List of offices usually held by a cardinal

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The list of offices ordinarily held by a cardinal includes offices of the Curia and Archbishopric in the Roman Catholic Church that are ordinarily held by a cardinal or whose holder is ordinarily appointed cardinal by the Pope .

The Pope is completely free to appoint cardinals. However, there are dioceses and offices that are traditionally very often associated with the cardinal dignity. While the previous popes like Benedict XVI. and John Paul II almost exclusively selected candidates from this list when appointing cardinals, Pope Francis surprised at his appointments.

Cardinal seats

Various and particularly important archbishoprics are usually either occupied by a cardinal, or the new archbishop is appointed to the college of cardinals at one of the next consistories . 61 archbishoprics can currently be considered as such:

Europe (29)

Europe still has more than half of the cardinals.

German-speaking countries (4)

In the German-speaking area there are now four archbishoprics that are normally occupied by a cardinal, three of them in Germany and one in Austria. The former German archbishopric of Breslau , whose archbishops have been regularly appointed cardinals since 1893, is now part of Poland.

Germany :

Austria :

Germany

If you look at all the German cardinals who were appointed in the 20th and 21st centuries, the following picture emerges:

Cologne and Munich-Freising
Archdiocese of Cologne
Archdiocese of Munich and Freising

In these two archbishoprics all archbishops were appointed cardinal within a maximum of 5 years.

Breslau or Berlin

Before 1945, the Archdiocese of Breslau was one of the German archbishoprics with a cardinal tradition. The cardinal tradition remained with what is now the Polish Archdiocese:

The Diocese of Berlin, newly founded in 1930, was supposed to continue the Breslau tradition on German territory as early as 1945, even if the then Bishop of Berlin Konrad Cardinal von Preysing (1932 bishop, 1946 cardinal) received the title primarily as an honorary title because of resistance to National Socialism should. His successor was Bishop Wilhelm Weskamm on June 4, 1951 . In the consistory of 1953 he was therefore not taken into account, but Archbishop Joseph Cardinal Wendel of Munich-Freising. Surprisingly, however, Weskamm died at the age of 65 before the next consistory, which was only established under Pope John XXIII. Held in 1958.

This tradition has been recognizable for the Diocese of Berlin since 1958 - probably for political reasons and the personal suitability of Cardinal Döpfner:

Here, too, all bishops have since become cardinal after six years at the latest.

Curia Cardinals

German Curia Cardinals since 1945:

Four of these bishops were appointed cardinals within two years. In the case of Cardinal Schröffer and Cardinal Cordes, who held or do not hold any offices that lead to a cardinal elevation, it took nine and twelve years, respectively.

Other cardinals

Cardinal Karl Lehmann (2001) is the fourth or fifth bishop of Mainz to become cardinal (after Hermann Volk 1973; Albrecht von Brandenburg 1518; Siegfried II von Eppstein presumably 1206; Konrad I von Wittelsbach 1166); Johannes Joachim Degenhardt was the second Archbishop of Paderborn to become cardinal in 2001 (after Lorenz Jaeger in 1965). In addition, the diocese of Münster (1946) with Clemens August Graf von Galen and the young diocese of Essen with its first bishop Franz Hengsbach (1988) each experienced a cardinal. The current titleholders are not expected to be elevated to cardinal status.

Result

It should be noted that 18 German cardinals who meet the criteria mentioned were appointed cardinals within a maximum of 5 years. One can speak of automatism here.

For all other archbishopric ( Archdiocese of Hamburg , Archdiocese of Freiburg , Archdiocese of Paderborn , Archbishopric Bamberg ) and dioceses in Germany, an appointment as cardinal is unlikely, and if it does, it will take much longer.

Austria

In Austria, only the archbishops of Vienna were appointed cardinals in the 20th century , but not the archbishops of Salzburg .

Archdiocese of Vienna:

The Viennese archbishops were all appointed cardinal after three years at the latest.

There was also Cardinal Alfons Maria Stickler (1983 pro-librarian of the Holy Roman Church, 1983 titular Archbishop of Bolsena, 1984 head of the Vatican secret archive, 1985 cardinal), who was promoted to cardinal within two years.

Switzerland

In Switzerland no bishops are ordinarily appointed cardinals.

Therefore, in addition to the Curia Cardinals Gilberto Agustoni (1992 Prefect of the Apostolic Signature, 1994 Cardinal) and Kurt Koch (2010 President of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, 2010 Cardinal), there is also only one diocesan bishop ( Henri Schwery ), who in the 20th . Century was made cardinal.

According to the rules, Gilberto Agustoni and Kurt Koch became cardinal within two years of taking up their duties in the Curia.

Central Europe (5)

In Central Europe, the Archbishop of Esztergom has been appointed cardinal since 1853.

Italy (8)

According to the history of the College of Cardinals , Italy still has eight archbishoprics, usually occupied by a cardinal, with Bologna having the oldest tradition. The diocese of Rome has a special position because its bishop is Pope. However, his respective vicar general is always also a cardinal.

Pope Francis has so far only appointed one archbishop of one of these dioceses cardinal, namely Matteo Maria Zuppi , Archbishop of Bologna on October 5, 2019 . Therefore, apart from the Archbishop of Bologna, only the Archbishops of Florence ( Giuseppe Betori ) and Naples ( Crescenzio Sepe ) are cardinals from this list . On the other hand, Francis appointed archbishops of dioceses with a noticeable frequency that up to now had rarely or for a long time no longer had a cardinal, namely the archbishops of Perugia-Città della Pieve ( Gualtiero Bassetti ), Ancona-Osimo ( Edoardo Menichelli , retired in 2017), Agrigento ( Francesco Montenegro ) and L'Aquila ( Giuseppe Petrocchi ).

Rest of Western Europe (12)

In the rest of Western Europe there are four archbishoprics in Spain, three times in France and once each in Belgium, Great Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands and Portugal, whose owners become cardinals, with the Archdiocese of Toledo having the oldest tradition (since 1755).

America (21)

United States and Canada (10)

In 1875 Pope Pius IX appointed the first North American Cardinal: John McCloskey , Archbishop of New York. The archbishops of New York have only been regularly appointed cardinals since the successor but one.

United States :

Of the current 14 American cardinals, 12 have been appointed as holders of offices traditionally associated with cardinal dignity. This does not include the Archbishop of Newark , Joseph William Tobin (appointed Archbishop of Indianapolis ), and the Archbishop of Galveston-Houston , Daniel DiNardo . It is noteworthy, however, that the incumbent Archbishops of Detroit ( Allen Vigneron ) and Los Angeles ( José Horacio Gómez ) were not taken into account in several consistories, Archbishop Philadelphia , Charles Joseph Chaput , until he retired in January 2020.

Canada :

Latin America (11)

In Central and South America, the oldest tradition is in the Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro, all other dioceses came into this tradition only after 1945. Brazil is also the only Latin American country with three archbishoprics with a cardinal tradition, followed by Mexico with two.

Africa (4)

The first cardinal from Africa was Laurean Rugambwa , Bishop of Rutabo in 1953 and Pope John XXIII in 1960 . made cardinal and in 1968 archbishop of Dar es Salaam.

Due to the emerging situation of the Roman Catholic Church in Africa, however, the development of further cardinal traditions can be expected.

Asia (5)

The first Asian cardinal was Thomas Tien Ken-sin , who was appointed by Pope Pius XII in 1946 . was appointed cardinal and archbishop of Beijing at the same time . This bishop's chair has been vacant since Tien-Ken-Sin's death. So far, only five archbishoprics, usually occupied by a cardinal, have formed in Asia:

Australia and Oceania (2)

Norman Thomas Gilroy , Archbishop of Sydney since 1940, became the first cardinal from the fifth continent of Australia and Oceania in 1946. Since then, besides Sydney, only New Zealand's Wellington has developed into an archdiocese with a cardinal tradition:

Uniate churches

A special case are the oriental patriarchs united with Rome with their own patriarchal seat (since 1965), who are often appointed cardinals, but whose seats are not yet in a cardinal tradition. This concerns:

With the appointment of Antonios Naguib , Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria (Egypt), the third consecutive patriarch was named cardinal. Hence the cardinal tradition can apply to this patriarchy.

Traditional cardinal offices

Also have the cardinal rank:

Cardinals eligible to vote and cardinal tradition

Date of birth indicates departure from the circle of cardinals entitled to vote. Eligibility to vote expires at the age of 80.

Currently, almost 60% of the cardinals belong to the college of cardinals due to offices and dioceses with a cardinal tradition.

With a cardinal tradition

  1. * December 15, 1965 - José Tolentino Calaça de Mendonça , archivist and librarian of the Holy Roman Church
  2. * Jan. 24, 1960 - Fridolin Ambongo Besungu , Archbishop of Kinshasa
  3. * July 27, 1957 - Gérald Cyprien Lacroix , Archbishop of Quebec
  4. * June 21, 1957 - Luis Antonio Tagle , Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
  5. * August 18, 1956 - Rainer Maria Woelki , Archbishop of Cologne, formerly Archbishop of Berlin
  6. * October 11, 1955 - Matteo Maria Zuppi , Archbishop of Bologna
  7. * January 7, 1955 - Pietro Parolin , Cardinal Secretary of State
  8. * January 4, 1954 - Angelo De Donatis , Vicar General of His Holiness for the Diocese of Rome , Archpriest of the Lateran Basilica
  9. * September 21, 1953 - Reinhard Marx , Archbishop of Munich and Freising
  10. * June 22, 1953 - Willem Jacobus Eijk , Archbishop of Utrecht
  11. * October 25, 1952 - Péter Erdö , Archbishop of Esztergom-Budapest
  12. June 17, 1952 - Miguel Ayuso Guixot , President of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue
  13. * March 7, 1952 - Dominique Mamberti , Prefect of the Apostolic Signature
  14. * October 17, 1950 - Philippe Barbarin , Archbishop Emeritus of Lyon
  15. * June 23, 1950 - Orani João Tempesta , Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro
  16. * March 15, 1950 - Kurt Koch , President of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity
  17. Born February 6, 1950 - Timothy Dolan , Archbishop of New York
  18. * February 1, 1950 - Kazimierz Nycz , Archbishop of Warsaw
  19. Born January 9, 1950 - Carlos Aguiar Retes , Archbishop of Mexico
  20. * October 20, 1949 - James Michael Harvey , Archpriest of the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
  21. * September 21, 1949 - Odilo Pedro Scherer , Archbishop of São Paulo
  22. * March 20, 1949 - Josip Bozanić , Archbishop of Zagreb
  23. * March 14, 1949 - Joseph Cupich , Archbishop of Chicago bubble
  24. * March 2, 1949 - Francisco Robles Ortega , Archbishop of Guadalajara
  25. * October 11, 1948 - Peter Kodwo Appiah Turkson , Prefect of the Dicastery for the service of the holistic human development
  26. * July 16, 1948 - Manuel Clemente , Patriarch of Lisbon
  27. * June 30, 1948 - Raymond Leo Burke , Cardinal Patron of the Order of Malta
  28. * June 2, 1948 - Giovanni Angelo Becciu , Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints (when he was created cardinal on June 28, 2018, Becciu was still a substitute for the general affairs of the State Secretariat, which is not a traditional cardinal office He resigned from this post in June 2018. He did not become Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints until about two months later. However, his nomination was announced on May 26, 2018, before he became cardinal.)
  29. * May 5, 1948 - John Atcherley Dew , Archbishop of Wellington
  30. * December 31, 1947 - Gerhard Ludwig Müller , retired Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
  31. * November 29, 1947 - Mario Aurelio Poli , Archbishop of Buenos Aires
  32. * September 2, 1947 - Kevin Farrell , Prefect of the Dicastery for Laity, Family and Life
  33. * June 17, 1947 - Jozef De Kesel , Archbishop of Mechlin-Brussels
  34. * April 24, 1947 - João Bráz de Aviz , Prefect of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life
  35. * February 25, 1947 - Giuseppe Betori , Archbishop of Florence
  36. * January 16, 1947 - Thomas Christopher Collins , Archbishop of Toronto (cardinal tradition, third incumbent)
  37. * April 21, 1946 - Juan José Omella Omella , Archbishop of Barcelona
  38. * April 15, 1946 - Fernando Filoni , Grand Master of the Order of Knights of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem
  39. * December 22, 1945 - Jean-Pierre Kutwa , Archbishop of Abidjan
  40. Born November 8, 1945 - Vincent Nichols , Archbishop of Westminster
  41. * October 10, 1945 - Antonio Cañizares Llovera , Archbishop of Valencia, named Cardinal as Archbishop of Toledo, intervening Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Order of the Sacraments
  42. * July 4, 1945 - Stanisław Ryłko , Archpriest of Santa Maria Maggiore (appointed as President of the Pontifical Council for the Laity)
  43. * June 15, 1945 - Robert Sarah , Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Order of the Sacraments (appointed as president of the now-defunct Pontifical Council Cor Unum)
  44. * May 16, 1945 - Carlos Osoro Sierra , Archbishop of Madrid
  45. * April 19, 1945 - George Alencherry , Grand Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly
  46. * January 22, 1945 - Christoph Schönborn , Archbishop of Vienna
  47. * December 24, 1944 - Oswald Gracias , Archbishop of Bombay
  48. * September 15, 1944 - Mauro Piacenza , major penitentiary
  49. * August 5, 1944 - Polycarp Pengo , Archbishop Emeritus of Dar es Salaam
  50. Born June 29, 1944 - Sean Patrick O'Malley , Archbishop of Boston
  51. * June 8, 1944 - Marc Ouellet , Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops, Archbishop Emeritus of Québec
  52. * April 19, 1944 - Luis Francisco Ladaria Ferrer , Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
  53. * December 28, 1943 - Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne , Archbishop Emeritus of Lima
  54. * December 5, 1943 - Andrew Yeom Soo-jung , Archbishop of Seoul
  55. * November 18, 1943 - Leonardo Sandri , Prefect of the Congregation for the Eastern Churches
  56. * September 17, 1943 - Angelo Comastri , Archpriest of St. Peter's Basilica
  57. * July 30, 1943 - Giuseppe Versaldi , Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education
  58. * June 2, 1943 - Crescenzio Sepe , Archbishop of Naples
  59. * April 26, 1943 - Dominik Duka , Archbishop of Prague
  60. * February 3, 1943 - Domenico Calcagno , President emeritus of the Property Administration of the Apostolic See
  61. * January 14, 1943 - Angelo Bagnasco , Archbishop Emeritus of Genoa
  62. * November 7, 1942 - André Vingt-Trois , Archbishop Emeritus of Paris
  63. * October 18, 1942 - Gianfranco Ravasi , President of the Pontifical Council for Culture
  64. * October 1, 1942 - Giuseppe Bertello , President of the Pontifical Commission for the Vatican City State and the Vatican City Governorate
  65. * September 22, 1942 - Rubén Salazar Gómez , Archbishop Emeritus of Bogotà
  66. * August 28, 1942 - Jorge Liberato Urosa Savino , Archbishop Emeritus of Caracas
  67. * June 6, 1942 - Norberto Rivera Carrera , Archbishop Emeritus of Mexico
  68. * January 7, 1942 - Ricardo Ezzati Andrello , Archbishop Emeritus of Santiago de Chile
  69. * November 7, 1941 - Angelo Scola , Archbishop Emeritus of Milan
  70. * August 18, 1941 - Beniamino Stella , Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy
  71. * June 8, 1941 - George Pell , Prefect Emeritus of the Economic Secretariat (appointed as Archbishop of Sydney)
  72. * November 12, 1940 - Donald Wuerl , Archbishop Emeritus of Washington

So far without a cardinal tradition

  1. * March 14, 1967 - Dieudonné Nzapalainga , Archbishop of Bangui
  2. * November 25, 1963 - Konrad Krajewski , papal almsman
  3. * December 19, 1961 - Soane Patita Paini Mafi , Bishop of Tonga
  4. * July 4, 1959 - Daniel Fernando Sturla Berhouet , Archbishop of Montevideo (only one of his predecessors became a cardinal in 1958)
  5. * June 15, 1959 - Baselios Cleemis Thottunakal , Grand Archbishop of Trivandrum of the Syro-Malankars
  6. * October 21, 1959 - Sérgio da Rocha , appointed Archbishop of Brasilia in 2016, but Archbishop of Salvador de Bahia since 2020
  7. Born November 29, 1958 - Chibly Langlois , Bishop of Les Cayes
  8. * August 9, 1958 - Jean-Claude Hollerich , Archbishop of Luxembourg
  9. Born February 9, 1957 - John Ribat , Archbishop of Port-Moresby
  10. * June 13, 1954 - Désiré Tsarahazana , Archbishop of Toamasina
  11. * May 19, 1952 - Cristóbal López Romero , Archbishop of Rabat
  12. * May 3, 1952 - Joseph William Tobin , Archbishop of Newark
  13. * July 9, 1950 - Ignatius Suharyo Hardjoatmodjo , Archbishop of Jakarta
  14. * November 15, 1949 - Arlindo Gomes Furtado , Bishop of Santiago de Cabo Verde
  15. * September 24, 1949 - Anders Arborelius , Bishop of Stockholm
  16. * June 27, 1949 - Francis Xavier Kriengsak Kovitvanit , Archbishop of Bangkok
  17. * May 23, 1949 - Daniel DiNardo , Archbishop of Galveston-Houston (Galveston-Houston has only been an archbishopric since 2004)
  18. * March 7, 1949 - Leopoldo José Brenes Solórzano , Archbishop of Managua
  19. * March 3, 1949 - Thomas Aquino Man'yō Maeda , Archbishop of Osaka
  20. * October 29, 1948 - Charles Maung Bo , Archbishop of Yangon
  21. * August 19, 1948 - Giuseppe Petrocchi , Archbishop of L'Aquila
  22. * July 14, 1948 - Berhaneyesus Demerew Souraphiel , Archbishop of the Ethiopian Catholic Church in Addis Ababa
  23. * July 11, 1948 - Juan García Rodríguez , Archbishop of Havana
  24. * July 4, 1948 - Louis Raphaël I. Sako , Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans
  25. * November 15, 1947 - Albert Malcolm Ranjith , Archbishop of Colombo (Sri Lanka)
  26. * July 16, 1947 - Álvaro Ramazzini , Bishop of Huehuetenango (Guatemala)
  27. * May 5, 1947 - António Augusto dos Santos Marto , Bishop of Leiria-Fátima
  28. * July 18, 1946 - Michael Czerny , Undersecretary of the Department for Migrants and Refugees in the Dicastery for the Holistic Development of Man
  29. * May 22, 1946 - Francesco Montenegro , Archbishop of Agrigento
  30. * January 5, 1946 - Mario Zenari , Apostolic Nuncio in Syria
  31. * September 8, 1945 - Vinko Puljić , Archbishop of Sarajevo (Bosnia-Herzegovina), chairman of the Bishops' Conference for Bosnia and Herzegovina
  32. * July 21, 1945 - Joseph Coutts , Archbishop of Karachi
  33. * January 25, 1945 - Philippe Ouédraogo , Archbishop of Ouagadougou
  34. * October 10, 1944 - Baltazar Porras , Archbishop of Mérida
  35. * September 26, 1944 - Jean-Pierre Ricard , Archbishop Emeritus of Bordeaux , (Only the immediate predecessor Pierre Étienne Louis Cardinal Eyt was made cardinal in 1994.)
  36. * April 8, 1944 - Louis-Marie Ling Mangkhanekhoun , Vicar Apostolic of Vientiane , appointed Vicar Apostolic of Pakse and Apostolic Administrator of Vientiane
  37. * February 24, 1944 - José Luis Lacunza Maestrojuán , Bishop of David
  38. * February 12, 1944 - Pedro Ricardo Barreto Jimeno , Archbishop of Huancayo
  39. * January 29, 1944 - John Olorunfemi Onaiyekan , Archbishop Emeritus of Abuja , former President of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Nigeria (only the immediate predecessor was previously cardinal.)
  40. * 1944 - John Njue , Archbishop of Nairobi , former chairman of the Kenyan Bishops' Conference
  41. * December 27, 1943 - Jean Zerbo , Archbishop of Bamako
  42. * October 1, 1943 - Patrick D'Rozario , Archbishop of Dhaka
  43. * December 29, 1942 - Óscar Rodríguez Maradiaga , Archbishop of Tegucigalpa , Chairman of the Bishops' Conference of Honduras
  44. * September 3, 1942 - Gregorio Rosa Chávez , auxiliary bishop of San Salvador
  45. * April 13, 1942 - Ricardo Blázquez , Archbishop of Valladolid
  46. * April 7, 1942 - Gualtiero Bassetti , Archbishop of Perugia-Città della Pieve
  47. * July 19, 1941 - Maurice Piat , Bishop of Port-Louis
  48. * March 8, 1941 - Wilfrid Fox Napier , Archbishop of Durban
  49. * February 27, 1941 - Gabriel Zubeir Wako , retired Archbishop of Khartoum , former chairman of the Sudanese Bishops' Conference
  50. * September 29, 1940 - Lorenzo Baldisseri , General Secretary of the Synod of Bishops

Consistory of Cardinals 2001

The large consistory of February 2001 can be used to test the criteria due to the large number of 42 new cardinals, 37 of them eligible for papal elections.

Bishops and archbishops active in offices of the Curia with a cardinal tradition:

Archbishops of archbishoprics with cardinal tradition:

That means: 26 of the 37 nominated cardinals who are eligible to vote (~ 70%) meet the criteria.

Consistory of March 24, 2006

Pope Benedict XVI. largely respected cardinal traditions when he was first appointed cardinals . From the list of traditional archbishoprics and offices he has chosen:

Surname Date of birth Church office Beginning of the term of office nationality predecessor
Carlo Caffarra June 1, 1938 Archbishop of Bologna December 16, 2003 Italy Giacomo Biffi (1928-2015)
Antonio Cañizares Llovera October 15, 1945 Archbishop of Toledo October 24, 2002 Spain Francisco Álvarez Martínez (* 1925)
Stanislaw Dziwisz April 27, 1939 Archbishop of Krakow June 3, 2005 Poland Franciszek Macharski (1927-2016)
William Joseph Levada June 15, 1936 Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith May 13, 2005 United States Pope Benedict XVI (* 1927)
Sean Patrick O'Malley OFMCap June 29, 1944 Archbishop of Boston July 1, 2003 United States Bernard Francis Law (1931-2017)
Franc Rodé CM September 23, 1934 Prefect of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life February 11, 2004 Slovenia Eduardo Martínez Somalo (* 1927)
Gaudencio Borbon Rosales August 10, 1932 Archbishop of Manila September 15, 2003 Philippines Jaime Lachica Sin (1928-2005)
Jorge Liberato Urosa Savino August 28, 1942 Archbishop of Caracas, Santiago de Venezuela September 19, 2005 Venezuela Antonio Ignacio Velasco García (1929-2003)
Agostino Vallini April 17, 1940 Prefect of the Apostolic Signature May 27, 2004 Italy Mario Francesco Pompedda (1929-2006)

Thus 9 of the total of 12 new voting cardinals (75%) correspond to the traditions.

Consistory of November 24, 2007

Pope Benedict XVI has again largely respected the cardinal traditions in his second appointment of cardinals. From the list of traditional archbishoprics and offices he has chosen (see also the list of the cardinal creations of Benedict XVI. ):

Surname Date of birth Church office Beginning of the term of office nationality predecessor
Angelo Bagnasco January 14, 1943 Archbishop of Genoa August 29, 2006 Italy Tarcisio Bertone (* 1934)
Seán Brady August 16, 1939 Archbishop of Armagh October 1, 1996 Ireland Cahal Brendan Daly (1917-2009)
Angelo Comastri September 17, 1943 Archpriest of St. Peter
President of the Dombauhütte St. Peter
Vicar General His Holiness for the Vatican City 		February 5, 2005 Italy Francesco Marchisano (1929-2014)
Raffaele Farina SDS September 24, 1933 Archivist and Librarian of the Holy Roman Church June 25, 2007 Italy Jean-Louis Tauran (1943-2018)
John Patrick Foley November 11, 1935 Cardinal Grand Master of the Order of the Knights of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem June 27, 2007 United States Carlo Furno (1921-2015)
Oswald Gracias December 24, 1944 Archbishop of Bombay October 14, 2006 India Ivan Dias (1936-2017)
Giovanni Lajolo January 3, 1935 Governor of the Vatican City September 15, 2006 Italy Edmund Casimir Szoka (1927-2014)
Lluís Martínez Sistach April 29, 1937 Archbishop of Barcelona July 18, 2004 Spain Ricardo María Carles Gordó (1926-2013)
Stanisław Ryłko 4th July 1945 President of the Pontifical Council for the Laity October 4, 2003 Poland James Francis Stafford (* 1932)
Leonardo Sandri November 18, 1943 Prefect of the Congregation for the Eastern Churches June 9, 2007 Argentina Ignatius Moussa I Daoud (1930–2012)
Odilo Pedro Scherer September 21, 1949 Archbishop of São Paulo March 21, 2007 Brazil Cláudio Hummes (* 1934)
André Vingt-Trois November 7, 1942 Archbishop of Paris February 11, 2005 France Jean-Marie Lustiger (1926-2007)

Thus 12 of the total of 18 new cardinals with voting rights correspond to the traditions (two thirds).

Consistory of November 20, 2010

On October 20, 2010, Pope Benedict XVI. nominated twenty-four cardinals for the consistory on November 20, 2010, of which 20 are entitled to vote and 4 are not entitled to vote. From the list of traditional archbishoprics and offices he has chosen (see also the list of the cardinal creations of Benedict XVI. ):

Surname Date of birth Church office Beginning of the term of office nationality predecessor
Angelo Amato SDS June 8, 1938 Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints July 9, 2008 Italy José Saraiva Martins (* 1932)
Fortunato Baldelli August 6, 1935 Major Penalty June 2, 2009 Italy James Francis Stafford (* 1932)
Raymond Leo Burke June 30, 1948 Prefect of the Apostolic Signature June 27, 2008 United States Agostino Vallini (* 1940)
Velasio De Paolis CS September 19, 1935 President of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See April 12, 2008 Italy Sergio Sebastiani (* 1931)
Francesco Monterisi May 28, 1934 Archpriest of the Patriarchal Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls July 3, 2009 Italy Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo (* 1925, † 2017)
Kurt Koch March 15, 1950 President of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity July 1, 2010 Switzerland Walter Kasper (* 1933)
Gianfranco Ravasi October 18, 1942 President of the Pontifical Council for Culture September 3, 2007 Italy Paul Poupard (* 1930)
Paolo Sardi September 1, 1934 Pro-Patron of the Order of Malta June 6, 2009 Italy Pio Laghi (* 1922, † 2009)
Mauro Piacenza September 15, 1944 Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy October 7, 2010 Italy Cláudio Hummes (* 1934)
Paolo Romeo February 20, 1938 Archbishop of Palermo December 19, 2006 Italy Salvatore De Giorgi (born 1930)
Reinhard Marx September 21, 1953 Archbishop of Munich-Freising November 30, 2007 Germany Friedrich Wetter (* 1928)
Kazimierz Nycz February 1, 1950 Archbishop of Warsaw March 3, 2007 Poland Stanisław Wielgus (* 1939)
Donald Wuerl November 12, 1940 Archbishop of Washington May 16, 2006 United States Theodore Edgar McCarrick (* 1930)
Raúl Eduardo Vela Chiriboga January 1, 1934 Archbishop of Quito March 21, 2003 Ecuador Antonio González Zumárraga (* 1925, † 2008)

This means that 14 of the total of 20 new cardinals with voting rights correspond to the traditions (70%). With the other six candidates, Pope Benedict XVI. started developments and strengthened the non-European churches again outside the Curia:

The appointment of Archbishop Robert Sarah , President of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum , enhances this body, for which an independent cardinal tradition can now apply; see also the appointment of Archbishop Paul Josef Cordes in 2007. Previously, only archbishops were called who were cardinals before.

The appointment of Antonios Naguib , Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria (Egypt), strengthens the involvement of the patriarchs. He is the third Coptic patriarch in a row to have been appointed cardinal, so that, according to the criteria of this list, a patriarchal tradition can be assigned for the first time.

With Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya , Archbishop of Kinshasa (DR Congo), the African Church was further strengthened. The Archdiocese of Kinshasa also received a cardinal for the third time in a row, so that a cardinal tradition can be assumed in the future.

The appointment of Albert Malcolm Ranjith , Archbishop of Colombo (Sri Lanka), on the other hand, is surprising as he is only the second cardinal of this diocese. Only Archbishop Thomas Cooray was appointed cardinal in 1965.

With Raymundo Damasceno Assis as fourth Archbishop of Aparecida (Brazil), the third Archbishop of this diocese becomes a cardinal. However, since it is not a continuous time in the sense of the criteria of this list, a cardinal tradition is likely, but not yet certain.

The appointment of Medardo Joseph Mazombwe , Archbishop of Lusaka (Zambia), as cardinal is more likely to be seen as an honorary appointment after he had already turned 80 in September 2011. It can be seen as a thank you for his work in this archdiocese, which his predecessor Emmanuel Milingo had caused a lot of unrest. Milingo had been excommunicated and is now laicized.

Consistory of February 18, 2012

Pope Benedict XVI has again largely respected the cardinal traditions in his fourth appointment of cardinals. From the list of traditional archbishoprics and offices he has chosen (see also the list of the cardinal creations of Benedict XVI. ):

Surname Date of birth Church office Beginning of the term of office nationality predecessor
Fernando Filoni April 15, 1946 Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples May 10, 2011 Italy Ivan Dias (1936-2017)
Manuel Monteiro de Castro March 29, 1938 Major Penalty 5th January 2012 Portugal Fortunato Baldelli (1935-2012)
Santos Abril y Castelló September 21, 1935 Archpriest of the Patriarchal Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore November 21, 2011 Spain Bernard Francis Law (1931-2017)
Antonio Maria Vegliò February 3, 1938 President of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and People on the Move February 28, 2009 Italy Renato Raffaele Martino (* 1932)
Giuseppe Bertello October 1, 1942 President of the Pontifical Commission for the Vatican City State and the Vatican City Governorate October 1, 2011 Italy Giovanni Lajolo (* 1935)
Francesco Coccopalmerio March 6, 1938 President of the Pontifical Council for Legal Texts February 15, 2007 Italy Julián Herranz (* 1930)
João Bráz de Aviz April 24, 1947 Prefect of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life January 4, 2011 Brazil Franc Rodé (* 1934)
Edwin Frederick O'Brien April 8, 1939 Pro- Grand Master of the Order of the Knights of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem August 29, 2011 United States John Patrick Foley (* 1935, † 2011)
Domenico Calcagno February 3, 1943 President of the Property Administration of the Apostolic See July 7, 2011 Italy Attilio Nicora (1937-2017)
Giuseppe Versaldi July 30, 1943 Prefect of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See September 21, 2011 Italy Velasio De Paolis (1935-2017)
George Alencherry April 19, 1945 Grand Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly May 26, 2011 India Varkey Vithayathil (* 1927, † 2011)
Dominik Duka OP April 26, 1943 Archbishop of Prague February 13, 2010 Czech Republic Miloslav Vlk (1932-2017)
Willem Jacobus Eijk June 22, 1953 Archbishop of Utrecht December 11, 2007 Netherlands Adrianus Johannes Simonis (* 1931)
Giuseppe Betori February 25, 1947 Archbishop of Florence September 8, 2008 Italy Ennio Antonelli (* 1936)
Timothy Dolan February 6, 1950 Archbishop of New York February 23, 2009 United States Edward Michael Egan (1932-2015)
Rainer Maria Woelki August 18, 1956 Archbishop of Berlin July 2, 2011 Germany Georg Sterzinsky (1936–2011)

With the appointment of the Bishop of Hong Kong, John Tong Hon , and the Archbishop of Toronto, Thomas Christopher Collins , the Diocese of Hong Kong and the Archdiocese of Toronto can be considered traditional Cardinal Seats, each being the third consecutive cardinal appointment .

Of 18 appointments, 16 correspond to the criteria of the cardinal tradition, with the two further appointments two new dioceses with a cardinal tradition can be identified.

Consistory of November 24, 2012

Pope Benedict XVI has again largely respected the cardinal traditions in his fifth appointment of cardinals. From the list of traditional archbishoprics and offices he has chosen (see also the list of the cardinal creations of Benedict XVI. ):

Surname Date of birth Church office Beginning of the term of office nationality predecessor
James Harvey October 20, 1949 Archpriest of the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls November 23, 2011 United States Francesco Monterisi (* 1934)
Bechara Boutros Rai February 25, 1940 Maronite Patriarch of Antioch and the whole of the Orient March 15, 2011 Lebanon Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir (1920–2019)
Rubén Salazar Gomez September 22, 1942 Archbishop of Bogotà August 13, 2010 Colombia Pedro Rubiano Sáenz (* 1932)
Luis Antonio Tagle June 21, 1957 Archbishop of Manila October 13, 2011 Philippines Gaudencio Rosales (* 1932)

Four of the six cardinals appointed met the criteria per se.

With the second cardinal appointment of an Archbishop of Abuja , John Olorunfemi Onaiyekan , but again only 20 years after his appointment as bishop, one cannot speak of a cardinal tradition. With the first appointment of a Grand Archbishop of the Syro-Malankars , Baselios Cleemis Thottunakal , Pope Benedict XVI. continues his esteem for the United Church leaders.

Consistory of February 22, 2014

Of the 19 cardinals appointed in the consistory on February 22, 2014 , only the following seven meet the immediate criteria.

Surname Date of birth Church office Beginning of the term of office nationality predecessor
Pietro Parolin 17th January 1955 State Secretary 15 October 2013 Italy Tarcisio Bertone (* 1934)
Gerhard Ludwig Müller December 31, 1947 Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith 2nd July 2012 Germany William Joseph Levada (1936-2019)
Beniamino Stella August 18, 1941 Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy 21st September 2013 Italy Mauro Piacenza (* 1944)
Vincent Nichols November 8, 1945 Archbishop of Westminster April 3, 2009 England Cormac Murphy-O'Connor (1932-2017)
Orani Tempesta OCist June 23, 1950 Archbishop of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro February 27, 2009 Brazil Eusébio Scheid (* 1932)
Mario Aurelio Poli November 29, 1947 Archbishop of Buenos Aires March 28, 2013 Argentina Jorge Mario Bergoglio (* 1936)
Ricardo Ezzati Andrello SDS January 7, 1942 Archbishop of Santiago de Chile December 15, 2010 Chile Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa (* 1933)

The following three appointments confirm new cardinal traditions or the resumption of interrupted cardinal traditions:

  • Jean-Pierre Kutwa , Archbishop of Abidjan (Ivory Coast). He is the third cardinal in a row in this archdiocese, which has had a cardinal tradition since 1983.
  • Andrew Yeom Soo-jung , Archbishop of Seoul (Korea). He is the third cardinal in a row in this archdiocese, which has had a cardinal tradition since 1969.
  • Gérald Cyprien Lacroix , Archbishop of Quebec (Canada). Here the cardinal tradition , which was only interrupted by Maurice Couture , is finally restored.

The following six appointments are to be understood as special emphasis on Pope Francis:

Consistory of February 14, 2015

Of the fifteen new cardinals in the consistory of February 14, 2015 who are eligible to vote as popes, only a few correspond to the classic cardinal tradition. Pope Francis continues to rely on the internationalization of the college.

Surname Date of birth Church office Beginning of the term of office nationality predecessor
Dominique Mamberti March 7, 1952 Prefect of the Apostolic Signature November 8, 2014 France Raymond Leo Burke (* 1948, Cardinal Patron of the Order of Malta since 2014 )
Manuel José Macário do Nascimento Clemente July 16, 1948 Patriarch of Lisbon May 18, 2013 Portugal José da Cruz Policarpo (* 1936, † 2014)
John Atcherley Dew May 5, 1948 Archbishop of Wellington March 21, 2005 New Zealand Thomas Stafford Williams (* 1930)
Pierre Nguyễn Văn Nhơn April 1, 1938 Archbishop of Hanoi May 13, 2010 Vietnam as Archbishop: Joseph Ngô Quang Kiệt (* 1952)
in the cardinal rank : Paul Joseph Phạm Đình Tụng (* 1919, † 2009)

With the Italians Edoardo Menichelli , Archbishop of Ancona-Osimo, and Francesco Montenegro , Archbishop of Agrigento, the Pope preferred two archbishops from previously disregarded dioceses to two traditional cardinal seats, namely Turin and Venice. In Spain, too, it was not the Archbishops of Toledo or Seville who were appointed, but Ricardo Blázquez , Archbishop of Valladolid. Blázquez is, however, the current chairman of the Spanish Bishops' Conference.

With Berhaneyesus Demerew Souraphiel CM , Archbishop of Addis Ababa, the metropolitan of the Ethiopian Catholic Church, Pope Francis continues the further integration of the ancient Near Eastern and United churches.

After Brazil, Mexico is the country with the largest number of Catholics in the world. Hence the vocation of Alberto Suárez Inda , Archbishop of Morelia, could be a sign that further cardinal traditions were to be established there.

In the case of Francis Xavier Kriengsak Kovitvanit , Archbishop of Bangkok, the predecessor to cardinal had already been created, so that a cardinal tradition can be assumed.

In the following five cases the predecessors were not cardinals, four of them are the first cardinals in their country. It is particularly noticeable that three of the cardinals appointed as bishops do not preside over an archdiocese:

Consistory of November 19, 2016

In his third consistory, Francis appointed only two cardinals who correspond to the classical cardinal tradition.

Surname Date of birth Church office Beginning of the term of office nationality predecessor
Bubble Joseph Cupich March 19, 1949 Archbishop of Chicago 20th September 2014 United States Francis George (* 1937, † 2015)
Carlos Osoro Sierra May 16, 1945 Archbishop of Madrid October 25, 2014 Spain Antonio María Cardinal Rouco Varela (* 1936)

With the creation of Jozef De Kesel , the cardinal tradition in the Archdiocese of Mechelen-Brussels could continue after a one-time interruption. With Kevin Farrell , the first Prefect of the new Dicastery for Laity, Family and Life was promoted to cardinal, which is not only in keeping with the custom of elevating heads of important Vatican authorities to the rank of cardinal, but also the tradition of the Prefect of the Pontifical Council for the Laity , the has been incorporated into the new dicastery.

Maurice Piat's creation is not to be understood as a continuation or emergence of a cardinal tradition, as both he and his predecessor Jean Margéot were only accepted into the college of cardinals about 20 years after their appointment as Bishop of Port-Louis .

With the appointment of Sérgio da Rocha and Carlos Aguiar Retes , two more cardinals come from Brazil and Mexico , the countries with the largest number of Catholic believers in the world.

The remaining appointments correspond to Pope Francis' endeavors to reflect the diversity of the universal Church more strongly in the College of Cardinals.

Consistory of June 28, 2017

In the small consistory of 2017, Francis appointed only one holder of a traditional cardinal office:

Surname Date of birth Church office Beginning of the term of office nationality predecessor
Juan José Omella Omella April 21, 1946 Archbishop of Barcelona June 11, 2015 Spain Lluís Martínez Sistach (* 1937)

Jean Zerbo , Archbishop of Bamako , Anders Arborelius , Bishop of Stockholm , Louis-Marie Ling Mangkhanekhoun , Vicar Apostolic of Paksé , and Gregorio Rosa Chávez , Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of San Salvador , were the first bishops of their country to be appointed cardinals.

Particularly exceptional is the appointment of Rosa Chávez, who as auxiliary bishop does not have a leading position in his diocese. His appointment may be related to his role as Ziehson and “trustee of the spiritual and ecclesiastical heritage” of Archbishop Óscar Romero , who was murdered by military personnel at a mass in 1980 and canonized in 2018.

Consistory of June 29, 2018

On Pentecost Sunday, May 20, 2018, Pope Francis announced the creation of 14 new cardinals.

Surname Date of birth Church office Beginning of the term of office nationality predecessor
Luis Ladaria SJ April 19, 1944 Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith July 1, 2017 Spain Gerhard Ludwig Müller

(* 1947)

Angelo De Donatis 4th January 1954 Cardinal Vicar of the Diocese of Rome May 26, 2017 Italy Agostino Vallini (* 1940)
Giovanni Angelo Becciu June 2, 1948 Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints 1st September 2018 Italy Angelo Amato (* 1938)

Louis Raphaël I. Sako was in office for five years and only one direct predecessor was cardinal.

Of the eleven future cardinals under the age of eighty, only three hold one of the offices described here.

Consistory of October 5, 2019

On September 1, 2019, Pope Francis announced the creation of 13 new cardinals.

Surname Date of birth Church office Beginning of the term of office nationality predecessor
Matteo Maria Zuppi October 11, 1955 Archbishop of Bologna December 12, 2015 Italy Carlo Caffarra
Fridolin Ambongo Besungu January 24, 1960 Archbishop of Kinshasa 1st November 2018 Democratic Republic of Congo Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya
José Tolentino Calaça de Mendonça December 15, 1965 Archivist and Librarian of the Holy Roman Church June 26, 2018 Portugal Jean-Louis Bruguès
Miguel Ayuso Guixot June 17, 1952 President of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue May 25, 2019 Spain Jean-Louis Tauran

Juan García Rodríguez , Archbishop of San Cristóbal de la Habana , and Ignatius Suharyo Hardjoatmodjo , Archbishop of Jakarta , were named cardinals like their immediate predecessors. Perhaps a future cardinal tradition is emerging in both cases. However, Suharyo Hardjoatmodjo had to wait nine years for the cardinal appointment.

Vincentas Sladkevičius , Sigitas Tamkevičius ' predecessor in office, was also a cardinal, but due to the late calling and since he was no longer eligible to vote at the time of the appointment, a developing cardinal tradition is unlikely.

Michael Czerny is the first undersecretary of the flight and emigration subdivision headed by the Pope himself. A tradition is not yet in sight.

Of the ten new cardinals eligible to vote as popes, four hold one of the offices described here. In contrast to the previous consistories, Francis took slightly more account of the offices with tradition.

Remaining Candidate Cardinals

Surname Date of birth Church office Beginning of the term of office nationality predecessor
Odon Marie Arsène Razanakolona May 24, 1946 Archbishop of Antananarivo December 7, 2005 Madagascar Armand Gaétan Razafindratandra (1925-2010)
Allen Vigneron October 21, 1948 Archbishop of Detroit January 5, 2009 United States Adam Joseph Maida (* 1930)
Juan José Asenjo Pelegrina October 15, 1945 Archbishop of Seville November 5, 2009 Spain Carlos Amigo Vallejo (* 1934)
Cesare Nosiglia October 5, 1944 Archbishop of Turin October 11, 2010 Italy Severino Poletto (* 1933)
José Horacio Gomez December 26, 1951 Archbishop of Los Angeles March 1, 2011 United States Roger Michael Mahony (* 1936)
Svyatoslav Shevchuk May 5th 1970 Grand Archbishop of Kiev-Halych March 25, 2011 Ukraine Lyubomyr Husar (1933-2017)
Francesco Moraglia May 25, 1953 Patriarch of Venice January 31, 2012 Italy Angelo Scola (* 1941)
Christian Lépine September 18, 1951 Archbishop of Montréal March 20, 2012 Canada Jean-Claude Turcotte (* 1936, † 2015)
Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak August 19, 1955 Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria January 18, 2013 Egypt Antonios Naguib (* 1935)
Eamon Martin October 30, 1961 Archbishop of Armagh September 8, 2014 Ireland and Northern Ireland Seán Brady (* 1939)
Anthony Fisher March 10, 1960 Archbishop of Sydney 18th September 2014 Australia George Pell (* 1941, cardinal since 2014)
Heiner Koch June 13, 1954 Archbishop of Berlin 19th September 2015 Germany Rainer Maria Cardinal Woelki (* 1956)
Corrado Lorefice October 12, 1962 Archbishop of Palermo October 27, 2015 Italy Paolo Romeo (* 1938)
Marek Jędraszewski February 24, 1949 Archbishop of Krakow December 8, 2016 Poland Stanisław Dziwisz (* 1939)
Mario Delpini July 29, 1951 Archbishop of Milan 7th July 2017 Italy Angelo Scola (* 1941)
Michel Aupetit March 23, 1951 Archbishop of Paris 7th December 2017 France André Vingt-Trois (* 1942)
Filippo Iannone December 13, 1957 President of the Pontifical Council for Legal Texts April 7, 2018 Italy Francesco Coccopalmerio (* 1938)
Nunzio Galantino August 16, 1948 President of the Property Administration of the Apostolic See June 26, 2018 Italy Domenico Calcagno (* 1943)
Joseph Vu Van Thien October 26, 1960 Archbishop of Hanoi 17th November 2018 Vietnam Pierre Nguyễn Văn Nhơn (* 1938)
Carlos Castillo Mattasoglio February 28, 1950 Archbishop of Lima January 25, 2019 Peru Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne (* 1943)
Wilton Daniel Gregory December 7, 1947 Archbishop of Washington 4th April 2019 United States Donald Wuerl (* 1940)
Alfredo Espinoza Mateus April 22, 1958 Archbishop of Quito 5th April 2019 Ecuador Raúl Eduardo Vela Chiriboga (* 1934)
Fausto Gabriel Trávez Trávez (* 1941) (during his term of office not created cardinal)
Jean-Marc Aveline December 26, 1958 Archbishop of Marseilles August 8, 2019 France Bernard Panafieu (* 1931, † 2017) (as cardinal)
Georges Pontier (* 1943) (as archbishop, not created cardinal during his tenure)
Jew Thadaeus Ruwa'ichi January 30, 1954 Archbishop of Dar es Salaam 15th August 2019 Tanzania Polycarp Pengo (* 1944)
Francisco Cerro Chaves October 18, 1957 Archbishop of Toledo December 27, 2019 Spain Braulio Rodríguez Plaza (* 1944), not appointed during his 2009–2019 term
Celestino Aós Braco April 6, 1945 Archbishop of Santiago de Chile December 27, 2019 Chile Ricardo Ezzati Andrello (* 1942)
Nelson Jesus Perez June 16, 1961 Archbishop of Philadelphia January 23, 2020 United States Justin Francis Rigali (* 1935)
Charles Joseph Chaput (* 1944) (not created cardinal during his tenure)
Luis José Rueda Aparicio March 3, 1962 Archbishop of Bogota April 25, 2020 Colombia Rubén Salazar Gómez (* 1942)
Marco Tasca June 9, 1957 Archbishop of Genoa May 8, 2020 Italy Angelo Bagnasco (* 1943)

Archbishops who have only recently been in office may not have been appointed to their office until after the last consistory. The fact that the predecessor is still of the voting age may play a role, but it is definitely not a reason for exclusion, as both John Paul II and Benedict XVI. Have appointed cardinals whose predecessors were under 80 years of age.

For the United Patriarchs it seemed until 2012 that they only had a chance of the cardinal purple after the death of their predecessors, who were cardinal bishops of the college. With Bechara Boutros Rai, on November 24, 2012, a united patriarch was raised to cardinal for the first time during the lifetime of his predecessor, who at that time was no longer eligible to vote.

As a general rule, prefects of the congregation and patriarchs are appointed cardinals more quickly than archbishops and council presidents.

The situation is different, however, for those archbishops who actually hold an archbishopric with a cardinal tradition, but have not been taken into account in several consistories. This can mostly be explained either by a problematic situation of the church in this diocese or the country or by a change of the cardinal tradition to another archdiocese.

The function of archivist and librarian of the Holy Roman Church is worth observing, since the first incumbent ended his term of office on September 1, 2018 without having been promoted to cardinal. His successor José Tolentino Calaça de Mendonça was appointed after 16 months in office.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

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