Platform (automobile)
In automobiles, a platform refers to a technical basis on which different models are externally based. This includes sheet metal parts of the body such as the base plate, inner parts of the wheel arches , bulkhead , front longitudinal members, but also the electronics architecture and other not directly visible assemblies such as parts of the chassis, tank, exhaust system and heater. The structure of the body - i.e. front mask, fenders, side panels and rear - is model-specific. Technical components such as a motor or gearbox from a modular system can be mounted on the platform so that individual technical developments can be used in several models. This reduces the development costs per model. Not infrequently, which is vertical integration of automotive platforms with more than 40 percent.
development
Before the Second World War, when the bodies were not self-supporting but rested on a chassis frame, the platform was independent as a technical basis. Custom-made bodies by small manufacturers were particularly common in the luxury class .
If vehicles differ only in equipment and small design features such as the radiator grille, then they are structurally identical . If they come from the same manufacturer, they are referred to as badge engineering , as was the case with the BMC ADO 15 , which came onto the market as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor. Vehicles manufactured under license are also identical, such as the Renault 12 and the Dacia 1300 . At a different time, the Opel Kadett E was continued to be built as the Daewoo Nexia after production ended at Opel ; old Fiat models continued to be produced in India, Poland, the Soviet Union and Russia for a long time.
This is associated with low-cost production of the individual parts in larger series. Furthermore, development costs are saved. The disadvantage is that almost all the conveyor belts of the respective platform model come to a standstill if a component is missing due to manufacturing problems, strikes, etc. Identical vehicles only have to be developed once, only because the brand logo has been exchanged, no additional crash tests are necessary.
The technical responsibility for construction and design must also be fully clarified. If, for example, a sheet metal part is changed without consulting the technical development department of the other group brand, this can have negative effects on the scheduled production of an automobile.
Different rear shapes such as hatchbacks , notchbacks or station wagons can be produced more cheaply on the same platform, even if the length and wheelbase differ. Here the body is usually the same up to the B-pillar .
Features of a common platform
Platforms are often used by different brands within a corporate group . The main features of a common platform are the chassis and drive .
There is a smooth transition between the extent to which two or more cars are the same or use the same components. Typical levels are:
- Identical design: only the brand logo, radiator grille and possibly headlights are different. Identical vehicles are often produced on the same line.
- Same platform: Different bodies have the same fixation points, so that the wheel suspension, engine, transmission, etc. can be exchanged.
Example: VW Golf (4th generation)
An example of a platform strategy is that of the Volkswagen Group . Outwardly, this builds different models of its brands on the same platform. The platform of the VW Golf IV (built in Germany between 1997 and 2003) was also used for the VW Bora , VW New Beetle , Škoda Octavia I , Seat Leon I , Seat Toledo II , Audi A3 8L and Audi TT 8N .
The internal VW name of this platform is PQ34. The abbreviation means:
- P = platform
- Q = engine installation position, Q = transverse (from "left to right"), L = longitudinal (from "front to back")
- 3 = vehicle type A-class ("golf class") (1 = mini, 2 = small car, 3 = compact class, 4 = middle class)
- 4 = 4th generation (see Golf IV)
Similarly, current projects are based on the PQ35 platform of the Golf V. The current Passat (model year 2014) is based on the MQB platform; the predecessor was built on the PQ46. The other names s. O.
The platform at the VW Group contains the following functional groups:
- Motor, transmission and their bearings
- Front axle
- Steering and steering column
- circuit
- Pedal mechanism
- Rear axle
- Braking system
- Fuel tank
- Exhaust system
- Wheels (sizes)
- tires
- Front end (side members, wheel houses)
- Front wall (including heating and air conditioning)
- Middle floor (floor in front)
- Rear end (rear floor, side members, inner wheelhouses)
- Seat frames
- Cabling of the named components
The remaining parts of the vehicle are divided into hat parts and system parts. The “hat” is then, among other things, the body shell, which can differ considerably (compare VW Golf V and Seat Altea ). System parts are actually identical parts (COP = Carry Over Parts) that are adopted but adapted to the respective group brand. Examples: wheel cover or the airbag module in the steering wheel, completely the same, just a different brand symbol. This can lead to production problems, as in the early days of the platform of the VW Sharan I / Seat Alhambra I / Ford Galaxy when system parts were installed in the wrong vehicles.
Motor vehicles with a common platform
Examples of platforms within an automotive company or a joint venture, which is often set up to save costs. Different designs are only listed if they have a different brand name.
Car
BMW
- BMW E12 / BMW E28 , BMW E24
- BMW G11 , BMW G12 , BMW G01 , BMW G02 , BMW G05 , BMW G07 , BMW G20 , BMW G29 , BMW G30 , BMW G32 , BMW G38 , BMW G14 , BMW G15 , BMW G17 - CLAR (Cluster Architecture)
BMW and Toyota
- CLAR platform: BMW Z4 G29 , Toyota GR Supra (A90)
Daimler-Benz AG, DaimlerChrysler, Daimler AG
- W / S / CL 203, C / A 209, R 171 (2000): Mercedes-Benz C-Class ( T-Model , Sports Coupé), Mercedes-Benz CLK-Class , Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class
- W / S 211, C 219 (2002): Mercedes-Benz E-Class ( T-Model ), Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class
- W / X 164, W / V 251 (2004) Mercedes-Benz M-Class , Mercedes-Benz GL , Mercedes-Benz R-Class
- W / C 169, T 245 (2004): Mercedes-Benz A-Class , Mercedes-Benz B-Class
- W / V 221, C 216 (2005): Mercedes-Benz S-Class , Mercedes-Benz CL-Class
- W / S / C / X 204, C / A 207, R 172 (2007): Mercedes-Benz C-Class , Mercedes-Benz GLK-Class , Mercedes-Benz E-Class Coupé / Cabriolet , Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class
- W / S 212, C / X 218 (2009): Mercedes-Benz E-Class , Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class
- MFA2 : A class W177
- MRA : From 2014: Mercedes-Benz C-Class
- MSA : SL and SLC 2019 ( Modular Sportscar Achitecture )
- DaimlerChrysler LX platform : Chrysler 300C , Dodge Magnum , Dodge Charger , Dodge Challenger (from 2005; the LX platform itself is based on the Mercedes-Benz 210 series )
- EVA , planned for electric vehicles
DaimlerChrysler / Mitsubishi
- Z : Smart Forfour , Mitsubishi Colt
Daimler AG / Nissan
- MFA : A Class W176 , B Class , Infiniti Q30 , Infiniti QX30
Fiat
- 850 Fiat 850 , Fiat 850 Coupe , Fiat 850 Spider , Fiat 850 T , Fiat 850 Familiare
- 124 Fiat 124 , Fiat 124 Coupe, Fiat 124 Spider
- 127 Fiat 127 , Fiat Fiorino 147
- 128 Fiat 128 , Fiat 128 Coupe, Fiat X1 / 9 128AS, Zastava Skala , Fiat Ritmo , Fiat Regata , Lancia Delta
- Uno: ZFA146 Fiat Uno 146 , Fiat Fiorino 146 ZFA146L, Fiat Duna
- Tipo: ZFA160 Fiat Tipo , Fiat Tempra ZFA159, Fiat Tempra SW , Fiat Marengo , Fiat Coupé , Lancia Delta II , Lancia Dedra , Lancia Dedra SW , Alfa Romeo 155 , Alfa Romeo 145 , Alfa Romeo 146 , Fiat Bravo , Fiat Brava , Fiat Marea , Fiat Marea Weekend , Lancia Lybra , Fiat Multipla , Alfa Romeo 156 , Alfa Romeo 147 , Alfa Romeo Spider , Alfa Romeo GTV
- Punto 1: ZFA176 Fiat Punto , Fiat Punto Cabriolet , Fiat Barchetta , Lancia Y , Fiat Palio , Fiat Palio Weekend , Fiat Strada , Fiat Siena
- Punto 2: ZFA188 Fiat Punto , Lancia Ypsilon , Fiat Idea , Lancia Musa
- Stilo: ZFA192 Fiat Stilo , Fiat Stilo MW , Fiat Bravo II , Lancia Delta III , Fiat Doblò II
Fiat / Alfa / Lancia / Saab
- Lancia Delta , Saab 600
- Type Four / Type Vier: Alfa Romeo 164 , Fiat Croma , Lancia Thema , Saab 9000 Opel Vectra C.
Fiat / PSA
- Fiat Ulysse: ZFA220 : Fiat Ulysse (1st gen.), Lancia Zeta , Peugeot 806 , Citroën Evasion
- Fiat Ulysse: ZFA179 : Fiat Ulysse (2nd gen.), Lancia Phedra , Peugeot 807 , Citroën C8
- Fiat Ducato: ZFA244 / 250 : Fiat Ducato , Peugeot Boxer , Citroën Jumper
- Fiat Scudo : Fiat Scudo , Peugeot Expert , Citroën Jumpy
- Fiat Fiorino : Fiat Fiorino , Fiat Qubo, Citroën Nemo , Peugeot Bipper ,
Fiat / Ford
- Fiat Panda: ZFA169 : Fiat Panda (2003), Fiat 500 ZFA150 (2007), Ford Ka (2009), Lancia Ypsilon 846
Ford / Mazda / Volvo
- B2 : Ford Fiesta '96 , Ford Ka , Ford Puma , Mazda 121
- B2E : Ford B-MAX , Ford EcoSport , Ford Fiesta , Ford Figo , Ford Ka + , Ford Transit Courier
- B3 : Ford Fiesta '02 , Ford Fusion , Mazda2
- C1 : Ford Focus , Ford C-MAX , Ford Kuga , Ford Escort , Ford Transit Connect , Volvo S40 / V50 , Volvo C30 , Volvo C70 II , Volvo V40 , Mazda3 , Mazda5 , Mazda Biante , Lincoln MKC
- CD132 : Ford Mondeo , Jaguar X-Type , Mazda6
- D3 : various US models from Ford
- CD3 : Ford Edge , Lincoln MKX , Mazda CX-7
- CD4 :
- EUCD : Ford Mondeo , Ford S-MAX , Ford Galaxy , Volvo S60 , Volvo V70 , Volvo S80 , Land Rover Freelander
See also
GM
- Alpha : Cadillac ATS , Cadillac CTS Gen. III, Chevrolet Camaro Gen. VI
- GM4200 : Opel Corsa A + B, other GM models
- Gamma I (GM4300): Opel Corsa C , Opel Tigra TwinTop , Opel Meriva A , Opel Combo B, Chevrolet Montana I.
- Gamma II : Chevrolet Spark , Chevrolet Aveo Gen. II, Chevrolet Trax , Opel Mokka , Opel Karl
- Gamma G2SC : Chevrolet Bolt EV , Opel Ampera-E ,
- Delta : Opel Astra G or H, Opel Zafira A or B (platform was only changed in detail when the model was changed), Opel Meriva B
- Delta II : Opel Astra J , Opel Cascada , Opel Zafira C, Opel Ampera , Chevrolet Cruze Gen. I, Chevrolet Orlando , Chevrolet Volt , Buick Verano
- D2XX : Opel Astra K , Chevrolet Cruze Gen. II, Chevrolet Volt Gen. II, Opel Cascada , Buick Envision , Buick Excelle , Buick Verano , Chevrolet Orlando
- GM2900 : Opel Vectra A + B, Opel Calibra , Saab 900 Gen. II, Saab 9-3 Gen. I, Saab 9-5 Gen.I
- Epsilon II : Opel Insignia A, Saab 9-5 Gen. II, Buick LaCrosse (2009), Buick Regal , Chevrolet Malibu Gen. VIII, Chevrolet Impala Gen. X, Cadillac XTS
- E2XX : Opel Insignia B, Chevrolet Malibu Gen.IX
- J : Buick Skyhawk , Cadillac Cimarron , Chevrolet Cavalier , Chevrolet Monza , Daewoo Espero , Holden Camira , Isuzu Aska , Oldsmobile Firenza , Opel Ascona C , Pontiac J2000 / 2000 / Sunbird , Pontiac Sunfire
- Kappa : Opel GT (Roadster) , Pontiac Solstice , Saturn Sky , Daewoo G2X
- GMT360 : Chevrolet Trailblazer , GMC Envoy , Isuzu Ascender , Saab 9-7X
- Theta : Chevrolet Captiva , Saturn Vue , Opel Antara , Chevrolet Equinox Gen. I & Gen. II
- Theta Premium / TE / Theta-Epsilon : Saab 9-4X , Cadillac SRX Gen. II
- C1XX : Cadillac XT5
- Sigma : Cadillac CTS Gen.I, Cadillac STS , Cadillac SRX Gen.I
- Sigma II : Cadillac CTS Gen. II
- Zeta : Holden Caprice , Holden Commodore , Chevrolet SS , Chevrolet Camaro Gen.V
- Omega : Cadillac CT6
- K2XX : Cadillac Escalade , Chevrolet Silverado , Chevrolet Suburban , Chevrolet Tahoe , GMC Sierra , GMC Yukon
GM / Fiat
- SCCS (Punto3-ZFA199): Fiat Grande Punto , Opel Corsa D , Fiat Linea , Alfa Romeo MiTo , Opel Corsa E , Opel Adam
- Epsilon : Opel Vectra C, Opel Signum , Fiat Croma , Saturn Aura , Saab 9-3 Gen. II, Cadillac BLS , Chevrolet Malibu Gen. VII, Pontiac G6
- GM4200
- gamma
- GMDAT-J100
- Global-Gamma / G2XX : Buick Encore , Chevrolet Aveo , Chevrolet Cobalt , Chevrolet Lova RV , Chevrolet Onix , Chevrolet Prisma , Chevrolet Sail , Chevrolet Spin , Chevrolet Trax , Opel Mokka
Honda
- GSP (2) : Honda City , Honda Jazz , Honda Grace , Honda Greiz , Honda HR-V , Honda Shuttle , Honda Vezel , Honda XR-V
- C-5 : Acura ILX , Acura RDX , Climo Civic , Honda Civic , Honda CR-V , Honda Crider , Honda Jade , Honda StepWGN
Hyundai / Kia
- J3 : Hyundai Elantra / Hyundai Avante XD (2000-2006), Hyundai Matrix / Hyundai Lavita, Hyundai Coupé / Hyundai Tiburon (2001-2008), Hyundai Tucson (2004-2009), Kia Cerato / Kia Spectra (2004-2009), Kia Sportage (2004-2010)
- J4 : Hyundai Elantra / Hyundai Avante HD (2006-2010), Hyundai i30 FD (2007-2011), Kia Forte / Kia Forte Koup (2009-2012), Kia cee'd (2006-2012), Hyundai Tucson , Hyundai ix35 (since 2009), Kia Sportage SL (since 2010)
- J5 : Hyundai Elantra / Hyundai Avante MD (since 2010), Hyundai i30 GD (since 2011), Hyundai i30 Coupe (since 2012), Kia cee'd (since 2012), Kia Forte (since 2012)
- Y4 : Sonata EF (1999-2005), Santa Fe SM (2000-2006), Kia Magentis MS, KIA Optima (2000-2005), Hyundai Trajet (1999-2008), Kia Carnival (1998-2006)
- Y5 : Sonata NF (2004-2010), Hyundai Grandeur, Hyundai Azera TG (2005-2011), Santa Fe CM (2006-2012), Hyundai Veracruz / Hyundai ix55 (2008-2012), Kia Magentis MS, KIA Optima (2005 –2010), Kia Carens / Kia Rondo (2006–2012) (also based on J5 platform), Kia Sorento (since 2009), Hyundai Santa Fe (since 2012)
- Y6 : Sonata YF / Hyundai i45 (since 2010), Hyundai i40 (since 2011), Kia Magentis / Kia Optima (since 2011), Kia Carens / Kia Rondo (since 2012)
- HD (since 2006): Hyundai i30 , Kia Carens , Kia cee'd , Kia Cerato , Kia Forte , Kia K3 , Kia Rondo , Kia Soul
- KP2 : Hyundai Accent , Hyundai Creta , Hyundai HB20 , Hyundai Elite i20 , Hyundai ix20 , Hyundai ix25 , Hyundai Solaris , Hyundai Veloster , Hyundai Verna , Kia K2 , Kia KX3 , Kia Pride , Kia Rio , Kia Soul , Kia Venga ,
- KP3 (formerly AD):
- N : Hyundai Aslan , Hyundai Sonata , Hyundai Tucson , Kia Carnival , Kia Optima , Kia Sorento , Kia Sportage
Jaguar Land Rover
- MLA - Modular Longitudinal Architecture : Jaguar XJ, Jaguar J-Pace
lotus
- SMALL CAR (ELISE) : Lotus Elise S2, Lotus Europa S , Opel Speedster , Tesla Roadster , Melkus RS 2000
Mazda
- Mazda G platform
- Mazda C platform
- Skyactiv : Mazda3 (2019) , Mazda CX-30
Porsche
- 98x : Porsche Boxster , Porsche Cayman e.g. B. 987 is the Porsche Boxster from 2004 to 2012
- 99x : Porsche 911 e.g. B. 997 is the Porsche 911 in the same time frame
- MSB : Porsche Panamera , Porsche Boxster , Porsche 911
- PPE : Porsche Macan (planned from 2022) , but should fit all models
- PAZ
x corresponds to the generation, although this is not counted up normally.
PPE
- 106 / Saxo / T1 : Peugeot 106 , Peugeot 206 , Citroën Saxo
- N : Citroën ZX , Peugeot 306 , Citroën Xsara , Citroën Xsara Picasso
- D / X / Z : Peugeot 405 , Peugeot 406 , Peugeot 607 , Citroën Xantia
- PF1 : Peugeot 1007 , Peugeot 207 , Peugeot 208 I , Peugeot 2008 I , Peugeot 301 (2012) , Citroën C2 , Citroën C3 , Citroën C3 Pluriel , Citroën C3-XR , Citroën DS3 , Citroën C4 Cactus , Opel Crossland X
- PF2 : Peugeot 307 , Peugeot 308 I , Peugeot 3008 , Peugeot 408 I , Peugeot Partner , Citroën C4 , Dongfeng Fengshen L60
- PF3 : Peugeot 407 , Peugeot 508 I , Citroën C5 , Citroën C6
- CMP ( EMP1 ): DS 3 Crossback , Peugeot 208 II , Opel Corsa F , Peugeot 2008 II
- EMP2 : Citroën C4 Picasso II , Citroën C6 , Peugeot 308 II , Peugeot 508 II , Peugeot Quartz (concept vehicle), Opel Grandland X , DS 4S , DS 7 Crossback , Dongfeng Fengshen A9 , Peugeot Partner III , Peugeot Rifter , Citroën Berlingo III , Opel Combo E , Toyota ProAce City , Peugeot Traveler , Citroën Spacetourer , Opel Zafira Life , Toyota Proace Verso , Citroën Jumpy III , Peugeot Expert III , Opel Vivaro C.
PSA and Toyota
- B-0 : Peugeot 107 , Citroën C1 , Toyota Aygo
Toyota
- MC-C : Lexus CT , Toyota Auris , Toyota Corolla , Toyota EZ , Toyota Levin , Toyota Quest , Toyota Rumion , Toyota Verso
- MC-M : Toyota Alphard , Toyota Aurion , Toyota Avalon , Toyota Avensis , Toyota Camry , Toyota Estima , Toyota Harrier , Toyota Highlander , Toyota Mirai , Toyota Prius , Toyota RAV4 , Toyota SAI , Toyota Sienna , Toyota Voxy , Toyota WISH , Lexus ES , Lexus HS , Lexus NX , Lexus RX , Daihatsu Mebius
- TNGA (Toyota New Global Architecture): Toyota Corolla (since 2018), Toyota RAV4 (5th Gen from 2018) , Toyota Prius, Toyota Prius +, Toyota C-HR
Renault / Nissan
- B : Renault Captur , Renault Modus , Renault Clio III , Renault Twingo II , Renault ZOE , Nissan Micra , Nissan Note , Dacia Logan , Dacia Sandero , Nissan Juke , Nissan AD Van , Nissan Cube , Nissan Evalia , Nissan Lannia , Nissan Leaf , Nissan Livina Geniss , Nissan NV200 , Nissan Pulsar , Nissan Sentra , Nissan Sylphy , Nissan Tiida , Nissan Versa , Nissan Vanette , Nissan Wingroad , Ashok Leyland Styles , Chevrolet City Express , Dongfeng Succe , Suzuki Baleno , Venucia D50 , Venucia e30 , Venucia R50 , Venucia R50X
- C : Renault Megane III , Renault Koleos , Renault Kangoo II , Renault Scénic III , Renault Fluence , Nissan Qashqai , Nissan X-Trail II , Samsung QM5 , Samsung SM3 III
- D : Nissan Maxima (A35) , Nissan Murano II , Renault Laguna III , Samsung SM5 III , Renault Latitude
- CMF-A : Datsun redi-GO , Renault Kwid
- CMF-C / D : Nissan Qashqai , Nissan Rogue , Nissan X-Trail , Renault Espace , Renault Kadjar , Renault Mégane , Renault Talisman , Samsung SM6
Suzuki / Fiat
- Suzuki SX4 : Suzuki SX4 , Fiat Sedici
Volkswagen group (VW, VW commercial vehicles, Audi, Seat, Škoda, Bentley, Porsche)
- PQ21 / A01 (1974): VW Polo I , VW Derby I , Audi 50
- PQ22 / A02 (1981): VW Polo II , VW Derby II (technically only minor changes to the 1st generation)
- PQ23 / A03 (1994): VW Polo III , VW Polo Classic , VW Lupo , Seat Ibiza (2nd Gen), Seat Cordoba , Seat Inca , Seat Arosa , VW Caddy (type 9KV)
- PQ24 / A04 (2002): VW Polo IV , VW Golf NF (3rd gen. With some components from platform PQ25), VW Fox , Audi A2 , Škoda Fabia I / II , Seat Ibiza (3rd gen), Seat Cordoba , Škoda Roomster
- PQ25 / A05 (2008): Seat Ibiza (4th gen), VW Polo V , Audi A1 8X , VW Ameo
- PQ25 + / A05 + (2012): Škoda Rapid (2012) , Seat Toledo IV
- PQ26 / A06 (2014): VW Polo V 6C Facelift from 2014, Škoda Fabia III
- PQ31 / A1 (1974): VW Golf I , Golf I Cabriolet , VW Jetta I , VW Caddy (Type 14D) , VW Scirocco I , VW Scirocco II
- PQ32 / A2 (1983): VW Golf II , VW Jetta II , Seat Toledo I
- PQ33 / A3 (1991): VW Golf III , Golf III / IV Cabriolet , VW Vento / Jetta III
- PQ34 / A4 (1997): VW Golf IV , VW Bora / Jetta IV , VW New Beetle , VW New Beetle Cabrio , VW Lavida , Škoda Octavia I , Seat Leon I , Seat Toledo II , Audi A3 8L , Audi TT 8N
- PQ35 / A5 (2003): VW Golf V , VW Jetta V , VW Beetle , VW Beetle Cabrio , Škoda Octavia II , Škoda Yeti , Seat Leon II , Seat Toledo III , Audi A3 8P , VW Touran I , VW Caddy (type 2K ) , VW Scirocco III , VW Golf Plus , VW Tiguan , Seat Altea , Seat Altea XL , Audi TT 8J , Audi Q3 , VW Sagitar
- PQ36 / A6 (2008): VW Golf VI , Golf VI Cabriolet
- PQ35 LC (2010): VW Jetta VI
- PL45 (1996): VW Passat B5 , Audi A4 B5 , Audi A6 C5
- PL45 + (1996): Škoda Superb I (1st gen.), VW China-Passat (3B) (based on the Superb I) - (both models only available as a sedan)
- PL46 (2000): Audi A4 B6 / B7 (8E, 8H); (2009): Seat Exeo
- PQ46 (2005), modified Golf V platform: VW Passat B6 / B7 , VW Eos , Škoda Superb II , VW Passat CC
- PL61 : VW Phaeton , Bentley Continental GT , Bentley Continental Flying Spur
- PL63 : Audi A8 D3 (variant of PL61 with aluminum parts)
- PL71 : VW Touareg I , Porsche Cayenne (type 9PA) , Audi Q7 4L
- PL72 : VW Touareg II , Porsche Cayenne (type 92A)
- PL73 : Audi Q7 4M , Bentley Bentayga , Lamborghini Urus , VW Touareg III
- MQB-A0 : Audi A1 II , Seat Ibiza 6F, VW Polo VI , Seat Arona , VW T-Cross
- MQB : Audi A3 8V , Audi TT FV , VW Golf VII , VW Passat B8 , VW Lamando , VW Tiguan II , VW Tayron , VW Tharu , VW Touran II , VW Atlas , Seat Leon III , Seat Ateca , Škoda Superb III , Škoda Octavia III , Škoda Kodiaq
- MLB / MLP / PL48 (2007): Audi A4 B8 , Audi A5 , Audi Q5 , Audi A6 C7 , Audi A7 , Audi A8 D4 , Porsche Macan
- MLB Evo : Audi A4 B9 , Audi A5 F5 , Audi Q7 4M , Bentley Bentayga , Lamborghini Urus , Audi Q5 FY , Porsche Macan II, Audi A8 D5 , Audi A9 Coupé , Audi Q8
- MEB : E-Bulli, ID, Buzz
- NSF / New Small Family : VW up! , Škoda Citigo , Seat Mii
- MSB : Porsche Panamera
- PPE : Porsche, Audi
Volvo
- P80 (1991): Volvo 850 , Volvo S70 , Volvo V70 I, Volvo C70 I.
- P2 (1998): Volvo S80 I, Volvo S60 I, Volvo V70 II, Volvo XC90 I.
- SPA (Scalable Product Architecture, 2014): Volvo XC90 II, Volvo S90 II, Volvo V90 II
- CMA (Compact Modular Architecture): for Lynk & Co and Geely , Volvo XC40, among others
Vans
GM / Suzuki
Volkswagen and Ford
- B-VX62 : VW Sharan I , Seat Alhambra I , Ford Galaxy
Box vans and commercial vehicles
DaimlerChrysler / Volkswagen
- VW LT (2nd gen.) / Crafter , Mercedes-Benz Sprinter , Dodge Sprinter , Freightliner Sprinter (2006)
Fiat and PSA
- U / V : Peugeot Expert I & II , Citroën Jumpy I & II , Fiat Scudo I & II , Toyota Proace I
- SEVEL ZFA230 : Citroën Jumper (1st gen.), Peugeot Boxer (1st gen.), Fiat Ducato (2nd gen.)
- SEVEL X2-ZFA250 : Citroën Jumper (2nd gen.), Peugeot Boxer (2nd gen.), Fiat Ducato (3rd gen.)
- MCV Fiorino: ZFA225 : Fiat Fiorino III / Fiat Qubo , Citroën Nemo , Peugeot Bipper
SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile
- S-FR : Chevrolet Enjoy , Chevrolet Rongguang , Haima Fushida , Space Mini Bus , Wuling Hongguang , Wuling Rongguang , Wuling Sunshine , Wuling Zhengcheng
PPE
- M49 : Wuling
PSA and Toyota
- EMP2 (Vans): Peugeot Expert III , Citroën Jumpy III , Toyota Proace II , Opel Vivaro C , Peugeot Partner III
- EMP2 (high roof station wagon ): Citroen Berlingo III , Peugeot Rifter , Opel Combo E , Toyota Proace City
Renault / Nissan
Renault / Nissan and GM
- Renault Trafic I, Opel Arena
- X70 : Renault Master II, Nissan Interstar , Opel Movano A
- X83 : Renault Trafic II, Nissan Primastar , Opel Vivaro A
- Nissan NV200 , Chevrolet City Express
- X62 : Renault Master III, Nissan NV400 , Opel Movano B
- X82 : Renault Trafic III, Opel Vivaro B, Nissan NV300 , Fiat Talento
Renault / Nissan and Mercedes-Benz
- X61 : Renault Kangoo II, Mercedes-Benz Citan , Dacia Dokker
Individual evidence
- ^ Franz-Rudolf Esch: Strategy and technology of automobile marketing . Springer Gabler, Oestrich-Winkel 2013, ISBN 978-3-8349-3391-1 , p. 496 .
- ↑ autocar.co.uk from August 23, 2018, BMW Z4 reborn as 335bhp Porsche 718 Boxster rival (English), accessed on October 11, 2018.
- ↑ a b auto-motor-und-sport.de from April 18, 2018, New Mercedes A-Class W177 (2018), all information ... , accessed on September 29, 2018.
- ↑ About the author: Mercedes C-Class will be produced in South Africa from June. (No longer available online.) In: automobil-produktion.de. February 21, 2014, archived from the original on September 23, 2015 ; accessed on January 2, 2017 .
- ↑ auto-motor-und-sport.de of April 28, 2016, Mercedes is testing the new SL and SLC platform , accessed on September 29, 2018
- ↑ a b Tom Greenway: electric cars on the Paris Motor Show: made on thick box - car. In: Spiegel Online . October 1, 2016, accessed January 2, 2017 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Automobil Industrie, Verlag Vogel Automedien, November / December 2016 issue, 61st year
- ↑ XJ, J-Pace and Road Rover are coming. Retrieved March 25, 2020 .
- ↑ auto-motor-und-sport.de of January 27, 2019: Japan Golf or Far East A-Class? , accessed on May 8, 2019.
- ↑ focus.de of March 5, 2019: Mazda is building a cross version of the 3 Series , accessed on May 9, 2019.
- ↑ a b Porsche: New modular standard drive kit. Retrieved March 28, 2017 .
- ↑ a b "Big E for BlumE", Manager Magazin, edition 7/2017
- ↑ "Volt instead of V8", Manager Magazin, issue 10/2018
- ↑ EMP2 - Efficient Modular Platform 2 - The New Vehicle Platform by PSA Peugeot Citroën on psa-peugeot-citroen.com, accessed on April 9, 2015.
- ↑ faz.net of March 1, 2019, Corolla klingt dolla , accessed on March 1, 2019.
- ↑ www.toyota.de .
- ↑ Novo Gol - Mudanças para continuar na liderança. Retrieved June 21, 2019 .
- ↑ TopSpeed, Lamborghini Urus will be built on PL73 platform , accessed: December 18, 2015.
- ↑ Audi modular strategy (Ralph Hollmig, Head of Vehicle Concept Control), Ingolstadt, 2012 ( Memento from November 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 1.6 MB)
- ↑ Volkswagen is looking to the future at CES 2016. In: volkswagenag.com. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016 ; accessed on January 2, 2017 .
- ↑ VW sends E-Bulli in series production. Retrieved August 21, 2017 .
- ↑ Electric Cars: On Tesla's Terms. Retrieved January 7, 2019 .
- ↑ Wilfried Eckl-Dorna: Report: This is how pompous Geely launches the Lynk & Co car brand in Berlin. In: manager-magazin.de. October 21, 2016, accessed January 2, 2017 .
- ↑ a b Manager Magazin, Edition 2/2017, "Yellow is Hope"