary citizen (1991) is the long-time mayor (1977–1991) Heinz Röthemeier (* 1924).
sons and daughters of the town
→ List of the sons and daughters of the city of Minden
Well-known people born in Minden include the physician Johannes Wesling (1598–1649), namesake of the new Minden Clinic, the publisher's founder Franz Cornelsen , the astronomer and mathematician Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1784–1846), who laid the exact foundations for modern astronomy created, and Franz Boas (1858–1942), ethnologist, linguist, physicist and geographer. Pauline von Mallinckrodt (1817–1881), founder of the order of the Congregation of the Sisters of Christian Love , and the writer Gertrud von le Fort (1876–1971) are important women from Minden. More recently, the national handball player Herbert Lübking (Grün-Weiß Dankersen and TuS Nettelstedt), the politician Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger and the television presenter and author Peter Hahne can be found here .
Other personalities
→ List of personalities from the city of Minden
People who were not born in the city, but are closely connected to Minden through their life, work and work, are Nikolaus Krage , the evangelical reformer of Minden, Friedrich Hoffmann , the garrison doctor practicing in Minden, the Hoffmannstropfen , an old one Home remedies, invented. Abraham Jacobi was the founder of paediatrics in the USA and opened the first children's hospital there. The architect and university professor Paul Kanold designed several buildings for Minden. Rainer Böhm , the inventor of the electronic Dr. Böhm organ , lived here, as did the handball player Anika Ziercke . The crime writer Andrea Gerecke lives in Hille , is connected to the city of Minden and is a founding member of the Mindener Lesebühne . The Algerian sculptor Kader Aggad has lived and worked in Minden since the 1980s.
List of Prussian governors and commanders
Governors
- 1656 Christoph von Kannenberg
- 1673 Wolf Ernst von Eller
- 1681 Johann Anton von Zieten
- 1690 Friedrich von Heyden
- 1692 Philipp Karl von Wylich and Lottum
- 1698 Friedrich Ludwig von Holstein-Beck
Commanders
- Völkerson
- 1676 Moritz von Kanne
- 1679 Johann Anton von Zieten
- 1682 Bernhard de Huet
- 1688 Magnus Friedrich Horn
- 1705 Stefan Matheus du Bulson
- 1718 du Clos
- 1744 from Bornstedt
- 1749 Ernst Ludwig von Borck
- 1815 Johann August Friedrich Hiller von Gärtringen
- 1815–1823 Ernst Michael von Schwichow
useful information
The text of the US national anthem " The Star-Spangled Banner " was written by Francis Scott Key during the attack on Baltimore in 1814 on the HMS Minden , on which it was brought by the Royal Navy . The ship's name was reminiscent of the Battle of Minden . After the "Minden" had ended her service in the British-American War of 1812, she was moved to Hong Kong as a hospital ship, where she took on important services in the supply of the population. Two streets were later named in her honor: Minden Row and Minden Avenue .
A district of the Malaysian city of Gelugor in the state of Penang is called Minden; The Universiti Sains Malaysia was built on the site of a former British barracks (Minden Barracks), named after the "Battle of Minden"
Several cities in the USA as well as Canada and Australia were named after the German city of Minden, the largest of which is Minden in the US state of Louisiana .
The German Society for the Rescue of Shipwrecked People (DGzRS) named a sea rescue cruiser of the 23-m class in honor of the city of Minden .
literature
Older literature
- Weekly at least advertisements. Minden 1766–1808, urn : nbn: de: hbz: 061: 1-16904 (digitized version of the University and State Library Düsseldorf ).
- Geographical and statistical news from the cities of the Principality of Minden. In: Westphalian magazine on geography, history and statistics. Volume 1 (1784), Issue 1–2, pp. 35–53 ( digitized version from Bielefeld University Library).
- On behalf of the Provincial Association of the Province of Westphalia edited by A. Ludorff (Ed.): The architectural and art monuments of the Minden district . 1902 ( Bielefeld University Library , Internet Archive ).
- Citizens' register of the city of Minden. J. C. C. Bruns, Minden 1927, DNB 013285149 .
- Leopold Freiherr von Zedlitz : The state forces of the Prussian monarchy under Friedrich Wilhelm III. Maurer, 1830, p. 207 ( digitized in the Google book search).
Newer literature
- Joachim Meynert, Ursula Bender-Wittmann (Ed.): No journeymen without a fatherland. Contributions to the history of social democracy in Minden . Uhle and Kleimann, Lübbecke 1994, ISBN 3-928959-04-2 (on the so-called “journeymen without a fatherland” ).
- Hans Nordsiek: The darkened city. Minden in the final phase of World War II . 2nd Edition. J. C. C. Bruns Buchverlag, Minden 2005, ISBN 3-930222-02-7 .
- Gerhard Schormann: Witch persecution in northwest Germany (= sources and representations on the history of Lower Saxony . Volume 87 ). Lax, Hildesheim 1977, ISBN 3-7848-3487-3 ( formally incorrect ) , p. 87 .
- City of Minden (Ed.): Minden. Witnesses and testimonies to its urban development. Minden 1979, OCLC 463639706 .
Web links
- City of Minden
- Iris Mainka: Personal memories of a childhood in Minden in the 60s. In: zeit.de, Die Zeit , No. 8, 2006
- Amtage.de (private website of the journalist Hans-Jürgen Amtage with detailed information about the history and culture of the city of Minden as well as current events)
- Minden. Minden an important city in and for Prussia. (No longer available online.) In: ktg-minden.de. Kurt Tucholsky Comprehensive School, Prussia Museum Minden, archived from the original on April 30, 2008 (Prussia project).
- The inscriptions of the city of Minden. German inscriptions: The Mindener inscriptions, witnesses of the city's history online. In: inschriften.de
- Images of the city of Minden in the image archive of the LWL media center for Westphalia
- Minden in the Westphalia Culture Atlas
Individual evidence
- ↑ Population of the municipalities of North Rhine-Westphalia on December 31, 2019 - update of the population based on the census of May 9, 2011. State Office for Information and Technology North Rhine-Westphalia (IT.NRW), accessed on June 17, 2020 . ( Help on this )
- ↑ a b Population of Minden stable - Significantly fewer immigrants than in 2015 and 2016. Press releases. In: minden.de. January 2018, accessed on August 3, 2018 (Minden population statistics on December 31, 2017).
- ↑ Numbers / data / facts. General data for the district town of Minden. (No longer available online.) In: minden.de. The city of Minden, December 31, 2010, archived from the original on May 14, 2011 ; accessed on July 12, 2018 .
- ↑ Oliver WM Rauhut, Tom R. Hübner, Klaus-Peter Lanser: A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: Implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic. In: Palaeontologia Electronica. Article no. 19.2.29A: 1-65, 2016, doi: 10.26879 / 654 .
- ↑ chs / AFP: "Raubmonster von Minden" was a species of its own. Predatory dinosaur in Germany. The monster of Minden. In: Spiegel Online . September 1, 2016, accessed January 4, 2017.
- ^ Geoscientific community descriptions NRW. Minden. (No longer available online.) In: gd.nrw.de. Geological Survey North Rhine-Westphalia , 2004, archived from the original on November 4, 2013 ; accessed on December 12, 2018 .
- ↑ Use geothermal energy - geothermal study provides planning basis. (PDF; 369 kB) (No longer available online.) In: gd.nrw.de. Geological Survey NRW, March 8, 2005, archived from the original on September 14, 2005 ; accessed on December 12, 2018 .
- ↑ Municipal profile of Minden, city. (PDF; 136 kB) Minden-Lübbecke district, Detmold administrative district, type of community: Large medium-sized town. (No longer available online.) In: it.nrw.de. State Office for Data Processing and Statistics North Rhine-Westphalia , July 12, 2011, archived from the original on July 19, 2011 ; accessed on December 12, 2018 .
- ^ Municipal profile of the Minden-Lübbecke district. (PDF; 219 kB) Detmold administrative district. (No longer available online.) In: it.nrw.de. State Office for Data Processing and Statistics North Rhine-Westphalia , May 31, 2017, archived from the original on November 7, 2017 ; accessed on December 12, 2018 .
- ↑ Main statute of the city of Minden of December 20, 1999. In: minden.de, April 6, 2017, accessed on December 12, 2018 (PDF; 160 kB).
- ^ City of Detmold: Climate diagrams ( Memento from January 14, 2016 in the Internet Archive ). In: stadtdetmold.de, accessed on July 12, 2018.
- ↑ Monthly precipitation values of the German Weather Service. ( ZIP ; 349 kB) (1961-1990). (No longer available online.) In: dwd.de. German Weather Service, archived from the original on September 23, 2015 ; accessed on July 12, 2018 .
- ^ Leopold Kulke: On the history of the Minden market. In: Messages from the Minden History Society. Vol. 47 (1975), ISSN 0340-188X , pp. 69-129 ( PDF; 17.7 MB ).
- ↑ Hans Nordsiek: The granting of regalia to the Minden church in 977 and the development of Minden from a market settlement to a city. In: Messages from the Minden History Society. Vol. 49 (1977), pp. 13-34 ( PDF; 6.2 MB ).
- ↑ Manfred Groten: To the defamation of the privilege of Otto II for the diocese of Minden from 977. In: Communications of the Minden historical society . Vol. 51 (1979), pp. 109-110 ( PDF; 725 kB ).
- ↑ 700 years of coinage in Minden. In: briefmarkenankauf-muenzenankauf.de. Retrieved on February 18, 2018 (with further literature).
- ↑ History of the Hanseatic League. In: teutoburgerwald.de, accessed on September 15, 2011.
- ↑ Heinz-Peter Mielke: The Weser Bridge through the ages (catalog for the exhibition of the Minden Museum on the occasion of the new construction of the Weser Bridge). Self-published by Mindener Museum, 1978.
- ^ Wilhelm Heinrich Neuser : Evangelical Church History of Westphalia in the ground plan. Luther-Verlag, Bielefeld 2002, ISBN 3-7858-0443-1 , p. 56 ff.
- ^ List of names of the victims of the witch trials in Minden. In: anton-praetorius.de, accessed on February 18, 2018 (PDF; 24 kB).
- ↑ Barbara Gross: Witchcraft in Minden. On the social logic of witchcraft suspicions and witch trials (1584–1684) . In: Westphalia in the premodern . tape 2 . Aschendorff, Münster 2009, p. 15 .
- ↑ Hans Nordsiek: The Swedish rule in city and pin Minden (1634-1650). In: Messages from the Minden History Society. Vol. 56 (1984), pp. 27-48 ( PDF; 6.2 MB ).
- ^ Philipp von Bergmann-Korn: Living in Minden. On the housing situation in a fortress town in the first third of the 19th century. In: Messages from the Minden History Society. Vol. 59 (1987), pp. 111-126 ( PDF; 4.6 MB ).
- ↑ Wasserstraßenschiffahrtsamt Minden: Der Schifffahrtsweg Weser ( Memento from June 12, 2018 in the Internet Archive ). WSA homepage, accessed on January 7, 2013.
- ↑ Hans Nordsiek: From the beguinage to the poor house. On the history of the Minden Beguines (1295–1839). In: Messages from the Minden History Society. Vol. 61 (1989), pp. 19-44 ( uni-muenster.de [PDF; 7.9 MB]).
- ^ Heinz-Peter Mielke: On the history of the hospital and medical system in Minden. In: Messages from the Minden History Society. Vol. 55 (1983), pp. 55-69 ( PDF; 4.4 MB ).
- ^ Dietrich Poeck: Minden in the year 1848. In: Mitteilungen des Mindener Geschichtsverein. Vol. 44 (1972), pp. 51-78 ( PDF; 7.7 MB ).
- ^ Arno Herzig: The separation of social from bourgeois democracy in Minden 1861-1875. In: Messages from the Minden History Association. Vol. 51 (1979), pp. 25-46 ( PDF; 5.9 MB ).
- ^ Internet portal Westphalian history: Timeline of events 1816–1913. In: lwl.org, accessed July 26, 2017.
- ↑ Hans Eberhard Brandhorst: The electricity works of the city of Minden. In: Messages from the Minden History Society. Vol. 49 (1977), pp. 137-141 ( PDF; 1.8 MB ).
- ↑ The command office passed to the staff of the 26th Infantry Brigade and was relocated from Münster to Minden.
- ↑ Hans Nordsiek: To topography and urban development Minden. In: Stadt Minden (Hrsg.): Minden - witnesses and testimonies of its urban development. Pp. 13-140, here pp. 87-89.
- ↑ Leopold Kulke: The economic development of the city of Minden after the disengagement in 1873. In: Mitteilungen des Mindener Geschichtsverein. Vol. 45 (1973), pp. 15-80 ( PDF; 18.3 MB ).
- ↑ Hans Nordsiek: To topography and urban development Minden. In: Stadt Minden (Hrsg.): Minden - witnesses and testimonies of its urban development. Pp. 13–140, here: p. 90.
- ↑ Klaus-Ulrich Seifert: The red flag over the Simeons barracks. The 1918 November Revolution in Minden. In: Messages from the Minden History Association. Vol. 62 (1990), pp. 155-161 ( online ).
- ↑ Joachim Meynert: Excluded and alone. Jewish youth in Minden-Ravensberg 1933–1938. A contribution to everyday life under National Socialism. In: Messages from the Minden History Association. Vol. 63 (1991), pp. 115-134 ( PDF; 4.7 MB ).
- ↑ Hans Nordsiek: “Please don't forget us.” Letters from persecuted and deported Jews from 1939 to 1944. In: Mitteilungen des Mindener Geschichtsverein. Vol. 60 (1988), pp. 65-109 ( PDF; 12.2 MB ).
- ↑ Minden - A place of diversity. "Stones against oblivion". (No longer available online.) In: minden.de. Archived from the original on July 17, 2013 ; accessed on December 12, 2018 .
- ^ Hans-Jürgen Amtage: The air raid on Minden in World War II. (No longer available online.) In: Amtage.de - the Minden magazine. Hans-Jürgen Amtage, August 13, 2014, archived from the original on February 19, 2016 ; accessed on December 12, 2018 : "based on research by historian Martin Steffen, Minden / Bielefeld"
- ↑ Bombs on Minden: "Everything was gray, full of rubble and dust". In: Mindener Tageblatt. August 13, 2014, accessed August 14, 2014
- ↑ On the day when the bridges broke / April 4, 1945: Wehrmacht cut ties and farmers from the Volkssturm save bridge / Canadians move in. In: Mindener Tageblatt. April 4, 2005. Online in: hiergeblieben.de.
- ↑ Hermann Niebuhr : Lippe 1946/47: The end of self-employment and integration into North Rhine-Westphalia . In: History in the West . Issue 1, 1996, pp. 21–34 , here p. 32 ( brauweiler-kreis.de [PDF; 6.4 MB ; accessed on March 31, 2020]).
- ^ The lip puncture. Original text on the Internet portal "Westphalian History", accessed on March 30, 2020.
- ↑ Monika M. Schulte: The rededication of the Minden town hall in 1955 ( Memento from January 22, 2016 in the Internet Archive ). In: amtage.de, accessed on February 4, 2018.
- ↑ Holdings of the Minden municipal archive can be called up in Archivportal-D. In: archivportal-d.de. Retrieved November 28, 2016 .
- ^ North Rhine. In: allekinos.de, accessed on February 18, 2018.
- ^ George Allison: British Army commits to supporting NATO assets in Germany. In: UK Defense Journal. July 17, 2018, accessed July 17, 2018.
- ↑ Homepage of the Minden summer pool. (No longer available online.) In: sommerbad-minden.de. Förderverein Sommerbad, archived from the original on August 8, 2018 ; accessed on December 12, 2018 .
- ↑ Anne Kilzer: New office building at Scharn. Minden politics decided against shopping centers. (No longer available online.) In: minden-kurier.de. December 28, 2015, archived from the original on February 1, 2016 ; accessed on April 10, 2019 .
- ↑ City portrait of the project “Reformation cities of Europe”: Reformation city of Minden. Germany. The Reformation of Group 36. In: reformation-cities.org/cities, accessed on November 17, 2016. For the importance of minding in the history of the Reformation, see also the sections From the end of the Middle Ages to the modern age and religions and other communities as well as the project's city portrait "European station route": Minden. In: r2017.org/europaeischer-stationsweg, accessed on November 17, 2016.
- ↑ City of Minden press office, Katharina Heß: Minden: First preparatory measures for the construction of the office building on the Scharn. (No longer available online.) In: minden.de. November 3, 2017, archived from the original on February 4, 2018 ; accessed on April 10, 2019 .
- ↑ Monika Jäger: Commentary on the subject of information about the Kampa Hall: Landrecht? In: mt.de. Mindener Tageblatt, May 31, 2018, accessed June 2, 2018.
- ↑ Groundbreaking for the Stadtblänke Minden. In: Radio Westfalica . May 28, 2019, accessed June 3, 2019.
- ^ The Bielefeld Act of 1972 (PDF; 314 kB). In: bielefeld.de, accessed on March 20, 2020.
- ^ City of Minden (Hrsg.): Minden, witnesses and testimonials of its urban development. Minden 1979, p. 137 ff.
- ↑ Homepage Church Rothenuffeln. In: kirche-rothenuffeln.de, accessed on June 9, 2012.
- ^ Statement by Provost Falkenhagen in the documentation "The Minden Cathedral, a gem in the diaspora", a film by Peter Schanz. Minden 2011.
- ^ Arno Herzig: The social profile of the Jewish citizens of Minden in the transition from the 18th to the 19th century. In: Messages from the Minden History Association. Vol. 50 (1978), pp. 45-70 ( PDF; 7.4 MB ).
- ↑ Hans Eberhard Brandhorst: Jewish cemeteries in Minden. A contribution to the urban topography of the 18th and 19th centuries. In: Messages from the Minden History Association. Vol. 63 (1991), pp. 167-171 ( PDF; 1.3 MB ).
- ↑ Hans Eberhard Brandhorst: The Judenbad at Deichhof in Minden. A previously unknown place of Jewish community life in Minden. In: Messages from the Minden History Association. Vol. 64 (1992), pp. 165-168 ( PDF; 1.1 MB ).
- ↑ Claus Bernet : The history of the Quaker community Minden. Part 1: From its founding in 1796 to the middle of the 19th century. In: Westphalian research . 60, 2010, pp. 503-527; Part 2: From the middle of the 19th century to its self-dissolution in 1898. 61, 2011, OCLC 829793600 , pp. 445-470.
- ↑ Homepage: Cemeteries in Minden. In: bestattungswesen-minden.de, accessed on November 16, 2014.
- ↑ I learned a lot from him. In: Mindener Tageblatt. 17th June 2014.
- ^ Looking for a mosque in Minden. In: moscheesuche.de, accessed on October 22, 2014.
- ^ Alfred Kollmeyer: On the history of the Mindener Masonic lodges. In: Messages from the Minden History Society. Vol. 52 (1980), pp. 112-126 ( PDF; 4.2 MB ).
- ^ Municipal code of North Rhine-Westphalia. Part 5, § 40.
- ↑ State database NRW: election results for the community code 05770024.
- ↑ State Office for Information and Technology in North Rhine-Westphalia: local elections. In: Wahlresults.nrw.de, accessed March 20, 2020.
- ↑ Ministry of the Interior and Municipalities of North Rhine-Westphalia 1999: Municipal elections 1999. In: wahlresults.nrw.de, accessed in February 2016.
- ↑ Municipal data center: Elections to the Minden City Council 2014, accessed on May 27, 2014.
- ↑ Municipal computer center: results of the mayoral election of Minden. In: krz.de, accessed on September 14, 2015.
- ↑ Taxpayers' Association of North Rhine-Westphalia: municipal debt. In: Steuerzahler-nrw.de, accessed on June 6, 2018.
- ↑ The coat of arms of the city of Minden. (No longer available online.) In: minden.de. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011 ; accessed on December 12, 2018 .
- ↑ For the observer who is unfamiliar with the coat of arms, this information appears reversed, but from a heraldic point of view it is correct after the so-called blazon .
- ↑ The coat of arms of the city of Minden. (No longer available online.) In: minden.de. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011 ; accessed on December 12, 2018 .
- ↑ Sponsorship with the citizens of the former city of Köslin. In: minden.de, accessed on September 22, 2019.
- ^ Press office, Susann Lewerenz: Minden and Changzhou establish friendly relations. (No longer available online.) In: minden.de. August 26, 2016, archived from the original on December 22, 2015 ; accessed on December 12, 2018 .
- ↑ New partner: Changzhou forges ties with Minden and Herford. (No longer available online.) In: wdr.de. April 21, 2015, archived from the original on December 22, 2015 ; accessed on December 12, 2018 .
- ↑ Minden Experience: Min + din is the plus ( memento from June 26, 2018 in the Internet Archive ). The new logo. In: minden-erleben.de. Minden Marketing GmbH, accessed on January 15, 2017.
- ↑ Minden offers the first Beacon Mile in Germany ( Memento from June 25, 2018 in the Internet Archive ). In: minden-erleben.de. Minden Marketing GmbH, accessed on January 13, 2017.
- ↑ Experience Minden: Minden wins tourism innovation award ( Memento from June 25, 2018 in the Internet Archive ). In: minden-erleben.de. Minden Marketing GmbH, accessed on January 15, 2017.
- ↑ Homepage of the Minden City Theater.
- ↑ Further theater associations in Minden.
- ^ Website of the Minden Jazz Club, accessed on November 17, 2015.
- ↑ Minden "wedge" saved from the scrap press. In: kunstmarkt.com, accessed in December 2012 (judgment of the Hamm Higher Regional Court on the removal of the wedge).
- ↑ OLG Hamm: judgment of July 12, 2001.
- ↑ mt / um: Mindener Museum celebrates its opening with an open day. In: Mindener Tageblatt, October 3, 2012, accessed on October 4, 2012 (beginning of the article freely accessible).
- ↑ Internet site on the museums in Minden ( Memento from March 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive ). In: museen-minden.de, accessed in January 2009.
- ^ The Pomeranian Newspaper . No. 37/2013, p. 7.
- ↑ Stefan Koch: A stage for Widukind and Charlemagne. In: Mindener Tageblatt. January 11, 2010, accessed in January 2010 (beginning of article freely accessible).
- ↑ Monument protection. (No longer available online.) In: minden.de. Archived from the original on January 31, 2015 ; accessed on December 12, 2018 .
- ↑ (mt / GB): Redesign of the pedestrian zone: bicycle racks installed. (No longer available online.) In: mt-online.de. Mindener Tageblatt, July 15, 2013, archived from the original on December 14, 2013 ; accessed on December 12, 2018 .
- ^ Regional Association Westphalia-Lippe: Glacis facilities Minden in LWL-GeodatenKultur.
- ^ Regional Association Westphalia-Lippe: Botanical Garden Minden in LWL GeodatenKultur
- ^ "Nordholz" nature reserve in the specialist information system of the State Office for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection in North Rhine-Westphalia , accessed on February 18, 2017.
- ↑ Biological Station Minden-Lübbecke e. V .: tasks and goals. Retrieved May 29, 2016 .
- ↑ "Minderheide" nature reserve in the specialist information system of the State Office for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection in North Rhine-Westphalia , accessed on February 18, 2017.
- ^ "Bastauwiesen" nature reserve in the specialist information system of the State Office for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection in North Rhine-Westphalia , accessed on February 18, 2017.
- ↑ "Kohbrink" nature reserve in the specialist information system of the State Office for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection in North Rhine-Westphalia , accessed on February 18, 2017.
- ↑ Natura 2000 area "Heisterholz" in the specialist information system of the State Office for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection in North Rhine-Westphalia , accessed on March 10, 2017.
- ↑ Natura 2000 area “VSG Bastauniederung” in the specialist information system of the State Office for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection in North Rhine-Westphalia , accessed on March 10, 2017.
- ↑ Directory of natural monuments. (PDF, 347 kB) Minden-Lübbecke district, lower landscape authority, accessed on December 28, 2018 .
- ↑ Bad Oeynhausen landscape plan: 05 natural monuments. Pp. 83-138, accessed on December 28, 2018 ( badoeynhausen.de [PDF; 5.56 MB]).
- ^ Homepage GWD Minden, accessed in February 2009.
- ↑ Game day of the district league, season 1. In: fussball.de, accessed in September 2015.
- ↑ Homepage Blaues Band der Weser. In: blaues-band-minden.de, accessed in February 2009.
- ↑ Sigwardsweg hiking guide. Pilgrimage in the old diocese of Minden with official maps on a scale of 1: 50,000. Land survey + geographic base information Lower Saxony, Hanover; Office of the working group Sigwardsweg Minden 2009, ISBN 978-3-941177-21-5 .
- ^ Homepage of the Minden Millers, accessed on March 20, 2020.
- ^ Homepage Weserlieder Openair, accessed in May 2011.
- ↑ Mindener Tageblatt: Cinema operator wants to start again. In: mt-online.de, January 11, 2011, accessed in January 2011 (beginning of the article freely accessible).
- ↑ Expert draft for the Deutschland-Takt. In: https://www.bmvi.de/ . October 9, 2018, accessed October 7, 2019 .
- ^ Der Spiegel: Deutsche Bahn wants a new ICE route for 300 km / h between Hanover and Bielefeld , accessed on October 9, 2019
- ↑ Bike-friendly Minden. (No longer available online.) In: minden.de. 2013, archived from the original on December 2, 2013 ; accessed on December 12, 2018 .
- ^ Cycling concept of the city of Minden 2010. (No longer available online.) In: minden.de. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013 ; accessed on December 12, 2018 .
- ↑ Time. The lexicon in 20 volumes. Volume 9. Zeitverlag Gerd Bucerius, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-411-17569-9 , p. 584, column 2.
- ↑ Hans-Jürgen Amtage: Water shows Minden the way into the future. (PDF; 285 kB) Diverse economy in the Weser city / service is in the foreground / expansion of a "trimodal hub". (No longer available online.) In: mindenertageblatt.de. July 5, 2006, p. 42 , archived from the original on March 19, 2013 ; accessed on December 12, 2018 (special supplement on the 150th anniversary of MT).
- ^ Structural data for Minden, city. (PDF; 74 kB) (No longer available online.) In: it.nrw.de. Landesdatenbank NRW, November 26, 2010, p. 1 , archived from the original on May 19, 2011 ; accessed on December 12, 2018 (short profile).
- ↑ NRW: average disposable income per inhabitant at 21,336 euros. Press release. In: it.nrw, accessed on July 13, 2018.
- ↑ Primary income and disposable income of private households in NRW. (PDF; 1.8 MB) (No longer available online.) In: it.nrw. Information and Technology North Rhine-Westphalia - Press Office -, September 13, 2016, pp. 1, 64, 66 , archived from the original on July 12, 2018 ; accessed on August 3, 2018 (changed on September 29, 2017).
- ↑ 100 years of Melitta, the history of a brand company. Cologne 2008, p. 28.
- ↑ Universal Design Awards 2009. (No longer available online.) In: ud-germany.de. universal design GmbH and universal design e. V., 2009, archived from the original on July 19, 2011 ; accessed on December 12, 2018 .
- ↑ Altendorf - The world market leader for sliding table saws: history. In: altendorf.de, accessed on July 12, 2018.
- ^ Correspondents of the Bielefeld studio. In: wdr.de, accessed on July 17, 2018.
- ↑ Homepage. In: mindener-rundschau.de, accessed on December 12, 2018.
- ↑ Homepage. In: hallo-minden.de, accessed on July 13, 2018.
- ^ Mindener Stadtwerke: shareholder. In: mindener-stadtwerke.de, accessed on July 17, 2018.
- ↑ When the lights go out in Minden. Mindener Tageblatt. July 15, 2011, accessed on July 17, 2011 (beginning of article freely accessible).
- ↑ Marianne Nordsiek: The education of middle-class women in the 19th century by the example of Minden girls' school from 1826 to 1909. A contribution to the 150th anniversary of the Caroline-von-Humboldt-Gymnasium Minden. In: Messages from the Minden History Society. Vol. 48 (1976), pp. 29-64 ( PDF; 11.4 MB ).
- ↑ Free Evangelical School Minden
- ↑ Kader Aggad - biography. In: aggadkader.de.tl, accessed on August 19, 2016.
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